CN203827171U - 电力负载的驱动电路 - Google Patents

电力负载的驱动电路 Download PDF

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CN203827171U
CN203827171U CN201420093582.8U CN201420093582U CN203827171U CN 203827171 U CN203827171 U CN 203827171U CN 201420093582 U CN201420093582 U CN 201420093582U CN 203827171 U CN203827171 U CN 203827171U
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circuit
drive circuit
bidirectional switch
electrokinetic cell
inverter
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弗兰克·韦纳·黑特
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Nidec Control Techniques Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
    • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
    • H02M5/10—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/40—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc
    • H02M5/42—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
    • H02M5/44—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac
    • H02M5/453—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/40—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc
    • H02M5/42—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
    • H02M5/44—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac
    • H02M5/453—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M5/458—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/487—Neutral point clamped inverters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Power Conversion In General (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本实用新型公开了一种电力负载的驱动电路，包含无源变压器，该变压器的次级依据所述变压器抽头连接到每相的动力电池。每个动力电池包含低成本但高效的功率因数校正电路以使在变压器上产生的谐波较低。

Description

电力负载的驱动电路
技术领域
本实用新型涉及一种电力负载的驱动电路。本实用新型特别地，但不限于应用在驱动电路，在该驱动电路中，交流电源被整流成直流电输出。
背景技术 
众所周知，把交流电源整流成直流电的副产品是变压器上产生的谐波且该谐波通过电网回馈到所述交流电源中。这些谐波是不希望有的，因为，在给定的电压和功率下，它们会增加环流，且因此增加了功耗并引起所述电压的畸变，该电压也向其它负载供电。额外的谐波会导致更多的环流，而这些环流并未被负载消耗。交流电源甚至在不给负载供电的情况下，仍然要产生这部分电能。额外的电流也意味着需要提高电缆性能以应对增加的电流。一般采用功率因数来衡量这种效应，功率因数的定义是有功功率除以“有功功率+表观功率”的商。理想情况下功率因数需要统一。渐增的功率因数减少了功率因数。典型的传统多相整流器电路包含移相变压器，该移相变压器具有多个次级输出，该输出对应于与所述输入有关的相移角。所述移相变压器的输出给所述动力电池组供电，该动力电池包括用于每个相移角的整流器。所述动力电池进一步包含逆变器，该逆变器产生多相交流输出并提供给电力负载。所述动力电池内经过整流的电能被提供给三相负载中的每一相，例如三相交流感应电机。对于给定的电源要求，移相变压器比与其对应的、最简单形式的非移相变压器的大。然而，用于向包含二极管整流桥的整流器供电的传统变压器不会减少产生的畸变电流，因此变压器在尺寸及额定功率上需要设计的更大以补偿低功率因数。 
针对多相动力电池的整流桥/逆变器，提出了不同的模块类型。一种简单的整流器模块中，其每个桥臂具有绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)并跨接在各相之间，以及包括直流母线电容。绝缘栅双极晶体管承担整流电路整流输出的满负荷。该简单电路具有低成本的益处，但也具有相对较高的输入电流谐波含量。另外一种方法是把上述电路中的整流二极管替换成有源绝缘栅双极晶体管，即在直流母线电容前每个桥臂有多对绝缘栅双极晶 体管。该方案的益处在于其为双向并可以通过适当的开关动作来限制谐波电流。然而，采用更多的类似绝缘栅双极晶体管的有源器件会大幅增加成本。 
实用新型内容
综上所述，本实用新型实施例提供了一种驱动电路，不但具有较低的总谐波畸变，还具有高性能价格比并具有更高的效率。 
根据本实用新型公开的实施例，提供了一种电力负载驱动电路，包括：多抽头变压器、一组连接到所述变压器每个抽头的输出或所述每个抽头每相的可切换动力电池，所述每个可切换动力电池可开关地向所述驱动电路的输出提供电能，每个动力电池包含具有交流输入的整流电路，并跨接在串联连接的直流母线电容的两侧，以及包含跨接到所述直流母线电容两侧的逆变器和将所述直流母线电容连接至所述交流输入的每相或每相之间的双向开关。 
上述驱动电路包括跨接在所述逆变器输出的旁路电路，并可配置为把所述输出连接到电力负载。 
上述电池通过所述对应的旁路电路与所述负载或所述负载的每相连接。 
上述双向开关包含一对连接到共发射极的晶体管和跨接到所述每个晶体管两端的旁路二极管。 
上述每个双向开关包含并联的门极可关断晶闸管，并以相反的方向导通。 
上述双向开关包含一对串联连接的二极管，该二极管并联在晶体管的两侧。 
上述双向开关包含一对源极耦合的场效应管器件。 
上述逆变器包含H型桥式电路。 
上述整流电路是二极管整流电路。 
对于多相系统，双向开关可以配置成星形连接或倒三角形连接。优选地，考虑到成本和尺寸，该变压器最好是非移相变压器，最好是针对所述输出或所述输出的每相的多抽头变压器。 
上述驱动电路包含跨接在所述逆变器输出的旁路电路。所述动力电池通过所述旁路电路与所述负载串联。 
所述双向开关可具有多种形式。例如，双极或绝缘栅双极晶体管、门极可关断晶闸管对、场效应晶体管对或提供双向开关的晶体管/二极管。类似地，可使用机电式开关。本实用新型公开的实施例不限于一种类型的双向开关。本实用新型的实施例提供了一种高效的、高性能价格比的解决方案以改善电气驱动电路的功率因数。 
附图说明
通过以下对附图的描述，本实用新型实施方式的特征和优点将变得更加容易理解，其中 
图1给出了采用变压器的电力负载驱动电路； 
图2是动力电池的电路图； 
图3给出了图2所示电路中使用的整流器的电路图； 
图4给出了图3所示开关配置的原理图； 
图5是另一种开关配置的原理图；以及 
图6、7和8是双向开关的示意图。 
具体实施方式
下面对优选实施方式的描述仅仅是示范性的，而绝不是对本实用新型及其应用或用法的限制。在各个附图中采用相同的附图标记来表示相同的部件，因此相同部件的构造将不再重复描述。 
以下结合附图以及具体实施方式对本实用新型的技术方案做进一步说明。 
如图1所示，三相电机的驱动器包含非移相变压器10，该变压器的次级在各个抽头A-N具有输出端，与要求的电压比保持一致。抽头输出端是提供给动力电池A1，B1，C1的三相电压　AN，BN，CN。动力电池将供电电压A、B和C提供给电力负载12，例如所示的10kV三相感应电机。其它任何合适的交流负载也可以被该驱动电路驱动。下面所述的电路元件额定值与该电路的功率处理能力以及其所应用的环境相匹配。 例如，其中一些开关是功率开关器件，并且其附属组件可根据具体情况具有合适的功率处理特性。 
图2给出了如图1中所描述的每个动力电池的电路。它包括对应于变压器10的输出的三相输入a、b和c。该输入连接在每相的整流二极管对14之间。每个二极管对连接在一对串联连接的直流母线电容16两端，且功率晶体管T1-T4的H型桥式配置组成逆变器。每个晶体管具有其各自的反并联二极管18以导通晶体管的发射极和集电极。旁路单元20包含一对并联的晶闸管22，24，且晶闸管22，24连接在H型桥式电路的晶体管T1/T2和T3/T4的交叉点两端。电容15具有相同值。电容之间的连接定义了中点电压MP。 
根据本实用新型实施例，双向开关电路26连接在每相的二极管对14之间且连接在直流母线电容16之间。双向开关26在图3中给出。在该实施例中，双向开关26是一对串联连接的背靠背双极晶体管28，每相配置为共发射极形式连接，且每个与其相应的反并联二极管30连接到其中一个对应的晶体管28两端以和其它晶体管导通。 
每个动力电池AN、BN、CN的输出可被提供给电力负载12的相应相。电源电压取决于该变压器的抽头，变压器的抽头由旁路电路的开关控制为有效，该旁路电路把选定的变压器抽头连接到电力负载的相。 
每个动力电池的输出是脉宽调制电压，该电压由H型桥式晶体管T1-4的动作产生。动力电池的输出端通过每个动力电池的旁路单元连接到负载。通过对旁路电路的晶闸管的控制，为设定电压所选择的动力电池可应用到负载的相应相。如图所示，动力电池配置为星形连接，也可配置成倒三角形连接。 
图4给出了如图3所示双向开关的原理图。开关28采用星形接线。当然，同样的电路也可以采用倒三角形连接，如图5中的原理图所示。在此情况下，没有中性点连接到直流母线电容之间的中点，其只是简单地连接在电源轨之间。这样的优点是可使双向开关电路更加独立于其它电路元件。在星形接线配置中，两个电容之间会有中点。在倒三角形接线配置中，电容可包含单个元件或根据电压具有多个元件。 
该电路的双向开关具有多种形式。例如，展示的双极晶体管可以由绝缘栅双极晶体管替代。图6、7和8给出了更多的形式。图6给出了基于门极可关断晶闸管34的双向开关。晶闸管34并联连接并以相反方向 导通。图7给出了基于一对二极管桥36的双向开关，每个二极管桥跨接在绝缘栅双极晶体管或金属氧化硅场效应晶体管(MOSFET)38的两端。图8所示的双向开关，等同于图3中开关采用的场效应晶体管，包含一对源极耦合的场效应管器件40。事实上，任何双向的开关器件都可以使用，机电式开关也适用。 
采用具有多路输出次级的非移相变压器作为负载的隔离电源可以使电路产生一个浮动的直流电源。这可以实现动力电池模块的串联连接。可采用动力电池模块控制该电路以产生一个低谐波交流输出作为负载的级联驱动。通过整流二极管14和相对低成本的双向开关电路26的组合来产生经过整流的直流输出，这样可以以较低的成本实现每个动力电池输出的功率因数校正。 
需要说明的是，在本文中，术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个……”限定的要素，并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备中还存在另外的相同要素。 
以上所述仅为本实用新型的较佳实施例而已，并非用于限定本实用新型的保护范围。凡在本实用新型的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均包含在本实用新型的保护范围内。 

Claims (9)

1.一种电力负载的驱动电路，其特征在于，包含：多抽头变压器、一组连接到所述变压器每个抽头每相输出端的可切换动力电池，每个动力电池可切换地向所述驱动电路的输出端提供电源，每个动力电池包含
整流电路，所述整流电路具有交流输入端，且所述整流电路跨接在串联连接的直流母线电容的两侧，
逆变器，所述逆变器跨接到所述直流母线电容的两侧，以及
双向开关，所述双向开关从所述直流母线电容连接至所述交流输入端的每相之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，包括旁路电路，所述旁路电路跨接在所述逆变器输出端，并被配置为将所述逆变器输出端连接至电力负载。
3.根据权利要求2所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述动力电池通过各自的旁路电路与所述负载的每相连接。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，每个双向开关包含一对与共发射极连接的晶体管和跨接到每个晶体管两端的旁路二极管。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，每个双向开关包含并联连接且在相反方向导通的门极可关断晶闸管。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述双向开关包含多对串联连接的二极管，所述多对二极管并联在晶体管的两侧。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任一所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述双向开关包含一对源极耦合的场效应管器件。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任一所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述逆变器包含H型桥式电路。
9.根据权利要求1-3中任一所述的驱动电路，其特征在于，所述整流电路是二极管整流电路。
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