CN87103228A - 作可磨蚀涂层喷涂的多喷口等离子体喷涂设备和方法 - Google Patents

作可磨蚀涂层喷涂的多喷口等离子体喷涂设备和方法 Download PDF

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CN87103228A
CN87103228A CN87103228.7A CN87103228A CN87103228A CN 87103228 A CN87103228 A CN 87103228A CN 87103228 A CN87103228 A CN 87103228A CN 87103228 A CN87103228 A CN 87103228A
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小哈罗德·威廉·佩蒂特
查尔斯·盖伊·戴维斯
弗雷德里克·克莱尔·沃尔登
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Abstract

叙述了一种同时将至少两种粉末向基质热喷涂的设备和方法,两种粉末用单一的喷流载送以冲击基质。根据发明,将不同的粉末通过分别的供粉口注入喷流,方式为粉末在喷流中基本上没有混合。喷涂系统和基质相对移动产生均匀的喷粉沉积层。

Description

参见与本申请同时待批和转让的美国专利申请第815,616号,该申请由那萨维基(S.T.Narsavage)等人于1986年1月2日申请。
本发明有关一种在一基质上作为喷涂的方法。具体有关用单一喷涂器件,在基质上同时热喷两种或更多种粉末。
燃气轮机和其他涡轮机有若干排叶片,在大致为圆筒形的壳内旋转。叶片旋转时叶尖在紧靠壳体处运动。提高这类机器的效率的一个方法,是尽量减少叶尖和壳体间的工作流体的泄漏。早些时间已发现,可用叶片和密封系统减少这种泄漏,在这种密封系统中,叶尖磨擦附在机壳内表面上的可磨蚀密封材料。
多孔金属结构特别适于作可磨蚀密封件用,因为在同旋转叶片接触时密封件以有利的速率磨蚀。制造多孔密封件的一个方法,是用等离子体喷涂金属和聚合物粉末状态颗粒的混合物,一般如朗各(Longo)在美国专利第3,723,165号中所阐述。但是,当按朗各的方法喷涂两种以上的粉末时,假如颗粒的比重或尺寸不同时,难以保持颗粒均匀混合,如詹森(Janssen)在美国专利第3,912,235号中所揭示。克服这问题的一个尝试,在伊顿(Eaton)等人的美国专利第4,386,112号中有叙述,其中将金属和陶瓷粉末颗粒分别喷入等离子体流,而在喷流中互相混合。颁发给丹尼尔斯(Daniels)的美国专利第3,020,182号,克林曼(Clingman)等人的第4,299,865号,比尔(Bill)等人的第4,366,276号专利等都也代表了现有技术状况。
虽然等离子体喷涂技术的水平很先进,但按照现有技术控制可磨蚀密封件的质量和再现性仍有困难。因此,需要寻求改进密封件制造的方法。
根据本发明,用单一的热喷涂器械,在基质上沉积至少两种不同类型的粉末,喷涂时这些不同类型粉末在高温气流中很少混合。更具体地说,将不同类型的粉末,同时用分别的粉末喷口,在分别控制的供料速度下,喷入高温高速气流中;粉末喷口的安排和供粉速度的调节,使第一种粉末被沿气流的中心高温部分所载送,冲撞基质,而同时第二种粉末颗粒被气流的外层温度较低的部分所载送,冲撞基质。由于有分别的前进路线,气流中的第一粉末颗粒和第二粉末颗粒很少混合;在将粉末喷入气流的同时,使基质相对于气流移动,便可形成均匀的复合沉积层。
在气流中粉粒很少混合的喷粉较粉末进入气流前已混合(如朗各的专利),或粉末在气流中混合(如伊顿等人的专利)能产生质量有显著改进的沉积层。
本发明特别适用于同时喷涂有不同熔化温度的诸如美国专利申请第815,616号所述的粉末,例如金属和塑料粉末。将金属颗粒喷入气流的高温部分,它们在气流中的驻留时间长于喷入气流低温部分中的塑料颗粒的驻留时间。金属颗粒和塑料颗粒都没有过多的气化。喷涂沉积层的微观结构,显现聚合物颗粒在金属母质中均匀分布。喷涂以后将沉积层加热至聚合物挥发的温度,结果就产生多孔金属结构。
本发明的以上目的和其他目的,特点和优点,从下文对最佳实施例的叙述和附图中便可了解得更清楚。
附图简介如下:
图1表示对实施本发明很有用的设备的示意图;
图2为金属粉末和聚合物粉末喷涂在基质上以后的分布的示意图。
本发明有关用单一喷涂设备,在基质上同时热喷涂两种以上不同类型粉末的方法。为简化起见,下文讨论仅针对热喷两种粉末。热喷涂一词,表示等离子体喷涂,燃烧喷涂和其他在基质上沉积粉末的类似的方法。
参看图1最便于对本发明作讨论。该图中待涂敷的基质用标图号10表示,用于在基质10上沉积粉末的设备用标号12表示。图中虽未示,但喷涂系统的部分为供粉装置,和与之相关的设备;将基质10同设备12互相相对移动的装置图中亦未表示。基质10和设备12的具体移动方式非本发明关键,可以保持设备12位置固定,将基质10移动,或保持基质10位置固定而移动设备12,或基质10和设备12都移动。熟悉本技术者能够为喷涂系统采用适当的移动装置,以便最好地适应具体沉积方法的需要。
再看附图,设备12有一个喷枪组合件14。为便于本文的讨论,喷枪组合件14为等离子弧型式。熟悉本技术者了解,典型等离子弧枪组合件14中,有互相离开的电极产生高温电弧。基本气体和辅助气体,例如氦,氩或氮,或其混合气在电弧中通过,电离形成高温高速的等离子体焰或气流15,顺枪口19的方向,从枪口19流向基质10。为了耐受等离子体15的改为,枪口19一般有水冷却。
安装架16用图中未示的装置在喷枪组合件14前端17上固定。喷咀18在支架16上固定,向基质10上喷射冷却气流,防止基质10被等离子体15过热。适用的冷却气体举例如氮、氩或空气等。下文中更详细讨论,喷粉口的安排,将分别的粉粒流引入等离子体流15。第一喷粉口22,将第一种粉末颗粒23引入气流15,第二喷粉口24将第二种粉末颗粒25,引入气流15。图示两个第一喷粉口22约间隔180°,两个第二喷粉口24约互相间隔180°,大致同第一喷粉口22的位置在径向上对正。然而喷粉口22,24的数目和其相对位置,在本发明中并非关键。第一喷粉口22在第二喷粉口24的轴向上游,其构造及安排,便利在离喷枪组合件14前端17的距离A处,向气流15喷入第一粉粒23;第二喷粉口24在下游距离B处,向气流15喷射第二粉粒25。喷枪前端17同基质10的距离用C表示。由于第一及第二喷粉口22,24的安排,并且由于分别喷入气流15的粉粒23,25的速率和速度,粉粒23,25在气流15中很少混合。此外,第二粉粒25在等离子体流15中的驻留时间,短于第一粉粒的驻留时间。其意义将在下文中进一步讨论。
粉粒23,25分别用管路32及34供给喷粉口22及24。管路32,34一般用氩作为载送气体增压。两条供给管路32各和分别的盛放第一粉粒23的供粉器连接,两个供粉管路34和分别的盛放第二粉粒25的供粉器连接。所有的供粉器都可独立控制,按特定的速率和速度分别向喷粉口输送,从其里面通过。
在距离喷枪前端17愈远的下游,等离子流15从气流轴线26在径向上愈向外扩散。造成的气流15的总的形状和圆锥形相似。从观察得知,等离子体流15实际包括流动气体的中心流40,和流动气体的径向外缘流42。下游距离增大时,中心流40的直径dC仅略为增大,而当下游距离增大时,外缘流42直径do的增幅大很多。中心等离子体流40中的气体温度和速度,比外缘流气体42的温度和速度大相当多。选择每一第一供粉器的工作参数,使第一类型粉末的基本连续的粉粒流,通过相应的第一供粉孔22,直接注入气体中心流40。第一种粉粒23由中心流传送,直至和基质10冲撞。测试结果示明,第一粉粒23很少有向中心流40外面径向偏折,明显地是因为中心流15有相当高的轴向动量,虽然可能有其他的力产生偏流的作用。
如从图1可见,每一第二供粉口24的出口端44,在每一第一供粉口22外端46的径向外侧,并在其轴向下游。对每一第二供粉器的工作参数作选定,使第二型粉粒25注入等离子体流15,而不进入气体的中心流40,第二粉粒25由气体的外缘流42传递,直至冲撞基质10。不同粉粒23,25是否正确注入相应的等离子体流部分40,42中,由两部分传送到基质10,可通过估算气流15中粉粒23,25的分布测定。估算的方法在下文中按对图2的讨论说明。
气体外缘流42携带第二种粉粒25,围气体中心流40绕圈旋转,而第一粉粒23顺流向基质10移动。由于第一粉粒23和第二粉粒25被分别的气流40,42向基质10传送,颗粒23,25在等离子体流中没有可观察觉到的程度的混合。这便和现有技术中的等离子体喷涂法不同,在过去的方法中,将不同类型的粉粒在等离子体流或混合腔中,作有意识的混合,然后通过单一的供粉口送入等离子体流中。
图2所示,第一及第二粉粒23,25分别在等离子体流15中,没有很大的混合。该图简示基质10的摄影,在上面按本发明方法涂敷一秒钟。这是通过在喷枪组合件14和基质10之间放置一个闸门型器件取得,闸门开放一秒钟,粉末23,25注入等离子体流15。从图中可见,第一粉末23留在中心气流40中,第二粉粒留在气流的径向外缘部分42中,两种粉末仅有少量的混合。(注意产生图2所示的粉末分布形式的喷枪组合件14,只有一个第一喷粉口22和一个第二喷粉口24。当用两个第一喷粉口22和两个第二喷粉口24时,便产生不同的形式。但是,第一和第二种粉末还是没有很多的混合。)
大部分粉末留在等离子体流的相应部分中,对保证方法和产品的可重复性是重要的。调节等离子体喷枪组合件的工作参数,可将中心流和外缘流40,42的特征(温度、速度等)分别控制在最佳范围内,以喷涂不同类型的粉末。换句话说,调节中心流部分的特性以产生喷涂第一类粉末的最佳条件,而同时调节外缘流部分的特性以产生喷涂第二类粉末的最佳条件。
本发明特别适用于热喷沉积有不同熔化温度和比重的粉末,形成诸如燃气涡轮机之类的涡轮机械的多孔金属结构。作这种沉积时,第一类粉末可以是抗氧化金属材料,诸如MCrAlY,M为镍,钴,铁或其混合物。这种组分举例如美国专利第3,676,085;3,928,026及4,419,416号中所叙述者;这些专利的内容本文引述作为参考。对有些MCrAlY的组分有修改,另加贵金属,耐火金属,铪,硅和烯土元素等,参见例如美国专利第4,419,416号。在与本申请同时待批并转让的美国申请第815,616号中,叙述了一种特别适用的用耐火金属改型的MCrAlY组分。更简单的金属组分如镍铬合金亦可按本发明的方法喷涂,可和金属粉末同时喷涂,产生多孔结构的第二类粉末是可分解聚合物。在基质上涂覆金属和聚合物粉末后,将带涂层的零件加热到足以挥发聚合物的温度,造成适用作燃气涡轮机的可磨蚀密封件的多孔金属结构。按本发明制造的密封件,比现有技术中的密封材料显示了更好的性能。
金属粉末最好用旋转雾化法或速固法(RSR-rapid    solidification-rate)制造,诸如同一受让人的美国专利4,178,335号及4,284,394号中所述的。和用其他技术生产的粉末比较,用RSR法生产的粉末颗粒尺寸一般比较均匀,一般为球形,有较高表面光洁度。这种粉末和形状及尺寸不规则的粉粒比较,较易从供粉器及相关的设备中流过。一旦进入这种等离子体的中心流部分,这种尺寸及形状均匀的光滑颗粒,都受热到大致相等温度,使喷涂方法和用这方法生产的产品,比现有技术中的方法有较高的复验性。为取得更高的复验性,聚合物颗粒的尺寸和形状也应均匀,有光洁表面。
作为本发明的一个实例,将用RSR法制造的耐火材料改型MCrAlY粉粒,和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯颗粒共同喷涂,制造有涂敷后处理(如下文所述)的沉积层,用于燃气涡轮机的可磨蚀密封。聚合物粉粒购自杜邦公司,产品名称为“柳赛特”(Lucite),4F级粉末;质地光洁,球形,尺寸(直径)范围约为60-120微米。金属粉粒也是光洁球体,尺寸约为50-90微米。聚合物颗粒和金属颗粒的比重约分别为0.9克/立方厘米和8.6克/立方厘米。
聚合物颗粒和金属颗粒用分别的1250系列等离子管供粉器(美国加利福尼亚州特斯丁(tustin)市普拉斯马达因(Plasmadyne)公司出品),向等离子喷涂系统供给,该系统包括梅特科(Metco)7M型喷枪和梅特科705型喷咀(美国纽约州威斯特伯利(westbury)市梅特科公司产品)。参见图1,喷咀与金属喷入点的距离A约为0.55厘米;喷咀与聚合物喷入点的距离B约为3.3厘米;喷咀与基质的距离C约为18厘米。第一喷粉口出口端46与等离子体流轴线26的径向距离约为0.7厘米;第二喷粉口出口端44与等离子体流轴线26的距离约为1.5厘米。用于沉积粉末的具体喷涂参数列于表Ⅰ。用这些参数产生的喷涂形式同图2所示形式相似。
产生金属-聚合物粉末沉积
的喷涂参数
功率输入(千瓦)    20.3-21.7
基本气流(标准立方米/小时)    1.4-2.1
辅助气流(标准立方米/小时)    0.3-1.0
载运气流(标准立方米/小时)    0.1-0.2
金属粉末供给速率(克/分钟)    50.0-70.0
聚合物粉末供给速率(克/分钟)    8.0-12.0
喷枪相对于基质的偏角    ≤20°至垂直
对用表Ⅰ参数喷涂的沉积层,用金相摄影检验其微观结构,发现其特征为,约有三分之一为金属颗粒,三分之一为聚合物颗粒,和三分之一为孔隙。从颗粒的形态来看,说明多数颗粒被等离子体流的热软化。从注入喷流的粉末的量和基质上实际沉积的粉末的量比较来看,没有过量粉末被等离子体汽化。在现有技术的喷涂技术中,金属粉末和聚合物粉末都由等离子体流的中心部分传送,观察到有相当量的聚合物颗粒被气化,对方法的复验性和所产生的产物有不利的影响。这种过渡汽化是因为等离子体流中心部分的温度,远超过聚合物的汽化温度。因此,在本发明的技术中,由于聚合物颗粒在等离子体流的温度较低的径向外缘部分中通过,所以和现有技术相比,聚合物颗粒汽化的量减少相当多。
喷涂以后,对金属/聚合物沉积层进行处理,以消除聚合物颗粒,造成多孔金属结构。理想的方法是将沉积层在约355-385℃的不氧化气氛中加热两小时。这温度足以使聚合物完全挥发。聚合物还可用适当的溶剂之类作化学清除。清除聚合物后喷涂沉积层的孔隙率约为三分之二。
根据本发明原理制造的这种多孔喷涂MCrAlY沉积层,和现有技术的密封材料比较,显示了明显的优越性。适用的密封材料必须可磨蚀,即当被高速运动的部件接触时,例如被燃气轮机的旋转叶尖,或被迷宫式密封件的锋刃尖接触时,能够很容易有脆性的崩解。然而密封材料又必须在受颗粒侵蚀或其他机械应力时,保持其完整性。在实验室试验和实际发动机试验中,本发明的多孔可磨蚀金属同现有技术的密封件比较,显示了更好的可磨蚀性和抗侵蚀性。
虽然对本发明参照了一个最佳实施例进行解说和说明,但熟悉本技术的人可以理解,对发明的形式和细节可作各种变化,而不超出权利要求书中的发明的精神和范围。

Claims (4)

1、一种在一个基质上形成喷涂粉末沉积层的方法,沉积层的特点为有第一粉粒和第二粉粒的均匀混合,方法包括如下步骤:
(a)产生高速高温气体流,引导气体流流向基质,气体流的中心部分温度高于气体流的外缘部分;
(b)将第一类粉末注入气体流,由气体流中心部分传送,冲击基质;
(c)同时将第二类粉末注入气体流,使第二类粉粒由气体流的外缘部分传送,冲击基质,在气体流中第二类粉粒基本不与第一类粉粒混合;
(d)将含有第一及第二粉粒的气体流相对于基质移动,在基质上形成均匀的粉粒沉积层。
2、如权利要求1之方法,其特征为,第一粉粒为金属,第二粉粒为聚合物,还包括清除喷涂沉积层中的聚合物颗粒,形成金属多孔沉积层的步骤。
3、用权利要求2之方法所制造的物件。
4、一种制造至少含有两种不同粉末颗粒的喷涂粉末沉积层的方法,其中两种粉末用一个喷流载送,基质冲击,其特征在于,同时将不同的粉末分别注入喷涂流中,第一种粉末和第二种粉末在喷流中基本不混合,将基质相对便喷流移动,使粉末冲击基质,形成均匀的喷涂沉积层。
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