DE10358495B4 - Method for detecting the state of a catalyst by means of microwaves - Google Patents
Method for detecting the state of a catalyst by means of microwaves Download PDFInfo
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- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0835—Hydrocarbons
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
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- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0885—Regeneration of deteriorated absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. desulfurization of NOx traps
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- F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N9/005—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus using models instead of sensors to determine operating characteristics of exhaust systems, e.g. calculating catalyst temperature instead of measuring it directly
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/06—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
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- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/12—Other sensor principles, e.g. using electro conductivity of substrate or radio frequency
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
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Abstract
Verfahren zur Erfassung des Zustands eines Katalysators, welcher sich im Abgasstrom eines Verbrennungsmotors befindet und mit Gas beladen wird, wobei der Katalysator zur Katalysatorart 3-Wege-Katalysator, SCR-Katalysator oder Kohlenwasserstofffalle gehört, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei einer im Innenraum des als Hohlraumresonator ausgebildeten Gehäuses (11) des Katalysators (10) erzeugten Mikrowelle die Verschiebung der Resonanzfrequenz und/oder -güte als Maß für die Gasbeladung des Speichermaterials bestimmt und ausgewertet wird.A method for detecting the state of a catalyst, which is located in the exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine and is charged with gas, wherein the catalyst belongs to the catalyst type 3-way catalyst, SCR catalyst or hydrocarbon traps, characterized in that in a cavity in the interior of the cavity formed microwave housing (11) of the catalyst (10) the displacement of the resonant frequency and / or quality as a measure of the gas loading of the storage material is determined and evaluated.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Erkennung des Zustands eines Katalysators, insbesondere eines NOx-Speicherkatalysators mittels Mikrowellen, welcher sich im Abgas eines Verbrennungsmotors befindet und mit Gas beladen wird.The invention relates to a method for detecting the state of a catalyst, in particular a NOx storage catalytic converter by means of microwaves, which is located in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine and is loaded with gas.
Beim mit Luftüberschuss betriebenen Verbrennungsmotor, beispielsweise einem sogenannten ”Magermotor” oder Dieselmotor, entstehen prinzipbedingt viele Stickoxide. Es wird daher in bekannter Weise im Abgasstrang eines Kraftfahrzeugs ein Katalysator eingebracht, der eine gewisse Zeit lang Stickoxide speichern kann. Parallel dazu kann im Katalysator auch noch Sauerstoff gespeichert werden. Jeweils nach einer Speicherphase, in der der Katalysator mit der zu speichernden Abgaskomponente gefüllt bzw. angereichert wird, folgt eine Desorptionsphase, in der der Katalysator geleert wird. Die NOx-Speicherung erfolgt in Form von Nitraten und möglicherweise auch durch absorbierte Stickoxide. Nach der Desorption liegt das Speichermedium als Karbonat vor. Bei den zur Zeit gängigen Konzepten zur Erkennung des Katalysatorfüllgrades bzw. Katalysatorzustands und der daran anschließenden Regelung des Kraftstoff/Luft-Verhältnisses (Luftzahl λ) werden Gassensoren verwendet, die das zu speichernde NOx-Gas hinter dem Katalysator messen. Ein Durchschlag des Gases hinter dem Katalysator zeigt dann an, dass der Katalysator mit dem zu speichernden Gas gefüllt ist und dass eine Desorptionsphase eingeleitet werden muss. Derartige Systeme sind beispielsweise aus der
Es ist bereits auch beispielsweise aus der
Eine ähnliche Lösung wird in der
In der Schrift
Weiterhin sind aus der
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht somit darin, ein verfahren der eingangs genannten Gattung zu schaffen, das keinen externen Sensor benötigt und bei dem eine elektrische Messung des Katalysatorzustandes bei wesentlich einfacherer Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik möglich ist.The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method of the type mentioned, which does not require an external sensor and in which an electrical measurement of the catalyst state with much simpler construction and connection technology is possible.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren basiert auf der Auswertung von Wechselwirkungen des Katalysatormaterials mit elektromagnetischen Wellen, die sich während des Betriebs ändernde physikochemische Zusammensetzung des Katalysatormaterials ändert auch dessen elektrische Eigenschaften. Die Katalysatorbeschichtung ändert sich nämlich auf Grund einer chemischen Wechselwirkung des zu speichernden Gases, insbesondere Sauerstoff und Stickoxyde, mit der Beschichtung. Diese sich ändernden elektrischen Eigenschaften des Katalysatormaterials wirken sich auf die zur Messung verwendeten Mikrowellen aus. Der gesamte Katalysator bzw. dessen Gehäuse wird als Hohlraumresonator ausgenutzt, und die Messung der Änderung des Katalysatorwerkstoffes kann kontaktlos über die Wechselwirkung mit den Mikrowellen erfolgen. Sowohl die Fehleranfälligkeit, als auch die Kosten einer solchen Sensorik werden dadurch drastisch reduziert. Es genügt zum ein- bzw. auskoppeln des Mikrowellensignals wenigstens eine Feldsonde, beispielsweise ein elektrischer λ/4-Monopol (Stabantenne) oder magnetischer Dipol (Schleifenantenne), die an geeigneten Positionen im Katalysatorgehäuse angebracht wird.The inventive method is based on the evaluation of interactions of the catalyst material with electromagnetic waves, which changes during operation physicochemical composition of the catalyst material also changes its electrical properties. The catalyst coating changes because of a chemical interaction of the gas to be stored, in particular oxygen and nitrogen oxides, with the coating. This yourself changing electrical properties of the catalyst material affect the microwaves used for the measurement. The entire catalyst or its housing is used as a cavity resonator, and the measurement of the change in the catalyst material can be made contactless via the interaction with the microwaves. Both the susceptibility to errors, as well as the cost of such a sensor are thereby drastically reduced. It is sufficient for coupling or uncoupling the microwave signal at least one field probe, for example, an electrical λ / 4 monopole (rod antenna) or magnetic dipole (loop antenna), which is attached at suitable positions in the catalyst housing.
Durch die in den Unteransprüchen aufgeführten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen des im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Verfahrens möglich.The measures listed in the dependent claims advantageous refinements and improvements of claim 1 method are possible.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung wird das Absinken der Resonanzfrequenz als Maß für die zunehmende NOx-Beladung des Speichermaterials im Gehäuse des Katalysators ausgewertet. Entsprechend kann auch die Verschiebung der Resonatorgüte als Maß für die O2-Beladung des Speichermaterials im Gehäuse des Katalysators ausgewertet werden.In an advantageous embodiment, the decrease of the resonance frequency is evaluated as a measure of the increasing NOx loading of the storage material in the housing of the catalyst. Accordingly, the shift in the resonator quality can also be evaluated as a measure of the O 2 charge of the storage material in the housing of the catalytic converter.
In vorteilhafter Weise wird bei Erreichen eines vorgebbaren Werts der Resonanzfrequenz und/oder -güte die Regenerierung des Speichermaterials durchgeführt, was jeweils automatisch erfolgen kann.In an advantageous manner, the regeneration of the storage material is carried out when a predefinable value of the resonance frequency and / or quality is reached, which can be done automatically in each case.
Die Erfassung der Resonanzfrequenz und/oder -güte als Maß für die NOx- oder O2-Beladung des Speichermaterials erfolgt bevorzugt über eine Transmissions- oder Reflexionsmessung der Mikrowelle. Im ersten Falle werden zwei Messelektroden bzw. Feldsonden benötigt und im zweiten Fall nur eine.The detection of the resonance frequency and / or quality as a measure of the NOx or O 2 loading of the storage material is preferably carried out via a transmission or reflection measurement of the microwave. In the first case two measuring electrodes or field probes are needed and in the second case only one.
Die Regeneration des Speichermaterials erfolgt im fetten Betriebszustand des Verbrennungsmotors, und zwar bis zu einem vorgebbaren Absenkungswert der mittels einer Transmissions- oder Reflexionsmessung erfassten Amplitude der Mikrowelle und der daraus berechenbaren Resonatorgüte und/oder bis zum Erreichen eines vorgebbaren höheren Wertes der Resonanzfrequenz. Dadurch werden die Regenerationsphasen jeweils automatisch nach einer optimalen Zeitspanne abgeschlossen.The regeneration of the storage material takes place in the rich operating state of the internal combustion engine, up to a predefinable reduction value of the detected by a transmission or reflection measurement amplitude of the microwave and calculable therefrom Resonatorgüte and / or until reaching a predetermined higher value of the resonant frequency. This completes the regeneration phases automatically after an optimal period of time.
Zur Erfassung der Resonatorgüte wird zweckmäßigerweise die Amplitude des Transmissions- oder Reflexionsfaktors der Mikrowelle gemessen. Zur Optimierung des Verfahrens wird bei der Anregung der Mikrowelle die Frequenz so hoch gewählt, dass sich mindestens der erste Grundmodus eines resonanten Feldes im Gehäuse ausbilden kann, aber auch gleichzeitig so niedrig, dass an das Gehäuse angeschlossene Rohrleitungen zur Zuführung und Abführung des Abgases eine Abstrahlung des Feldes nach außen verhindern.To detect the resonator quality, the amplitude of the transmission or reflection factor of the microwave is expediently measured. To optimize the process, the microwave frequency is chosen so high that at least the first fundamental mode of a resonant field can form in the housing, but also at the same time so low that connected to the housing pipes for supplying and discharging the exhaust gas radiation of the field to the outside.
Bei der Transmissionsmessung wird die Mikrowelle mit einer ersten Feldsonde eingekoppelt und in einer zweiten Feldsonde erfasst, wobei die Feldsonden im Gehäuse angeordnet sind, vorzugsweise so, dass sich das Speichermaterial dazwischen befindet.In the transmission measurement, the microwave is coupled with a first field probe and detected in a second field probe, wherein the field probes are arranged in the housing, preferably so that the memory material is located therebetween.
Bei der Reflexionsmessung wird die Mikrowelle mit einer Feldsonde eingekoppelt und wieder in dieser Feldsonde im Gehäuse erfasst, so dass man nur eine Feldsonde benötigt. Dies vereinfacht die elektrische Installation.In the reflection measurement, the microwave is coupled with a field probe and recorded again in this field probe in the housing, so that you only need a field probe. This simplifies the electrical installation.
In vorteilhafter Weise kann eine Ansteuer- und Auswerteeinrichtung im oder am Gehäuse mit wenigstens einer der als Feldsonde ausgebildeten Antennen integriert werden, wodurch aufwändige Hochfrequenzzuleitungen entfallen können. Weiterhin ermöglicht dies mit entsprechenden Mitteln die direkte Erfassung der Katalysatortemperatur als Mess- und Kalibrierungsgröße.In an advantageous manner, a control and evaluation device can be integrated in or on the housing with at least one of the antennas designed as a field probe, whereby costly high-frequency supply lines can be dispensed with. Furthermore, this makes it possible with appropriate means, the direct detection of the catalyst temperature as a measurement and calibration size.
Durch Messung mehrerer Resonanzmoden bei mehreren Frequenzen können die Abhängigkeiten verschiedener physikalischer und/oder chemischer Einflüsse auf die Messgröße kompensiert bzw. getrennt werden. Dies betrifft beispielsweise die Temperatur, den Beladungszustand, die Vergiftung und dgl.By measuring several resonance modes at several frequencies, the dependencies of different physical and / or chemical influences on the measured variable can be compensated or separated. This applies, for example, the temperature, the loading state, the poisoning and the like.
Weiterhin hat es sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, zumindest die stirnseitigen Stege des als Wabenkörper ausgebildeten Speichermaterials mit einer Metall- oder Metallisierungsschicht zu versehen, so dass die Resonatorlänge ausschließlich durch den Wabenkörper festgelegt ist. Eine solche Ausführung besitzt eine höhere Empfindlichkeit durch höheren Volumenanteil des Speicher- bzw. Katalysatormaterials im Resonator und eine sehr einfache gehäuseunabhängige Resonatorgeometrie. Zusätzlich wird die Ausbreitung von Mikrowellenleistung nach außen reduziert.Furthermore, it has proved to be advantageous to provide at least the end-side webs of the honeycomb body designed as memory material with a metal or metallization, so that the resonator length is determined exclusively by the honeycomb body. Such a design has a higher sensitivity by higher volume fraction of the storage or catalyst material in the resonator and a very simple housing-independent Resonatorgeometrie. In addition, the propagation of microwave power to the outside is reduced.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the drawing and explained in more detail in the following description. Show it:
Der in
Zur Ein- bzw. Auskopplung eines zur Messung verwendeten Mikrowellensignals dienen zwei Feldsonden
Die beiden Feldsonden
Da sich die elektrischen Eigenschaften des mit Speichermaterial beschichteten Wabenkörpers
Die Verhältnisse bzw. Messergebnisse bei einer Anordnung gemäß
Aus den Kurven geht hervor, dass gemäß
Die Auswertung dieser Verhältnisse kann nun so erfolgen, dass im üblichen mageren Betriebszustand des Verbrennungsmotors durch die Auswerteeinrichtung
Der vereinfacht dargestellte Ablauf kann noch durch geeignete Maßnahmen erweitert werden, die die temperaturbedingten Veränderungen der Resonanzfrequenz kompensieren. So bewirkt z. B. eine Erwärmung und die damit verbundene Ausdehnung des Katalysatorgehäuses ebenfalls ein Absinken der Resonanzfrequenz.The sequence shown in simplified form can still be extended by suitable measures which compensate for the temperature-induced changes in the resonance frequency. So z. As a heating and the associated expansion of the catalyst housing also a decrease in the resonant frequency.
An Stelle der beschriebenen Transmissionsmessung kann auch eine Reflexionsmessung erfolgen, d. h., das im Hohlraumresonator reflektierte Mikrowellensignal wird erfasst und in entsprechender Weise ausgewertet. Die Reflexionsmessung kann auch nur mit einer einzelnen Feldsonde durchgeführt werden, die das Mikrowellensignal sowohl einkoppelt, wie auch das reflektierte Signal wieder ankoppelt.Instead of the described transmission measurement can also be a reflection measurement, d. h., The reflected microwave signal in the cavity resonator is detected and evaluated in a corresponding manner. The reflection measurement can also be carried out only with a single field probe, which both injects the microwave signal, as well as the reflected signal coupled again.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich nicht nur zur Erfassung des Zustands des beschriebenen NOx-Speicherkatalysators oder eines SCR-Katalysators, sondern kann auch für andere Katalysatorarten eingesetzt werden, z. B. einen 3-Wege-Katalysator, eine Kohlenwasserstofffalle oder auch eine SOx-Falle.The inventive method is not only suitable for detecting the state of the described NOx storage catalyst or an SCR catalyst, but can also be used for other types of catalysts, eg. As a 3-way catalyst, a hydrocarbon trap or a SOx trap.
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