CN214339670U - Biological material processing apparatus - Google Patents
Biological material processing apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CN214339670U CN214339670U CN202120122475.3U CN202120122475U CN214339670U CN 214339670 U CN214339670 U CN 214339670U CN 202120122475 U CN202120122475 U CN 202120122475U CN 214339670 U CN214339670 U CN 214339670U
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Abstract
The utility model belongs to the technical field of the biomaterial is handled, a biomaterial processing apparatus is disclosed. The utility model comprises a shell, wherein the upper end of the shell is provided with a liquid exchange cabin, a liquid discharge cabin and a plurality of liquid guide channels, and two ends of each liquid guide channel are respectively communicated with the liquid exchange cabin and the liquid discharge cabin for realizing the liquid exchange between the liquid exchange cabin and the liquid discharge cabin; the lower end of the liquid exchange cabin is communicated with a discharge hole, and the discharge hole is communicated with the lower end of the shell. The utility model discloses a provide sufficient space in the casing, form the effect similar to the culture dish, be convenient for carry out the exchange of treatment fluid in the container at biological cell or tissue, with the liquid volume control around the biomaterial in predetermineeing the within range, guaranteed the stability and the security of operation for operation process is convenient more and high-efficient, and can develop the application of multiple difference according to the use occasion difference, be convenient for simultaneously follow-up with biomaterial transfer to other particular position and device.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the technical field of the biomaterial is handled, concretely relates to biomaterial processing apparatus.
Background
In laboratories, hospitals and the like, it is often necessary to perform solution treatment on biological materials, including biological cells, biological tissues and the like, in order to exchange liquid inside the cells with the outside, so as to perform subsequent experimental purposes.
The art of vitrification cryopreservation of human and animal embryos is currently a relatively mature art, where "freezing" is liquid to solid cooling, which may include crystallization, and "vitrification" is liquid to solid cooling, but not crystallization. The vitrifying cryopreservation of human and animal embryos consists in the steps of collection and retrieval of the oocytes, their in vitro fertilization and subsequent storage of such fertilized eggs and the embryos and/or the resulting later blastocysts in an ultra-low temperature environment after treatment in a cryoprotective solution.
There are also many brand cryoprotectants on the market, with the principle being largely the same and different, in order to inhibit the formation of ice crystals within the cells and to minimize cell damage during the freezing process. These cryoprotectants are classified as osmotic and non-osmotic solutions. Examples of permeability are Ethylene Glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and glycerol. The osmotic cryoprotectant is a small molecule that readily penetrates the biofilm, forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules of the biomaterial, preventing its ice crystallization. Impermeable cryoprotectants, such as disaccharides, trehalose, and sucrose, function by extracting free water from within the biological material and dehydrating the intracellular space. The resulting dehydration allows it to complement osmotic cryoprotectants to increase the intracellular relative concentration of cryoprotectants and, secondly, to prevent the formation of ice crystals within the cell. However, the toxicity of these high concentrations of cryoprotectants can be considerable and the cells need to be rapidly plunged into liquid nitrogen after cryoprotectant pretreatment to achieve freezing.
The vitrification process involves exposing the biological material to at least three vitrification solutions. The vitrification solution is typically added to successive wells of a multi-well culture dish, wherein the culture dish and solution are warmed to a predetermined temperature, which is determined according to the requirements of the biological material under investigation.
In a typical protocol, the biological material is physically transferred to a first solution (e.g., ES equilibrator) in a first well, and then washed by physically moving the biological material or cells through the solution of interest using a cell pipetting device. The washing process is repeated in a second solution (e.g., VS vitrified cryo fluid), third and fourth wells in a second well for a predetermined period of time until the biological material or cells are considered ready for cryopreservation. The biological material is then physically aspirated with a predetermined amount of vitrification solution using a pipette or other manipulation device. The droplets containing the biological material or cells to be vitrified are then pipetted onto a vitrification device, such as a carrier rod. The vitrification device with the attached droplets and biological material is then physically transferred and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. Once the biological material and carrier fluid are vitrified, the vitrification device is inserted into a pre-cooled protective sleeve or other storage device for subsequent transfer to liquid nitrogen or liquid nitrogen vapor for long-term cold storage.
The existing cell freezing process is basically completed manually. When people manually work, problems of mental stress, hand trembling, visual illusion, fatigue and the like can occur, and operation errors such as embryo or cell loss can occur, so that the stability, timeliness, safety and the like of operation cannot be guaranteed.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
In order to solve the above problems existing in the prior art, the present invention is directed to a biomaterial treating apparatus.
The utility model discloses the technical scheme who adopts does:
a biological material processing device comprises a shell, wherein a liquid exchange cabin, a liquid discharge cabin and a plurality of liquid guide channels are arranged at the upper end of the shell, and two ends of each liquid guide channel are respectively communicated with the liquid exchange cabin and the liquid discharge cabin and are used for realizing liquid exchange between the liquid exchange cabin and the liquid discharge cabin; the lower end of the liquid exchange cabin is communicated with a discharge hole, and the discharge hole is communicated with the lower end of the shell.
Further preferably, the liquid guide channel is provided at an upper end of the housing.
It is further preferred that the upper end of the housing is provided with a circular groove, and the liquid exchange compartment, the liquid discharge compartment and all the liquid guide channels are located in the circular groove.
Still more preferably, a cylindrical sleeve is arranged above the circular groove in a matching manner, and a piston rod is connected in the cylindrical sleeve in a sliding manner; and a thin rod for plugging is arranged in the discharge hole and is connected with one end of the piston rod close to the circular groove.
It is further preferred that the liquid exchange chamber and the liquid discharge chamber have respective diameters which become smaller from top to bottom.
Still more preferably, a load bar is provided at a lower end of the discharge hole.
It is further preferable that the housing is provided with a plurality of capillary chutes, and a lower end of each of the capillary chutes communicates with a lower end of the discharge hole.
It is further preferable that the lower part of the housing is horizontally provided with a limiting slot hole, and one end of the carrier rod is positioned at the lower end of the discharge hole after passing through the limiting slot hole.
More preferably, the cross section of the liquid exchange cabin is a semicircular cross section, an inner wall surface of the liquid exchange cabin is parallel to one side surface of the shell, and the shell is made of transparent materials; the liquid exchange chamber, the discharge hole and the capillary chute are all located within the same depth of field.
It is further preferred that the housing has a notch in the middle of its lower end.
The utility model has the advantages that:
the utility model is provided with the liquid exchange cabin, which can inject the biological material and the biological culture solution to be processed into the liquid exchange cabin, so that the biological material can exchange liquid in the culture solution, because the liquid exchange cabin is communicated with the liquid discharge cabin through the liquid guide channel, the solution in the liquid exchange cabin can be guided into the liquid discharge cabin through capillary action, then the redundant solution is sucked away by the capillary tube or the chute dropper with the capillary action slit at the liquid discharge cabin, so that the solution in the liquid exchange cabin can be continuously guided into the liquid discharge cabin until the liquid exchange between the biological material and the solution is completed, and finally the biological material in the liquid exchange cabin enters the discharge hole along with the solution and is smoothly discharged, the utility model discloses a sufficient space is provided in the shell, the effect similar to a culture dish is formed, the exchange of the treatment solution in a container by biological cells or tissues is convenient, with the liquid volume control around the biomaterial in predetermineeing the within range, combine the design of discharge hole, form the effect similar to the pipettor, guaranteed the stability and the security of operation for operation process is more convenient and high-efficient, and can develop multiple different applications according to the use occasion difference, is convenient for simultaneously follow-up with the biomaterial transfer to other specific position and device.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-a shell; 2-liquid exchange chamber; 3-liquid discharge compartment; 4-a drainage channel; 5-a drain hole; 6-circular groove; 7-capillary chute; 8-limiting slotted holes; 9-carrying rod.
Detailed Description
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the present invention will be briefly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and the description of the embodiments or the prior art, and it is obvious that the following description of the structure of the accompanying drawings is only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without any inventive work.
The technical solution provided by the present invention will be described in detail by way of embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the description of the embodiments is provided to help understanding of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In some instances, some embodiments are not described or not in detail, as they are conventional or customary in the art.
Furthermore, the technical features described herein, or the steps of all methods or processes disclosed, may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments, in addition to the mutually exclusive features and/or steps. It will be readily appreciated by those of skill in the art that the order of the steps or operations of the methods associated with the embodiments provided herein may be varied. Any order in the drawings and examples is for illustrative purposes only and does not imply that a certain order is required unless explicitly stated to be required.
The numbering of the components as such, e.g., "first", "second", etc., is used herein only to distinguish the objects as described, and does not have any sequential or technical meaning. The terms "connected" and "coupled" when used in this application, encompass both direct and indirect connections (and couplings) where appropriate and where not necessary contradictory.
The first embodiment is as follows:
as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the present embodiment provides a biomaterial treatment apparatus, which includes a casing 1, a liquid exchange chamber 2 for exchanging a biomaterial liquid, a liquid discharge chamber 3 for discharging the liquid, and a plurality of liquid guide channels 4 are arranged at an upper end of the casing 1, and two ends of each liquid guide channel 4 are respectively communicated with the liquid exchange chamber 2 and the liquid discharge chamber 3 for realizing liquid exchange between the liquid exchange chamber 2 and the liquid discharge chamber 3; the lower end of the liquid exchange cabin 2 is communicated with a discharge hole 5 for discharging the biological materials after treatment, and the discharge hole 5 is communicated with the lower end of the shell 1. It should be noted that, when there is no specific limitation on the structures of the liquid exchange chamber 2, the liquid discharge chamber 3 and the liquid guide channel 4, the sizes and shapes thereof are not specifically limited, and can be adjusted according to actual situations.
It should be further described in this embodiment that the liquid guiding channel 4 is disposed at the upper end of the housing 1, so that the control of the solution is more accurate, and it should be described that the liquid guiding channel 4 is disposed at the upper end of the housing 1 only in an optimal manner, and can be adjusted according to the volume of the actual liquid exchange chamber 2 and the actual demand, and in the implementation process, the liquid guiding channel 4 may also be disposed inside the housing 1 without specific limitation.
It should be further noted in this embodiment that the upper end of the housing 1 is provided with a circular groove 6 for the requirements of the treatment process, and the liquid exchange chamber 2, the liquid discharge chamber 3 and all the liquid guide channels 4 are located in the circular groove 6, so as to facilitate the piston operation at the later stage. More specifically, a cylindrical sleeve is arranged above the circular groove 6 in a matching manner, and a piston rod is connected in the cylindrical sleeve in a sliding manner; a thin rod for plugging is arranged in the discharge hole 5, the thin rod is connected with one end of the piston rod close to the circular groove 6, and the thin rod can be a quartz capillary. It should be noted that the piston rod and the cylindrical sleeve can slide relatively, so the cylindrical sleeve can be buckled in the circular groove 6 according to the situation, or keep a certain distance with the circular groove 6, which is convenient for operating the liquid exchange chamber 2 and the liquid discharge chamber 3.
It should be further noted that, in this embodiment, the middle portion of the lower end of the casing 1 is provided with a notch, so as to facilitate taking the casing 1, and at the same time, a certain operation space is left below the discharge hole 5, so that the casing 1 is more like a platform which is erected, and the solution discharged from the discharge hole 5 is more convenient for subsequent operations along with the biological material.
Initially, the position of the discharge hole 5 is closed by a thin rod having a corresponding size or a medical catheter, and leakage of the liquid is prevented. In order to achieve a better sealing effect, it is conceivable to apply a substance such as medical paraffin to the passage of the discharge hole 5, and to facilitate the movement of the pin in the hole. Biological material biological cells or biological tissues to be treated are injected into the liquid exchange chamber 2 together with a certain amount of culture solution, and since the discharge holes 5 are blocked by the thin rods, it can be ensured that the biological material is not lost in the liquid exchange chamber 2. The liquid exchange cabin 2 is continuously filled with a specific biological culture liquid, so that the biological materials are subjected to liquid exchange in the culture liquid. In the process, as the liquid guide channel 4 is communicated between the liquid exchange cabin 2 and the liquid discharge cabin 3, the size of the liquid guide channel 4 is specially designed, the principle that the solution in the liquid exchange cabin 2 is guided into the liquid discharge cabin 3 through capillary action and the liquid is sucked at the position is similar to the structure of an open channel in the prior art, and then the redundant solution is sucked away by a dropper at the position of the liquid discharge cabin 3, so that the solution in the liquid exchange cabin 2 can be continuously guided into the liquid discharge cabin 3. This procedure is repeated with different culture fluids until the fluid exchange between the biological material and the solution is completed and the remaining solution is optimally conducted away by the fluid conducting channel 4, and a certain amount of solution and processed biological material still remain inside the fluid exchange chamber 2. At this moment, the whole circular groove 6 can be sleeved by a cylindrical sleeve above the device, the sleeve opening of the cylindrical sleeve can be clamped at the circular groove 6 for sealing, and the cylindrical sleeve is internally provided with a piston rod to form a piston structure similar to a syringe with the sleeve. The piston rod is connected with the thin rod, when the piston rod is upwards, the thin rod can be pulled out of the discharge hole 5, and the discharge hole 5 is exposed to form a needle head structure communicated with the outside. At this time, since the inside of the cylindrical sleeve is under negative pressure, the solution and the biomaterial are not leaked from the discharge hole 5. Then the piston rod is pressed down, the increased pressure can drive the biological material to enter the discharge hole 5 along with the solution and smoothly discharge the biological material, and before the process is carried out, a part of solution can be extracted by utilizing the capillary tube, so that the volume control of the solution is realized. Below the discharge opening 5, a device for receiving the biological material, such as a carrier rod or a petri dish, can be placed, and the solution to be treated, together with the biological material, can be transferred to a desired device for subsequent treatment after being discharged through the discharge opening 5. The process realizes the treatment of the biological material in the container, the control of the volume of the solution after the treatment and the subsequent transfer of the biological material to other specific positions and devices.
Example two:
as shown in fig. 3 and 4, the present embodiment provides a biomaterial treatment apparatus, which includes a casing 1, a liquid exchange chamber 2 for exchanging biomaterial liquid, a liquid discharge chamber 3 for discharging liquid, and a plurality of liquid guide channels 4 are arranged at the upper end of the casing 1, and two ends of each liquid guide channel 4 are respectively communicated with the liquid exchange chamber 2 and the liquid discharge chamber 3 for realizing liquid exchange between the liquid exchange chamber 2 and the liquid discharge chamber 3; the lower end of the liquid exchange cabin 2 is communicated with a discharge hole 5 for discharging the biological tissue after treatment, and the discharge hole 5 is communicated with the lower end of the shell 1.
As a preferred mode, it needs to be further described in this embodiment that the liquid guide channel 4 is disposed at the upper end of the housing 1, so that the control of the solution is more accurate, it needs to be described that the liquid guide channel 4 is disposed at the upper end of the housing 1 only in a preferred mode, and the liquid guide channel 4 may be adjusted according to the volume of the actual liquid exchange cabin 2 and the actual requirement, and in the implementation process, the liquid guide channel 4 may also be disposed inside the housing 1 without specific limitation.
In this embodiment, it should be further noted that the lower end of the discharge hole 5 is provided with a carrying rod 9 for discharging the processed embryo together with the residual liquid downward to the carrying rod 9. The shell 1 is provided with a plurality of capillary chutes 7, the lower end of each capillary chute 7 is communicated with the lower end of the discharge hole 5, so that the redundant liquid on the carrying rod 9 is automatically sucked through the capillary action, the waste liquid around the discharged embryo is ensured to be avoided, and the structure of the capillary chute 7 is not particularly limited, such as a round hole, a polygonal hole or an annular hole. The lower part of the shell 1 is horizontally provided with a limit slot hole 8, and one end of the carrying rod 9 passes through the limit slot hole 8 and then is positioned at the lower end of the discharge hole 5, and can be close to the discharge hole 5, or can be attached to the discharge hole 5, or is an optimal distance (according to actual conditions) for facilitating the transfer of liquid drops to the rod. It should be noted that the length, width and shape of the groove body of the capillary chute can be made higher according to the requirement. Besides, besides the chute structure, the chute structure can be replaced by a vertical groove body, or a capillary tube is embedded in the vertical cylindrical groove body, or a ring of capillary tubes surrounding the discharge hole 5, so that a similar liquid sucking function is realized.
It should be further explained in this embodiment, the middle part of the lower end of the casing 1 is provided with a notch, the casing 1 is convenient to take, meanwhile, a certain operation space is reserved below the discharge hole 5, the casing 1 is more like a platform which is erected, the solution discharged from the discharge hole 5 is more convenient for subsequent operation together with the biological material, meanwhile, a certain space of the capillary chute 7 can be provided, the capillary chute 7 does not need to penetrate through the upper end of the casing 1 and can be of a through hole structure, the solution can be prevented from accidentally falling into the capillary chute 7 in the operation process, and the capillary chute 7 is influenced to play a role.
In the operation, the discharge hole 4 is first closed with a narrow tube, and the embryo and a predetermined amount of culture solution are injected into the liquid exchange chamber 2. Then, a proper amount of biological treatment fluid ES is dripped into the liquid discharge cabin 3, and after the liquid enters the liquid exchange cabin 2 through the liquid guide channel 4, the liquid exchanges components with the embryo. After a sufficient treatment time, the liquid in the discharge chamber 3 is again withdrawn through the capillary micro-slits. The excess waste liquid in the liquid exchange chamber 2 is also sucked up through the liquid guiding channel 4. Because the embryo will sit at the bottom of the ES solution during processing, the embryo will not be drawn away by the capillary tube under the restriction of the drainage channel 4. After the ES treatment is finished, VS is dripped into the liquid discharge cabin 3 in the same way, so that the VS enters the liquid exchange cabin 2 to exchange components with the embryo. After a sufficient processing time, the exchange between the embryo and the culture medium is completed, whereupon the thin tube blocking the discharge hole 5 is withdrawn and pressurized over the entire device, so that the embryo and the culture medium are driven under pressure into the hole 4 and therewith fall onto the carrier rod 9. Initially, a large amount of liquid is left around the embryo on the carrying rod 9, and under the action of the capillary chutes 7 on the two sides, the liquid is gradually sucked away, and a small amount of remaining liquid remains around the embryo. The carrier rod 9 with the embryos thereon may now be subjected to a subsequent vitrification freezing operation.
As a preferable mode, it should be further explained in this embodiment that the caliber of the liquid exchange chamber 2 and the caliber of the liquid discharge chamber 3 are gradually reduced from top to bottom, so that the capillary tube can more sufficiently suck the liquid at the liquid discharge chamber 3.
It should be noted that, the width, depth, shape, etc. of the liquid guiding channel 4 can be replaced according to the requirement, so as to meet the application requirement under the condition of different liquid amounts.
As a preferable mode, it should be further explained in this embodiment that the cross section of the liquid exchange chamber 2 is a semicircular cross section, an inner wall surface of the liquid exchange chamber 2 is parallel to a side surface of the housing 1, and the housing 1 is made of a transparent material, so that the position of the embryo in the liquid exchange chamber 2 can be conveniently observed through the position of the flat edge, and the reliability of the operation is ensured; the liquid exchange chamber 2, the discharge hole 5 and the capillary chute 7 are all positioned in the same depth of field range, and can be observed from the upper part, the bottom or the side surface in the treatment process, so that the internal conditions of the liquid exchange chamber, the discharge hole 5 and the capillary chute can be conveniently observed under a microscope at any time.
It should be noted that the diameter and depth of the discharge holes 5 can be modified according to the size of the biological material to be treated, ensuring the device is suitable for different uses.
It should be noted that the carrier bar 9 used in this embodiment is preferably a cryotop model, and for other models of carrier bars, the bottom interface can be changed to interface with it. Cryotop is an elastic strip of plastic joined to a grip. Wherein the cells were placed on a strip and then directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. At present, Cryotop is a mainstream technology with high survival rate and relative easy operability.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned optional embodiments, and any other products in various forms can be obtained by anyone under the teaching of the present invention, and any changes in the shape or structure thereof, all the technical solutions falling within the scope of the present invention, are within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A biomaterial treatment device, characterized in that: the device comprises a shell (1), wherein a liquid exchange cabin (2), a liquid discharge cabin (3) and a plurality of liquid guide channels (4) are arranged at the upper end of the shell (1), and two ends of each liquid guide channel (4) are respectively communicated with the liquid exchange cabin (2) and the liquid discharge cabin (3) so as to realize liquid exchange between the liquid exchange cabin (2) and the liquid discharge cabin (3); the lower end of the liquid exchange cabin (2) is communicated with a discharge hole (5), and the discharge hole (5) is communicated with the lower end of the shell (1).
2. A biological material processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the liquid guide channel (4) is arranged at the upper end of the shell (1).
3. A biological material processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the upper end of the shell (1) is provided with a circular groove (6), and the liquid exchange cabin (2), the liquid discharge cabin (3) and all the liquid guide channels (4) are all positioned in the circular groove (6).
4. A biological material processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: a cylindrical sleeve is arranged above the circular groove (6) in a matched mode, and a piston rod is connected in the cylindrical sleeve in a sliding mode; and a thin rod for plugging is arranged in the discharge hole (5), and the thin rod is connected with one end of the piston rod close to the circular groove (6).
5. A biological material processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the caliber of the liquid exchange cabin (2) and the caliber of the liquid discharge cabin (3) are gradually reduced from top to bottom.
6. A biomaterial treatment device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the lower end of the discharge hole (5) is provided with a load bar (9).
7. A biomaterial treatment device as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the shell (1) is provided with a plurality of capillary chutes (7), and the lower end of each capillary chute (7) is communicated with the lower end of the discharge hole (5).
8. A biomaterial treatment device as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the lower part of the shell (1) is horizontally provided with a limiting slotted hole (8), and one end of the carrying rod (9) passes through the limiting slotted hole (8) and then is positioned at the lower end of the discharge hole (5).
9. A biomaterial treatment device as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the cross section of the liquid exchange cabin (2) is a semicircular cross section, one inner wall surface of the liquid exchange cabin (2) is parallel to one side surface of the shell (1), and the shell (1) is made of transparent materials; the liquid exchange cabin (2), the discharge hole (5) and the capillary chute (7) are all positioned in the same depth of field range.
10. A biomaterial treatment device as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the middle part of the lower end of the shell (1) is provided with a notch.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202120122475.3U CN214339670U (en) | 2021-01-15 | 2021-01-15 | Biological material processing apparatus |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202120122475.3U CN214339670U (en) | 2021-01-15 | 2021-01-15 | Biological material processing apparatus |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114403135A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-04-29 | 香港中文大学深港创新研究院(福田) | Automatic processing equipment for biological material vitrification |
| CN114451403A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-05-10 | 香港中文大学深港创新研究院(福田) | Operating device for vitrification treatment of biological material |
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2021
- 2021-01-15 CN CN202120122475.3U patent/CN214339670U/en active Active
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114403135A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-04-29 | 香港中文大学深港创新研究院(福田) | Automatic processing equipment for biological material vitrification |
| CN114451403A (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2022-05-10 | 香港中文大学深港创新研究院(福田) | Operating device for vitrification treatment of biological material |
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