DE102019003479B4 - Process for optimizing the performance of an active system - Google Patents

Abstract

Method (M) for optimizing the performance of an active system (1), the active system (1) having an explosive charge core (2) with a predetermined explosive mass and a fragmentation casing (3) which has a predetermined casing mass in relation to the explosive mass and the explosive charge core (2 ) radially encloses, the method having the following steps:determining (M1) a surface area of an individual fragment (30) using a predetermined fragment mass, a thickness (t3) of the fragment casing (3) and the mass density of the material of the fragment casing (3); (M2) a number of fragments (30) required to form the fragmentation casing (3), based on the determined surface area of an individual fragment (30) and the surface area of an outer surface (3a) of the fragmentation casing (3); anddetermining (M3) a splitter shape of the splitter (30) based on the determined surface area of the individual splitter (30) in such a way that a closed tiling forming the splitter shell (3) can be formed with the determined number of splitters (30) and that a sum of the Edge lengths (k) of the splinters (30) are minimal, with the determination (M3) of a splinter shape taking into account the brittleness of the material of the splinter casing (3) in such a way that in the event that the area moment of inertia of the splinter shape determined is outside of one for the respective Material of the fragment casing (3) is in a predetermined range, the fragment shape determined is not available for selection.

Description

The present invention relates to a method for optimizing the performance of an active system, in particular for optimizing the speed and/or the penetration capacity of fragments into which a fragment shell of the active system disintegrates.

Warheads or other effective systems often have an explosive charge core and a fragmentation shell that encloses the explosive charge core. In the event of a detonation of the explosive charge core, the fragmentation shell breaks up into a large number of fragments. The effect of these fragments on a target is mainly determined by their momentum and thus their mass and speed.

In the DE 101 30 324 A1 an active system with an explosive charge core and a fragmentation shell that encloses the explosive charge core is described, with a notched grid being arranged between the explosive charge core and the fragmentation shell in order to optimize the performance of the fragments in order to specifically influence the decomposition of the fragmentation shell.

the DE 1 187 960 A discloses an explosive device whose fragmentation effect is intended to be improved in that a fragmentation shell is assembled from individual fragment pieces, the fragment pieces having the same shape but different dimensions.

the U.S. 9,389,054 B2 discloses a warhead in which a fragmentation casing has a notch pattern on both surfaces. According to this, disassembly of the envelope should be delayed in order to reduce losses due to venting effects.

Furthermore, in the U.S. 2018/0252508 A1 different forms of fragments for active systems are described.

It is the object of the present invention to further improve the performance of an active system.

This object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1.

According to one aspect of the invention, a method for optimizing the performance of an active system is provided, the active system having an explosive charge core with a predetermined explosive mass and a fragmentation shell which has a shell mass predetermined in relation to the explosive mass and radially encloses the explosive charge core. The explosive charge core has, in particular, an explosive or is formed from an explosive and is thus set up to break up the fragmentation casing into a large number of fragments.

The method includes determining a surface area of an individual fragment based on a predetermined fragment mass, a thickness of the fragment casing and the mass density of the material of the fragment casing. The thickness of the fragmentation casing is predetermined and is determined by a desired ratio between the mass of the fragmentation casing and the mass of the explosive charge core, the so-called "Gurney ratio", which is preferably in a range between 3 and 0.4 for a respective material of the fragmentation casing definitely. In order to achieve a desired effect with a single fragment, e.g. to penetrate a (steel) target of a certain thickness at a certain distance from the active system, a minimum fragment mass of the individual fragment can be determined using ballistic criteria known to those skilled in the art. With a constant thickness of the fragment casing, the surface area of an individual fragment can be determined using the specified fragment mass, the thickness of the fragment casing and the mass density of the material of the fragment casing, the surface area of the base area of the fragment.

In a further step of the method, the number of splinters required to form the splinter shell is determined using the determined surface area of an individual splinter and the surface area of an outer surface of the splinter shell. Ultimately, the surface area of the outer surface is divided by the surface area of a single splinter.

Furthermore, a fragment shape of the fragments is determined based on the determined surface area of the individual fragment such that a closed tiling forming the fragment shell can be formed with the determined number of fragments and that the sum of the edge lengths of the fragments is minimal. In this step, an optimal geometric shape of the surface of the individual splinters is determined, with the shapes being selected in such a way that the splinters can be assembled into a tessellation in order to to form a closed lateral surface of the splinter shell, and in such a way that the sum of the edge lengths of the splinter is minimal. The edge length of a splinter corresponds to the sum of the lengths of the individual edges, which define the geometric shape of the surface of the individual splinter, and thus to the circumferential length of a respective splinter.

Furthermore, it is provided according to the invention that the determination of a splinter shape takes place taking into account the brittleness of the material of the splinter casing. For example, certain geometric shapes can be too fragile for the respective material of the shell and the intended use. For example, fragments with a large lateral extent, such as the double trapezoidal shape, in combination with a brittle material of the cladding can fracture upon detonation. When determining the shape of the splinter, these shapes would then not be available for selection. A criterion for considering a brittleness of the material can be, for example, the area moment of inertia of the respective splinter shape, wherein if this is outside a predetermined range for the respective material, the respective splinter shape is not determined for the formation of the tiling.

One idea on which the invention is based is therefore to optimize the geometric shape of the splinters in such a way that the sum of the edge lengths of the splinters is minimal. This makes it surprisingly efficient to increase the speed of the individual fragments once the hull has been dismantled. The so-called "venting" is a measure of how much gas from the detonating explosive is guided past the individual fragments and accordingly does not contribute to the acceleration process. The smaller the value of the venting, the more efficient the acceleration of the fragments. With a complete tessellation, i.e. a covering of the surface without gaps, the venting is proportional to the total edge length of all splinters. By minimizing the overall edge length, venting can be reduced, thereby improving both the speed and the penetration capacity of the fragments.

Advantageous refinements and developments result from the dependent claims referring back to the independent claims in connection with the description.

According to one embodiment it is provided that the determination of a splinter shape includes selecting a single splinter shape or two different splinter shapes from a group of shapes. Accordingly, the tiling can be realized as mono-modal tiling with only one splinter shape or as bi-modal tessellation, e.g. as Penrose tiling or in another form, with two different splinter shapes.

According to a further embodiment it is provided that the group of shapes contains the following shapes: triangle, in particular equilateral triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, trapezium, double trapezium, L-shape. From the surface area determined for an individual splinter, the edge lengths for each of the geometric shapes can be determined, which are necessary to form the surface area with the respective shape, with the shape being selected with which a tessellation with the smallest total edge length can be realized. Selecting a shape from a given group, such as the group mentioned above, advantageously reduces the computational effort.

According to another embodiment, determining a chip shape may include selecting a predetermined closed monomodal or bimodal tiling from a group of tilings. Accordingly, as an alternative or in addition to the respective shape, a specific predetermined tiling pattern from one or more shapes can be evaluated with regard to its edge length, which results for the required surface area of an individual splinter, with the tiling with the lowest overall edge length being selected.

According to a further embodiment it is provided that the determination of the number of splitters includes the determination of an integer number.

According to a further embodiment, the method additionally has a step of forming the fragment casing with the determined number of fragments and fragment shape, with the fragments being arranged as a closed tiling. Accordingly, the fragment casing is produced using a shaping method in such a way that the fragments, which are optimized in terms of their shape, are arranged as a closed tiling to form the casing.

Optionally, forming the fragment casing includes forming notches in the fragment casing that define the fragments. Accordingly, the splinter casing is provided with notches, which, for example, in the outer surface of the shell can be milled, with the notches running in such a way that they define the determined geometric shape of the individual fragments.

It is also conceivable that the formation of the fragmentation casing comprises formation of notches defining the fragments in an intermediate casing, with the intermediate casing being arranged between the explosive charge and the fragmentation casing. In this case, the fragment casing itself is not processed, but instead a notch grid is introduced into an intermediate casing, with the notches running on the intermediate casing in such a way that they define the determined geometric shape of the individual fragments. In the event of a detonation of the explosive charge core, the intermediate casing then brings about a voltage input into the fragmentation casing in such a way that the fragmentation casing breaks up into fragments of the determined shape and size.

Furthermore, the formation of the fragmentation casing can also include the introduction of a number of explosive charge pellets into the fragmentation casing that corresponds to the number of fragments. The geometric arrangement of individual explosive charge pellets, which are ignited when the explosive charge core detonates, causes a voltage input into the fragmentation casing in such a way that the fragmentation casing breaks up into fragments of the determined shape and size.

• 1 eine schematische Schnittansicht eines Wirksystems;
• 2 eine schematische Ansicht eines Teils einer Splitterhülle nach einer Zerlegung der Splitterhülle in einzelne Splitter;
• 3 eine schematische Teilansicht einer Splitterhülle eines Wirksystems nach einem Schritt eines Ausbildens der Splitterhülle in einem Verfahren gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung;
• 4 eine schematische Schnittansicht einer Splitterhülle eines Wirksystems nach einem Schritt eines Ausbildens der Splitterhülle in einem Verfahren gemäß einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung;
• 5 eine Gruppe von Splitterformen zur Optimierung der Leistung eines Wirksystems durch ein Verfahren gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung;
• 6 eine Gruppe von mono-modalen Parkettierungen zur Optimierung der Leistung eines Wirksystems durch ein Verfahren gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung;
• 7 eine Gruppe von bi-modalen Parkettierungen zur Optimierung der Leistung eines Wirksystems durch ein Verfahren gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung; und
• 8 ein Flussdiagramm eines Verfahrens zur Optimierung der Leistung eines Wirksystems gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung.

The invention is explained below with reference to the figures of the drawings. From the figures show:

• 1 a schematic sectional view of an active system;
• 2 a schematic view of part of a fragmentation casing after the fragmentation casing has been disassembled into individual fragments;
• 3 a schematic partial view of a fragmentation shell of an active system after a step of forming the fragmentation shell in a method according to an embodiment of the invention;
• 4 a schematic sectional view of a fragmentation casing of an active system after a step of forming the fragmentation casing in a method according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention;
• 5 a group of fragment shapes for optimizing the performance of an effector system by a method according to an embodiment of the invention;
• 6 a group of mono-modal tilings for optimizing the performance of an effector system by a method according to an embodiment of the invention;
• 7 a group of bi-modal tilings for optimizing the performance of an effector system by a method according to an embodiment of the invention; and
• 8th a flowchart of a method for optimizing the performance of an active system according to an embodiment of the invention.

In the figures, the same reference symbols designate identical or functionally identical components, unless otherwise stated.

1 shows an example of an active system 1 with an explosive charge core 2, a fragmentation casing 3 and an optional intermediate casing 4.

The explosive charge core 2 has or consists of an explosive and has a mass C on. For example, the explosive charge core 2, as in 1 shown schematically, have a cylindrical cross-sectional shape with a length 12 and a diameter d2.

The fragmentation casing 3 surrounds or encloses the explosive charge core 3 with respect to a radial direction R. The fragmentation casing 3 is formed from a metal material, such as steel, which has a certain mass density ρ ₃ . The fragment casing 3 has a specific thickness t3. In particular, the fragmentation casing 3 can be designed in the form of a hollow cylinder with a length 13 and a specific inner diameter d3, as is shown in 3 is shown as an example. When the explosive charge 2 detonates, the fragmentation casing 3 breaks up into a large number of fragments 30, as is shown in 2 is shown schematically.

The thickness t3, the length 13 and the inside diameter d3 of the fragment casing 3 result in a volume of the fragment casing 3 and the mass density ρ ₃ results in a specific mass m _{3 for the fragment casing 3} . The mass m ₃ of the fragmentation casing 3 is pre-determined in relation to the mass C of the explosive charge core 2 it's correct. In particular, it can be provided that the mass m ₃ of the fragmentation casing 3 is chosen such that a Gurney ratio μ=m ₃ /C between 3 and 0.3 results. In particular, the thickness t3 of the fragment casing can be selected accordingly.

bestimmt werden, wobei v_g die intrinsische und sprengstoff-spezifische Gurney-Geschwindigkeit ist.The Gurney ratio μ determines the speed v of the fragments 30 that are being formed, and thus the momentum I=m ₃ ·v or the kinetic energy E _kin =0.5·m ₃ ·v ² of the fragment casing 3. The speed v can there as $$v=v_G{\left(1+\mu \right)}^{-0.5}$$

be determined, where v _g is the intrinsic and explosive-specific Gurney velocity.

An optimum for the kinetic energy and the impulse can be determined in each case, which depends on predetermined boundary conditions, such as, for example, that the active system 1 should have a constant total mass and a constant caliber. Alternatively, a constant total volume could also be required. If this respective optimum is reached, the chemical energy stored in the explosive charge 2 is optimally utilized in order to convert it into kinetic energy or impulse of the splitter 30 . Momentum and kinetic energy have a maximum at different Gurney ratios µ, so that a Gurney ratio that lies between the maximums is usually chosen. In the specified range between 3 and 0.3, a good compromise is typically achieved in which both momentum and kinetic energy are almost at their maximum.

The optional intermediate casing 4 is arranged between the explosive charge 2 and the fragmentation casing 3 with respect to the radial direction R and forms a kind of template for the formation of fragments 30, as will be explained in detail below.

8th shows an example of a flowchart for optimizing the performance of the active system 1. In a first step M1, a determination M1 of a surface area of an individual fragment 30 is carried out using a predetermined fragment mass, the thickness t3 of the fragment casing 3 and the mass density ρ ₃ of the material of the fragment casing 3. The minimum mass of a splitter is usually specified by the intended use of the active system 1. A maximum mass can also be specified. For example, a fragment mass can be specified that lies between the minimum and maximum fragment mass. If the effector system 1 is to be used to penetrate a target made of a specific material, eg steel, of a specific thickness at a specific distance from the effector system 1, a certain mass of a single fragment 30 is necessary, which is known to those skilled in the art way from relevant ballistic formulas. Based on this minimum mass, a volume V ₃₀ of an individual splitter 30 can be determined from the mass density ρ ₃ of the material of the splitter casing 3 and thus the surface area of an individual splitter 30 can be determined from the relationship volume equals the base area times the thickness t3.

In a further step M2, the number of fragments 30 required to form the fragment casing 3 is determined using the determined surface area of an individual fragment 30 and the surface area of an outer surface 3a of the fragment casing 3. In general, the number of fragments 30 can be determined , in which the surface area of the outer surface 3a of the splinter casing 30 is divided by the determined surface area of an individual splinter 30, it being assumed, for example, that all splinter 30 have the same surface area. The number of splitters 30 is preferably determined in such a way that an integer number of splitters 30 results. If the division results in an odd number, the surface area of the individual splinters 30 can be re-determined in an optional iteration step (step M1), with the mass of the individual splinters 30 being within a predetermined tolerance range.

In a further step M3, based on the determined surface area of the individual splinters 30, a splinter shape of the splinters 30 is determined in such a way that a closed tiling forming the splinter shell 3 can be formed with the determined number of splinters 30 and that a sum of the edge lengths k of the splinters 30 becomes minimal. A geometric shape of the base area of the splitter 30 is determined in this step in such a way that a sum of the edge lengths k of the edges that define the geometric shape of the individual splitter 30 becomes minimal.

The shape of the splitter results in an optimization parameter that not only increases the speed of the splitter 30 by reducing the so-called “venting effect”, but at the same time can significantly increase the ability of the splitter to penetrate the target. As already explained above, the achievable fragmentation speed v is primarily determined by the Gurney ratio µ. Form 3 when disassembling the fragmentation casing column 38 at the edges of the splinter, as in 2 is greatly simplified and shown schematically. When the fragmentation casing 3 is dismantled, vapors of explosives flow through these gaps 38, as a result of which the achievable speed of the fragments 30 is reduced. This effect is called "venting". The plumes of explosives streaming past the shrapnel edges are wasted on accelerating the shrapnel. The splitter speed is reduced accordingly. The magnitude of this loss of velocity correlates with the size of the venting effect, and this in turn with the length of the "gaps" between the fragments. For a given number, this length depends on the edge length k of the geometric shape of the base area of the individual fragments 30 .

In 5 are in the views (A) to (I) by way of example different fragment shapes or geometries for the base area of a respective fragment 30. View (A) shows an equilateral triangle with edge length k. View (B) shows a square with side length k. View (C) shows a rhombus with side length k. View (D) shows a trapezoid that has three sides with the same edge length k and one side with double the edge length 2k. View (E) shows a regular pentagon with side length k. View (F) shows a so-called double trapezoid shape or diabolo shape, which is composed of two trapezoids. View (G) shows a regular hexagon of edge length k. View (H) shows an L-shape whose long sides have an edge length of k and whose short sides have an edge length of 0.5k. View (I) shows another pentagon in a so-called diamond shape, where two long sides with edge length k are at right angles to each other and one short side with edge length 0.5k protrudes at right angles from the long sides, and where the short sides are separated by a oblique side are connected.

To determine a splinter shape, a sum of the edge lengths of an individual splinter 30 can be determined in step M3 from a group of shapes, e.g 30 in the area determined in step M1. An overall edge length can then be determined from this edge length, which results when the splinters 30 are arranged with the respective shape to form a closed tiling. In step M3, that shape is then selected as the splinter shape from the group of shapes in which the overall edge length is minimal. This reduces the venting and thus increases the kinetic energy or the impulse of the splitter 30 .

eingeführt werden, wobei N der ermittelten Anzahl an Splittern entspricht und U dem Umfang der jeweiligen geometrischen Form also der Summe der Längen der die Form definierenden Kanten. Mit N=const. ist in der nachfolgenden Tabelle 1 beispielhaft für einen dimensionslose Flächeninhalt A_s eines einzelnen Splitters 30 von A_s = 1 jeweils die sich ergebende Kantenlänge k und der zugehörige Umfang U für verschiedene Splitterformen angegeben. Tabelle 1 Form Flächeninhalt As [-] Kantenlänge k [-] Umfang U [-] Dreieck 1 $\sqrt{\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}}$

≈ 4,56 Quadrat 1 1 4 Diamant 1 $\sqrt{\frac{8}{7}}$

≈ 3,96 Hexagon 1 $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}}$

≈ 3,72 Trapez 1 $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}$

≈ 4,08 L-Form 1 $\sqrt{\frac{4}{3}}$

≈ 4,62 In the case of a closed tiling, two splitters 30 each share a common edge. The parameter can be used as a measure of venting $$\theta =N\cdot \frac{u}{2}$$

be introduced, where N corresponds to the determined number of splinters and U to the circumference of the respective geometric shape, i.e. the sum of the lengths of the edges defining the shape. With N=const. In Table 1 below, the resulting edge length k and the associated circumference U are given as an example for a dimensionless surface area A _s of an individual splinter 30 of A _s =1 for different splinter shapes. Table 1 shape Area As [-] edge length k [-] Circumference U [-] triangle 1 $\sqrt{\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}}$

≈ 4.56 square 1 1 4 diamond 1 $\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{8th}}{7}}$

≈ 3.96 hexagon 1 $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3\sqrt{3}}}$

≈ 3.72 trapeze 1 $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}$

≈ 4.08 L shape 1 $\sqrt{\frac{4}{3}}$

≈ 4.62

For the area A _s determined in step M1, the result for the group selected as an example in Table 1 is that the perimeter U of an individual splitter 30 with the shape “hexagon” (cf. 5 , view (G)) becomes minimal. Since the venting is proportional to the circumference U of the individual splitter 30 (see above), the splitter performance, in particular the splitter speed, is optimized in the present case by forming the splitter casing 3 as a closed tiling of hexagons.

quantifizieren. In dieser Gleichung ist A die Cauchy-Fläche des Splitters 30, v die Geschwindigkeit des Splitters 30, m die Splittermasse und θ der Auftreffwinkel des Splitters 30 auf das Ziel. Die Parameter c_I sind zielspezifische empirische Parameter.Surprisingly, by determining (step M3) the shape of the splinters 30 based on the determined surface area of the individual splinters 30, it is such that with the determined number of splinters 30 a closed tiling forming the splinter shell 3 can be formed and that a sum of the edge lengths k of the Splitter 30 is minimal, not only the speed but also the penetration of the Splitter 30 is optimized. The fragment penetration p can be calculated using the well-known Thor equation $$p=\frac{1}{A}{\left({10}^{-c_1}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="v"\; filenames="DE102019003479B4\_0012.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">v</figure-callout>}}^{1-c_s}{\left(cOs\theta \right)}^{c_4}{m}^{-c_3}\right)}^{\frac{1}{c_2}}$$

quantify. In this equation, A is the Cauchy area of the fragment 30, v is the velocity of the fragment 30, m is the mass of the fragment, and θ is the angle of impact of the fragment 30 on the target. The parameters c _I are target-specific empirical parameters.

wobei S die Oberfläche des Splitters ist. Die Oberfläche S ergibt sich zu $$S=2\cdot A_s\cdot U\cdot t_{10}$$

mit dem Flächeninhalt A_s der Grundfläche des Splitters 30, dem Umfang U des Splitters 30 und der Dicke t30 der Splitterhülle 30.The Cauchy area A of a splitter is 30 $$A=\frac{1}{4}S$$

where S is the surface area of the splinter. The surface S results in $$S=2\cdot A_s\cdot u\cdot t_{10}$$

with the area A _s of the base area of the fragment 30, the circumference U of the fragment 30 and the thickness t30 of the fragment casing 30.

Setzt man für alle Splitterformen aus Tabelle 1 in dieser Gleichung die gleiche Anfangsgeschwindigkeit vo, dieselbe Masse m und denselben Abstand r ein und verwendet diese Geschwindigkeit in der obigen Thor-Gleichung, ergibt sich für das Penetrationsvermögen p folgendes qualitatives Ranking: 1. Hexagon, 2. Quadrat, 3. Trapez, 4. Dreieck, 5. L-Form. Das Hexagon hat in dem obigen Beispiel somit das größte Penetrationsvermögen p, die L-Form das niedrigste. Damit wird das Penetrationsvermögen des Splitters 30 durch die in Schritt M3 vorgenommene Ermittlung der Splitterform genauso verbessert wie die Splittergeschwindigkeit.Depending on the distance r covered by the splitter 30, the speed v can be calculated as follows from the initial speed v ₀ of the splitter, the density of air ρ _Air , the air resistance value cw, the Cauchy area A of the splitter 30 and the splitter mass m: $$v=v_0{e}^{-\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{ai\mathrm{right}}{c}_w\frac{A}{m}\text{right}}$$

If one inserts the same initial velocity vo, the same mass m and the same distance r in this equation for all fragment shapes from Table 1 and uses this velocity in the above Thor equation, the following qualitative ranking results for the penetration capacity p: 1. hexagon, 2 .Square, 3. Trapezoid, 4. Triangle, 5. L-shape. In the example above, the hexagon has the greatest penetration p, the L-shape the lowest. The penetration capability of the fragment 30 is thus improved by the determination of the fragment shape carried out in step M3, as is the fragment speed.

In 6 Illustrated in views (A) to (C) are various tilings, each composed of a plurality of chips 30 of a single shape and identical dimensions. This is referred to as mono-modal tiling. View (A) shows a tessellation composed of squares. View (B) shows a tessellation composed of equilateral triangles. View (C) shows a tessellation composed of regular hexagons or hexagons.

In 7 In views (A) and (B) various tessellations are shown by way of example, each composed of a plurality of splinters 30 of two different shapes. In View (A) shows a tessellation composed of hexagons and double trapezoids (diabolos). View (B) shows a tessellation composed of diamond shapes and rhombuses. Tilings composed of chips 30 of two different shapes, or chips 30 of the same shape with two different dimensions, are referred to as bi-modal tilings.

The fragment shape can also be determined in step M3, for example, by calculating the edge length for a closed monomodal or bimodal tiling from a group of tilings and selecting the tiling that results in the smallest overall edge length.

The determination of the splinter shape in step M3 can also be carried out taking into account the brittleness of the material of the splinter casing 3 . For example, it can be provided that with a certain type of material that has a high degree of brittleness, certain splinter shapes are not available for the formation of the tessellation. For example, in the case of a particularly brittle material, the group of splinter shapes from which the splinter shape is selected can be defined in 5 group shown as an example, but without the double trapezoidal shape ( 5 , view (F)).

As in 8th As can also be seen, the method includes a further optional step M4, in which the fragment casing 3 is formed with the determined number of fragments and the shape of the fragments, with the fragments 30 being arranged as a closed tiling. For example, this may include forming notches 35 defining the fragments in the fragment casing 3 itself. This is an example in 3 shown, which shows a broken representation of a plan view of the outer surface 3a of the fragmentation casing 3. As in 3 recognizable, for example, grooves or notches 35 can be introduced into the fragment casing 3, for example by milling, the grooves 35 extending in such a way that they delimit individual surface areas forming the fragments 30, which have the determined shape. in the in 3 Fragment shell 3 shown as an example is a mono-modal tiling of square fragments 30 is formed. As an alternative to the formation of notches 35 in the fragmentation casing 3, the notches can also be formed in the optional intermediate casing 4 in the same way. In the event of a detonation of the explosive charge core 2, the intermediate casing 4 disintegrates into individual fragments according to the notch pattern and thereby causes the fragmentation casing 3 in turn to disintegrate according to the desired notch pattern. A further alternative possibility for forming the fragmentation casing 3 in step M4 is to introduce a number of explosive charge pellets 5 corresponding to the number of fragments 30 into the fragmentation casing 3 . This is schematic and greatly simplified in 4 shown. For example, explosive charge pellets 5 can be inserted into depressions formed on an inner surface 3b of the fragmentation casing 3 . The inner surface 3b is oriented opposite to the outer surface 3a of the fragmentation casing 3 and thus faces the explosive charge core 2 . The explosive charge pellets 5 are ignited by the detonation of the explosive charge core 2 , as a result of which they expand and induce a local weakening or a local rupture of the fragmentation casing 3 . By distributing the pellets 5 appropriately on the inner surface 3b, the desired splinter shape can be set.

Although the present invention has been explained above by way of example using exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto but can be modified in many different ways. In particular, combinations of the above exemplary embodiments are also conceivable.

Reference List

1

effect system

2

Explosive Core

3

shrapnel shell

3a

outer surface of the fragmentation shell

4

intermediate shell

5

explosive charge pellets

30

splinters

35

notches

38

gap

d2

Explosive core diameter

d3

Inside diameter of the shrapnel casing

k

edge length

12

Length of charge core

13

Length of splinter shell

M

procedure

M1-M4

process steps

R

radial direction

t3

Thickness of splinter shell

Claims (9)

Method (M) for optimizing the performance of an active system (1), the active system (1) having an explosive charge core (2) with a predetermined explosive mass and a fragmentation casing (3) which has a predetermined casing mass in relation to the explosive mass and the explosive charge core (2 ) radially encloses, the method comprising the following steps: Determination (M1) of a surface area of an individual fragment (30) based on a predetermined fragment mass, a thickness (t3) of the fragment casing (3) and the mass density of the material of the fragment casing (3); Determining (M2) a number of fragments (30) that is required to form the fragmentation casing (3), using the determined surface area of an individual fragment (30) and the surface area of an outer surface (3a) of the fragmentation casing (3); and Determination (M3) of a splitter shape of the splitter (30) based on the determined surface area of the individual splitter (30) in such a way that a closed tiling forming the splitter shell (3) can be formed with the determined number of splitters (30) and that a sum of the edge lengths (k) of the splitter (30) becomes minimal, the determination (M3) of a splinter shape, taking into account the brittleness of the material of the splinter casing (3), is carried out in such a way that if the area moment of inertia of the determined splinter shape is outside a predetermined range for the respective material of the splinter casing (3), the determined splitter shape is not available for selection. procedure after claim 1 , wherein determining (M3) a splinter shape comprises selecting a single splinter shape or two different splinter shapes from a group of shapes. procedure after claim 2 , where the group of shapes includes the following shapes: triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, trapezoid, double trapezoid, L-shape. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein determining (M3) a chip shape comprises selecting a predetermined closed mono-modal or bi-modal tessellation from a group of tessellations. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the determination (M2) of the number of splitters comprises the determination of an integer number. Method according to one of the preceding claims, additionally comprising: Forming (M4) the fragment casing (3) with the determined number and shape of fragments, the fragments (30) being arranged as a closed tiling. procedure after claim 6 , wherein the formation of the fragment casing comprises formation (M4) of notches (35) defining the fragments in the fragment casing (3). procedure after claim 6 , wherein the forming (M4) of the fragmentation casing comprises forming notches (35) defining the fragments (30) in an intermediate casing (4), the intermediate casing (4) being arranged between the explosive charge core (2) and the fragmentation casing (3). . procedure after claim 6 , wherein the formation (M4) of the fragmentation casing (3) comprises introducing a number of explosive charge pellets (5) corresponding to the number of fragments (30) into the fragmentation casing (3).

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