CN203202640U - 基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统 - Google Patents
基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本实用新型公开了一种基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统，包括传感器节点单元、集中节点单元、汇聚节点单元和后台监控计算机；所述传感器节点单元沿天然气管道间隔部署，实时采集泄漏信号；并将检测到的数据发送至所述集中节点单元；所述的集中节点单元处理传感器节点单元发送的数据并判断管道是否泄漏，并将判断结果发送至所述汇聚节点单元；所述汇聚节点单元与后台监控计算机通信。采用基于无线传感网络的在线监测技术，不但有利于同步检测范围扩展到管网的面、甚至扩展到全方位同步立体检测网，还可以大大提高检测可信度，也解决了被测对象地缘覆盖广、监测位置动态变化大和监测仪表地下安装成本高等问题。
Description
技术领域
本实用新型涉及无线传感网络对燃气管道泄漏的检测，属于无损检测技术和物联网技术领域。
背景技术
燃气管道是具有爆炸危险的特种承压设备(特种输送设备)，承受着易燃、易爆介质，一旦发生爆炸或泄漏，往往并发火灾、二次爆炸等灾难性事故，并且由于贯穿经济发达和人口稠密地区，发生事故后果非常严重，给社会经济、生产和人民生命财产带来巨大损失和危害。因此，加强检验工作、保障压力管道长周期安全运行具有巨大的经济意义和社会意义。
由于现有许多管网检测方法都存在成本高、精度不足、无法广泛应用的问题，严重制约了市政管网检测技术的应用效益。而且现有方法往往是针对点、线进行检测的方法，其检测结果的可靠度有限。
目前，国内针对市政管网监测应用场合的应用研究还处于探索和起步阶段，特别是管网监测和管理侧重于泄漏、爆管等事故发生后的维修和补救，尚没有形成动态实时监测和预测性诊断集成系统，不具备管网的灾害预警功能。
发明内容
本实用新型的目的在于提出一种基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统，具有快速部署、自组织成网和分布式协同工作能力的无线传感网络技术能够有效解决现有管道输送监控系统的固有缺陷，满足其多点、高效、高性能的监测需求。采用基于无线传感网络的在线监测技术，不但有利于同步检测范围扩展到管网的面、甚至扩展到全方位同步立体检测网，还可以大大提高检测可信度，也解决了被测对象地缘覆盖广、监测位置动态变化大和监测仪表地下安装成本高等问题。
为了实现以上目的，本实用新型所采用的技术方案是：基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统，其特征在于：包括传感器节点单元、集中节点单元、汇聚节点单元和后台监控计算机；
所述传感器节点单元沿天然气管道间隔部署，实时采集泄漏信号；并将检测到的数据发送至所述集中节点单元；所述的集中节点单元处理传感器节点单元发送的数据并判断管道是否泄漏，并将判断结果发送至所述汇聚节点单元；所述汇聚节点单元与后台监控计算机通信。
所述的泄漏信号包括温度信号、震动信号和压力信号。
所述的传感器节点单元包括传感器模块、处理器模块、无线通信模块和能量供应模块四部分组成；传感器模块负责信息的采集和数据转换；处理器模块负责存储和处理本身采集的数据以及其他传感器节点单元发来的数据；无线通信模块负责与其他传感器节点单元进行无线通信，交换控制信息和收发采集数据；能量供应模块为传感器节点单元提供运行所需的能量。
与现有技术相比，本实用新型的优点在于：具有快速部署、自组织成网和分布式协同工作能力的无线传感网络技术能够有效解决现有管道输送监控系统的固有缺陷，满足其多点、高效、高性能的监测需求。采用基于无线传感网络的在线监测技术，不但有利于同步检测范围扩展到管网的面、甚至扩展到全方位同步立体检测网，还可以大大提高检测可信度，也解决了被测对象地缘覆盖广、监测位置动态变化大和监测仪表地下安装成本高等问题。
附图说明
图1是本实用新型基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统工作原理示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本实用新型做进一步说明。
基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道监测网络，包括传感器节点、集中节点和汇聚节点；所述传感器节点沿天然气管道定间隔部署，实时采集各类泄漏信号，如温度、震动和压力等，节点间可灵活的采用管内或管外无线射频的通信方式，将检测结果多跳发送至集中节点；所述集中节点管理和维护一定范围内的传感器节点，对簇内成员节点的检测数据进行融合处理，最终判断管道是否发生泄漏、腐蚀以及有无施工破坏等，并通过无线射频通信方式将诊断结果发送至汇聚节点；所述汇聚节点主要通过无线射频采集集中节点的信息，并通过GPRS网络与后台监控主机进行交互式通讯，将簇头节点的各类诊断信息(位置、温度、流量、泄漏状况、节点自身状态等)转发给后台监控计算机。
其中，传感器节点由传感器模块、处理器模块、无线通信模块和能量供应模块四部分组成。传感器模块负责监测区域内信息的采集和数据转换；处理器模块负责控制整个传感器节点的操作，存储和处理本身采集的数据以及其他节点发来的数据；无线通信模块负责与其他传感器节点进行无线通信，交换控制信息和收发采集数据；能量供应模块为传感器节点提供运行所需的能量，通常采用电池供电方式。
其中，集中节点由GPS定位模块、处理器模块、无线通信模块和能量供应模块四部分组成。其计算和存储能力均相对较强，担当簇头，可安装在地面上建筑物等设施上，并通过有线方式供电，其部署的密度要远小于普通节点，基本功能包括:管理和维护一定范围内的传感器节点；通过GPS定位管网检测系统的位置；对簇内成员节点的检测数据进行融合处理，最终判断管道是否发生泄漏、腐蚀以及有无施工破坏等；通过无线或有线通信方式将诊断结果发送至远程数据管理中心；接收来自汇聚节点的各种控制指令。
其中，汇聚节点主要由处理器模块、RF无线通信模块、GPRS通信模块和能量供应模块四部分组成。其通过GPRS网络建立集中节点与后台监控主机间的交互式通讯，将簇头节点的各类诊断信息(位置、温度、流量、泄漏状况、节点自身状态等)转发给后台监控计算机，后台监控计算机图形化显示整个管网的运行状况，对可能出现的问题采取及时的处理措施，保障管网安全。
本实用新型提出的基于无线传感网络的燃气管道泄漏检测系统，主要研究和实现有效的无线传感网络架构、分布式协同管理方法和网络同步机制等关键问题，通过测量输送管道温度、压力和流量等参数，间接地实现对管道泄露情况的检测。
一、无线传感器监测网络的系统架构
无线传感器监测网络系统中，主要包括传感器节点、集中节点和汇聚节点三类节点，它们的特点及主要功能如下：
1）传感器节点采用电池供电方式，它的计算、存储能力相对弱些，沿天然气管道定间隔部署，节点间可灵活的采用管内无线或管外无线的通信方式，其基本功能包括:1、实时采集各类泄漏信号，如温度、震动和压力等；2、对提取的信号进行预处理，并对管道的当前状态作出初始诊断；3、将检测的结果多跳发送到集中节点；4、转发其它临节点的数据。
2）集中节点的计算和存储能力均相对较强，担当簇头，一般携带有GPS接收模块，可安装在地面上建筑物等设施上，并通过有线方式供电，其部署的密度要远小于普通节点，基本功能包括:1、管理和维护一定范围内的传感器节点；2、通过GPS定位管网检测系统的位置；3、对簇内成员节点的检测数据进行融合处理，最终判断管道是否发生泄漏、腐蚀以及有无施工破坏等；4、通过无线通信方式将诊断结果发送至汇聚节点；5、接收来自汇聚节点的各种控制指令。
3）汇聚节点主要通过GPRS网络建立集中节点与后台监控主机间的交互式通讯，将簇头节点的各类诊断信息(位置、温度、流量、泄漏状况、节点自身状态等)转发给后台监控计算机，后台监控计算机图形化显示整个管网的运行状况，对可能出现的问题采取及时的处理措施，保障管网安全。本实用新型的GPRS模块采用SIM900A,SIM900A采用工业标准接口，工作频率为GSM/GPRS850/900/1800/1900MHz，可以低功耗实现语音、SMS、数据和传真信息的传输。网络汇聚节点的供电系统尽量要采用稳定的有线电源外加电池供电，保证掉电后还能正常工作一段时间。
二、无线传感网络架构设计
考虑到系统网络结构的特点和应用到管道监测中实际的网络拓扑，路由协议采用了多层次分簇的协议。即将监测网络划分为若干个簇，每个簇由一个簇首和若干个簇内成员组成；低一级的簇首是高一级簇的簇内成员，簇内成员只与簇首节点进行直接的通信，而簇首节点则负责数据在更大范围内的路由与转发；最高层的簇首为集中节点与汇聚节点直接通讯。
整个路由协议由固定配置路由和动态路由两部分组成。其中，汇聚节点与集中节点采用单跳上行和下行路由传输，并由此组成固定的星型拓扑结构。而每个簇内的路由拓扑则按以下规则动态生成：系统上电以后，汇聚节点以无线方式发起一个广播成簇消息，集中节点收到该指令以后向簇内成员节点进行广播，各节点通过转发以及应答查询信息(包括转发节点自身固有的位置、ID号等信息)，建立稳定的拓扑结构以及基于临节点位置信息的数据转发路径。
本实用新型采用IEEE802.15.4标准的MAC层机制，即一种以调度为主、兼含竞争的混合型介质访问控制机制。在802.15.4MAC协议中同时包含了两种信道介入方式。基于竞争的信道介入采用CSMA/CA信道竞争机制，而对于一些有特殊要求的数据传输，则采用分配固定有保证时隙(GTS）的方式接入。
三、数据同步采集机制与低功耗设计
与通常的无线传感网络应用不同，用于管道监测的无线传感网络是以数据为中心的分布式监测网络，需要精确的时间同步以达到监测系统的协调控制和正确的数据融合。本实用新型中每个传感器节点使用RTC维护一个本地绝对时间，各节点采用绝对时间来达到系统时间同步。即以绝对时间为基准的时间同步策略，具体采用簇头广播和簇内侦听相结合的方法。
为了实现长期的管网监测，本系统主要考虑了软件设计的低功耗功能实现，具体的设计过程如下：
①采用休眠/唤醒工作方式减少节点的功耗：以无线汇聚节点的采集命令作为网络开始数据采集的开始，否则网络中各节点处于低功耗状态。
②采用数据融合/发送方式降低数据通信量：由于节点的发送能耗大于接收等其他能耗，无线应变节点将采集到的数据作多次平均后再发送（3～10次平均）。
③采用短距离多跳方式调整发送功率、降低能耗：因为无线通信等能耗和传输距离的2次方成正比，所以这里采用多跳转发数据的方式节省能耗。
Claims (3)
1.基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统，其特征在于：包括传感器节点单元、集中节点单元、汇聚节点单元和后台监控计算机；
所述传感器节点单元沿天然气管道间隔部署，实时采集泄漏信号；并将检测到的数据发送至所述集中节点单元；
所述的集中节点单元处理传感器节点单元发送的数据并判断管道是否泄漏，并将判断结果发送至所述汇聚节点单元；
所述汇聚节点单元与后台监控计算机通信。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统，其特征在于，所述的泄漏信号包括温度信号、震动信号和压力信号。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于无线传感网络的远程燃气管道泄漏检测系统，其特征在于，所述的传感器节点单元包括传感器模块、处理器模块、无线通信模块和能量供应模块四部分组成；传感器模块负责信息的采集和数据转换；处理器模块负责存储和处理本身采集的数据以及其他传感器节点单元发来的数据；无线通信模块负责与其他传感器节点单元进行无线通信，交换控制信息和收发采集数据；能量供应模块为传感器节点单元提供运行所需的能量。
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