DE102013003760A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils Download PDF

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Publication number
DE102013003760A1
DE102013003760A1 DE102013003760.3A DE102013003760A DE102013003760A1 DE 102013003760 A1 DE102013003760 A1 DE 102013003760A1 DE 102013003760 A DE102013003760 A DE 102013003760A DE 102013003760 A1 DE102013003760 A1 DE 102013003760A1
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
component
laser
data set
laser sintering
laser melting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE102013003760.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Hess
Günter Zenzinger
Wilhelm Satzger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MTU Aero Engines AG
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MTU Aero Engines AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=50877211&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=DE102013003760(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by MTU Aero Engines AG filed Critical MTU Aero Engines AG
Priority to DE102013003760.3A priority Critical patent/DE102013003760A1/de
Priority to PCT/DE2014/000078 priority patent/WO2014135141A1/fr
Priority to US14/771,573 priority patent/US10520427B2/en
Priority to EP14727388.2A priority patent/EP2964449B1/fr
Publication of DE102013003760A1 publication Critical patent/DE102013003760A1/de
Priority to US16/436,456 priority patent/US10900890B2/en
Priority to US17/134,727 priority patent/US11931955B2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
    • B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/38—Process control to achieve specific product aspects, e.g. surface smoothness, density, porosity or hollow structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/80—Data acquisition or data processing
    • B22F10/85—Data acquisition or data processing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/393—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N2021/1765—Method using an image detector and processing of image signal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
DE102013003760.3A 2013-03-06 2013-03-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils Withdrawn DE102013003760A1 (de)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013003760.3A DE102013003760A1 (de) 2013-03-06 2013-03-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils
PCT/DE2014/000078 WO2014135141A1 (fr) 2013-03-06 2014-02-27 Procédé et dispositif pour évaluer la qualité d'un composant fabriqué au moyen d'un procédé génératif de frittage au laser et/ou de fusion au laser
US14/771,573 US10520427B2 (en) 2013-03-06 2014-02-27 Method and device for evaluating the quality of a component produced by means of an additive laser sintering and/or laser melting method
EP14727388.2A EP2964449B1 (fr) 2013-03-06 2014-02-27 Procédé et dispositif pour évaluer la qualité d'un composant fabriqué au moyen d'un procédé génératif de frittage au laser et/ou de fusion au laser
US16/436,456 US10900890B2 (en) 2013-03-06 2019-06-10 Method and device for evaluating the quality of a component produced by means of an additive laser sintering and/or laser melting method
US17/134,727 US11931955B2 (en) 2013-03-06 2020-12-28 Method for evaluating the quality of a component produced by an additive sintering and/or melting method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013003760.3A DE102013003760A1 (de) 2013-03-06 2013-03-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE102013003760A1 true DE102013003760A1 (de) 2014-09-11

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE102013003760.3A Withdrawn DE102013003760A1 (de) 2013-03-06 2013-03-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (3) US10520427B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2964449B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102013003760A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014135141A1 (fr)

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DE102015204594A1 (de) * 2015-03-13 2016-09-15 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Monolithische Brennerdüse
DE102016212081A1 (de) * 2016-07-04 2018-01-04 MTU Aero Engines AG Verfahren zum Ermitteln eines Datenmodells für ein Schichtbauverfahren und Schichtbauvorrichtung zum Herstellen wenigstens eines Bauteilbereichs eines Bauteils
DE102016212080A1 (de) * 2016-07-04 2018-01-04 MTU Aero Engines AG Schichtbauverfahren und Schichtbauvorrichtung zum additiven Herstellen zumindest eines Bauteilbereichs eines Bauteils
DE102016213609A1 (de) * 2016-07-25 2018-01-25 Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung der Bauteilqualität
EP3459713A1 (fr) * 2017-09-26 2019-03-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de traitement assisté par ordinateur d'informations sur la qualité d'un objet et appareil d'assistance respectif
CN110480172A (zh) * 2019-07-31 2019-11-22 北京航星机器制造有限公司 一种5a06/6005a异种铝合金件激光焊接方法
EP3650142A1 (fr) * 2018-11-09 2020-05-13 General Electric Company Système et procédé de surveillance de bassin de fusion pour la détection d'erreurs dans un processus de fabrication additive
WO2020173519A1 (fr) * 2019-02-26 2020-09-03 MTU Aero Engines AG Procédé de construction en couches et dispositif de construction en couches pour la fabrication additive d'au moins une zone d'élément structural d'un élément structural, ainsi que produit de programme informatique et support de stockage
CN112185175A (zh) * 2020-09-17 2021-01-05 北京中兵智航软件技术有限公司 电子进程单的处理方法及装置
DE102019217845A1 (de) * 2019-11-20 2021-05-20 MTU Aero Engines AG Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kontrolle eines additiven Schichtbauverfahrens
DE102020112408A1 (de) 2020-05-07 2021-11-11 Arianegroup Gmbh Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines defektbehafteten Probebauteils durch Laser-Strahlschmelzen
FR3127289A1 (fr) * 2021-09-23 2023-03-24 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Procédé non destructif de contrôle et de caractérisation, in situ et en temps réel de l’homogénéité de pièces métalliques fabriquées par frittage laser

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DE102013003760A1 (de) 2013-03-06 2014-09-11 MTU Aero Engines AG Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines generativen Lasersinter- und/oder Laserschmelzverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils
DE102015204800B3 (de) 2015-03-17 2016-12-01 MTU Aero Engines AG Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsbeurteilung eines mittels eines additiven Herstellungsverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils
DE102015113700A1 (de) * 2015-04-22 2016-10-27 Cl Schutzrechtsverwaltungs Gmbh Verfahren zum Herstellen eines dreidimensionalen Bauteils
JP6538435B2 (ja) * 2015-06-17 2019-07-03 ローランドディー．ジー．株式会社 サポートの配置決定装置、３次元造形システム、および、サポートの配置決定方法
EP3377252A1 (fr) 2015-11-16 2018-09-26 Renishaw PLC Commande de machine pour procédé et appareil de fabrication d'additif
CN109153186B (zh) * 2016-05-12 2021-11-19 惠普发展公司，有限责任合伙企业 预测3d物体部件的质量
CN108060417A (zh) * 2016-11-07 2018-05-22 东台精机股份有限公司 粉末积层制造的检测修补装置及其方法
US10773336B2 (en) 2017-01-11 2020-09-15 General Electric Company Imaging devices for use with additive manufacturing systems and methods of monitoring and inspecting additive manufacturing components
EP3388907A1 (fr) 2017-04-13 2018-10-17 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de fourniture d'un ensemble de données pour la fabrication additive et procédé de contrôle de qualité correspondant
US10234848B2 (en) 2017-05-24 2019-03-19 Relativity Space, Inc. Real-time adaptive control of additive manufacturing processes using machine learning
EP3498457A1 (fr) * 2017-12-15 2019-06-19 CL Schutzrechtsverwaltungs GmbH Appareil de fabrication additive d'objets tridimensionnels
CN110849929B (zh) * 2019-11-29 2020-08-14 无锡物联网创新中心有限公司 监测具有悬空结构的传感器释放状态的方法
CN111790910B (zh) * 2020-07-07 2021-09-28 南京理工大学 一种激光粉末床熔融成形件缺陷反馈与调节方法

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DE102016212080A1 (de) * 2016-07-04 2018-01-04 MTU Aero Engines AG Schichtbauverfahren und Schichtbauvorrichtung zum additiven Herstellen zumindest eines Bauteilbereichs eines Bauteils
US11141923B2 (en) 2016-07-25 2021-10-12 Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems Method and device of detecting part quality of a three dimensional manufacturing object
DE102016213609A1 (de) * 2016-07-25 2018-01-25 Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung der Bauteilqualität
EP3459713A1 (fr) * 2017-09-26 2019-03-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de traitement assisté par ordinateur d'informations sur la qualité d'un objet et appareil d'assistance respectif
CN111132819A (zh) * 2017-09-26 2020-05-08 西门子股份公司 用于对对象的质量信息进行计算机辅助处理的方法和相应的辅助设备
WO2019063422A1 (fr) 2017-09-26 2019-04-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de traitement assisté par ordinateur d'informations sur la qualité d'un objet et appareil d'assistance correspondant
CN111132819B (zh) * 2017-09-26 2022-07-12 西门子股份公司 用于对对象的质量信息进行计算机辅助处理的方法和相应的辅助设备
US11467568B2 (en) 2017-09-26 2022-10-11 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for computer-aided processing of quality information of an object and a respective assistance apparatus
EP3650142A1 (fr) * 2018-11-09 2020-05-13 General Electric Company Système et procédé de surveillance de bassin de fusion pour la détection d'erreurs dans un processus de fabrication additive
WO2020173519A1 (fr) * 2019-02-26 2020-09-03 MTU Aero Engines AG Procédé de construction en couches et dispositif de construction en couches pour la fabrication additive d'au moins une zone d'élément structural d'un élément structural, ainsi que produit de programme informatique et support de stockage
CN110480172A (zh) * 2019-07-31 2019-11-22 北京航星机器制造有限公司 一种5a06/6005a异种铝合金件激光焊接方法
DE102019217845A1 (de) * 2019-11-20 2021-05-20 MTU Aero Engines AG Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kontrolle eines additiven Schichtbauverfahrens
DE102020112408A1 (de) 2020-05-07 2021-11-11 Arianegroup Gmbh Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines defektbehafteten Probebauteils durch Laser-Strahlschmelzen
CN112185175A (zh) * 2020-09-17 2021-01-05 北京中兵智航软件技术有限公司 电子进程单的处理方法及装置
FR3127289A1 (fr) * 2021-09-23 2023-03-24 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Procédé non destructif de contrôle et de caractérisation, in situ et en temps réel de l’homogénéité de pièces métalliques fabriquées par frittage laser
WO2023046722A1 (fr) * 2021-09-23 2023-03-30 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Procédé non destructif de contrôle et de caractérisation, in situ et en temps réel de l'homogénéité de pièces métalliques fabriquées par frittage laser

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US11931955B2 (en) 2024-03-19
WO2014135141A1 (fr) 2014-09-12
US20190293550A1 (en) 2019-09-26
US20160018320A1 (en) 2016-01-21
US10900890B2 (en) 2021-01-26
US20210116360A1 (en) 2021-04-22
EP2964449A1 (fr) 2016-01-13
US10520427B2 (en) 2019-12-31

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