CN202140051U - 一种新型注入头翻转装置 - Google Patents
一种新型注入头翻转装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN202140051U CN202140051U CN 201120262670 CN201120262670U CN202140051U CN 202140051 U CN202140051 U CN 202140051U CN 201120262670 CN201120262670 CN 201120262670 CN 201120262670 U CN201120262670 U CN 201120262670U CN 202140051 U CN202140051 U CN 202140051U
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- injection head
- base
- overturn
- oil cylinder
- novel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010720 hydraulic oil Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 238000004642 transportation engineering Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
Abstract
本实用新型涉及连续油管注入头，尤其涉及一种新型注入头翻转装置。包括拖车底座、注入头底座、液压油缸、旋转支架及旋转轴，其特点是：所述液压油缸的缸体与所述拖车底座铰链连接，所述液压油缸的液压杆与所述注入头底座的中部通过油缸耳板铰链连接，所述旋转支架的一端与所述拖车底座固定连接，另一端与所述注入头底座边缘部位通过所述旋转轴连接。该装置可以方便的在注入头起吊前先把其从运输时的倾斜状态翻转为垂直位置，避免了注入头从倾斜状态直接起吊时因对连续油管产生大角度弯曲，而造成对油管和注入头的伤害。其优点是操作简单，液压油缸便于安装和拆卸，维护简单；翻转过程平稳，安全可靠。
Description
一种新型注入头翻转装置
技术领域
[0001] 本实用新型涉及连续油管注入头，尤其涉及一种新型注入头翻转装置。 背景技术
[0002] 连续油管技术是石油机械领域发展迅速的一项新技术，在油田服务方面应用越来越广泛。连续油管设备工作时，需要将注入头从设备上吊起安装到井口，由于在运输时高度限制，注入头一般是倾斜放置到拖车上的，另外为了方便作业，连续油管通常是插到注入头之中的，当进行起吊作业时，如果注入头在倾斜位置时直接进行起吊，注入头吊起后会不稳，对插到注入头中的油管损伤很大，存在极大地危险，为保证安全，最好的办法是在起吊前先把注入头翻转到垂直位置，但目前尚没有操控方便的翻转装置。
实用新型内容
[0003] 本实用新型针对现有技术的不足，提供一种结构简单、操作方便，可以使注入头翻转到竖直位置的新型注入头翻转装置。
[0004] 本实用新型解决上述技术问题的技术方案如下：
[0005] 一种新型注入头翻转装置，包括拖车底座、注入头底座、液压油缸、旋转支架及旋转轴，所述液压油缸的缸体与所述拖车底座铰链连接，所述液压油缸的液压杆与所述注入头底座的中部铰链连接，所述旋转支架的一端与所述拖车底座固定连接，另一端与所述注入头底座边缘部位通过所述旋转轴连接。
[0006] 在上述技术方案的基础上，本实用新型还可以做如下改进。
[0007] 进一步，还包括用于注入头在垂直状态支撑的临时支撑杆。
[0008] 进一步，在所述拖车底座和旋转支架之间设有加强杆。
[0009] 进一步，在所述拖车底座上设有用于注入头倾斜放置时支撑的支撑机构。
[0010] 本实用新型的有益效果是：
[0011] 1、采用液压油缸作反转动力便于安装和拆卸，维护和操作简单。
[0012] 2、翻转过程平稳，安全可靠。因此不会对连续油管产生大角度弯曲，可有效保护油管和注入头不受损伤。
附图说明
[0013] 图1为本实用新型的注入头垂直竖起后示意图；
[0014] 图2为本实用新型的注入头倾斜放置示意图。
[0015] 在图1和图2中，1、液压油缸，2、旋转支架，3、注入头底座，4、注入头，5、旋转轴，6、 油缸耳板，7、支撑杆，8、支撑机构，9、加强杆，10、拖车底座。
具体实施方式
[0016] 以下结合附图对本实用新型的原理和特征进行描述，所举实例只用于解释本实用新型，并非用于限定本实用新型的范围。
[0017] 如图1和图2所示：一种新型注入头翻转装置，包括拖车底座10、注入头底座3、液压油缸1、旋转支架2及旋转轴5，液压油缸1的缸体与拖车底座10铰链连接，液压油缸1 的液压杆与注入头底座3的中部通过油缸耳板6铰链连接，旋转支架2的一端与所述拖车底座10固定连接，另一端与注入头底座3边缘部位通过所述旋转轴5连接，拖车底座10和旋转支架2之间设有加强杆9，此新型注入头翻转装置还包括用于注入头在垂直状态支撑的临时支撑杆7，拖车底座10上设有用于注入头4倾斜放置时支撑的支撑机构8。
[0018] 连续油管设备在未作业之前，注入头4是倾斜放置在拖车的支撑机构8上，当连续油管设备作业时需要将注入头4竖起，用吊车起吊到井口上，这时候通过控制液压油缸1使液压杆伸长，液压杆通过油缸耳板6推动注入头底座3绕着旋转支架2上的旋转轴5转动， 当注入头4翻转到竖直位置时用支撑杆7支在注入头底座下面，将注入头4固定，以方便下一步起吊注入头4的作业。本装置主要是通过控制液压油缸1来实现注入头4的翻转，整个控制过程操作简单，实用方便，而且在将注入头起吊后可以方便的拆除液压油缸1。
[0019] 以上所述仅为本实用新型的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本实用新型，凡在本实用新型的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本实用新型的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1. 一种新型注入头翻转装置，包括拖车底座（10)、注入头底座（3)、液压油缸（1)、旋转支架（¾及旋转轴（5)，其特征在于，所述液压油缸（1)的缸体与所述拖车底座（10)铰链连接，所述液压油缸（1)的液压杆与所述注入头底座（3)的中部铰链连接，所述旋转支架（2) 的一端与所述拖车底座（10)固定连接，另一端与所述注入头底座C3)边缘部位通过所述旋转轴(5)连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的新型注入头翻转装置，其特征在于：还包括用于注入头在垂直状态支撑的临时支撑杆（7)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的新型注入头翻转装置，其特征在于：在所述拖车底座（10)和旋转支架（¾之间设有加强杆（9)。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的新型注入头翻转装置，其特征在于：在所述拖车底座（10)上设有用于注入头（4)倾斜放置时支撑的支撑机构（8)。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201120262670 CN202140051U (zh) | 2011-07-25 | 2011-07-25 | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201120262670 CN202140051U (zh) | 2011-07-25 | 2011-07-25 | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN202140051U true CN202140051U (zh) | 2012-02-08 |
Family
ID=45551112
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201120262670 Expired - Fee Related CN202140051U (zh) | 2011-07-25 | 2011-07-25 | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN202140051U (zh) |
Cited By (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102383748A (zh) * | 2011-07-25 | 2012-03-21 | 烟台杰瑞石油装备技术有限公司 | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 |
| CN105604506A (zh) * | 2016-03-01 | 2016-05-25 | 烟台杰瑞石油装备技术有限公司 | 打开式注入头装置 |
| CN105756588A (zh) * | 2014-12-19 | 2016-07-13 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 连续油管注入头支撑装置及连续油管注入装置 |
| CN111764876A (zh) * | 2020-07-08 | 2020-10-13 | 华信唐山石油装备有限公司 | 一种注入头支撑机构以及支撑方法 |
| US10895202B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-01-19 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Direct drive unit removal system and associated methods |
| US10907459B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-02-02 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods and systems for operating a fleet of pumps |
| US10954770B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-03-23 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for exchanging fracturing components of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US10961908B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-03-30 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to enhance intake air flow to a gas turbine engine of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US10968837B1 (en) | 2020-05-14 | 2021-04-06 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods utilizing turbine compressor discharge for hydrostatic manifold purge |
| US10989180B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-04-27 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Power sources and transmission networks for auxiliary equipment onboard hydraulic fracturing units and associated methods |
| US11002189B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-05-11 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Mobile gas turbine inlet air conditioning system and associated methods |
| US11015536B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-05-25 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods and systems for supplying fuel to gas turbine engines |
| US11015594B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-05-25 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and method for use of single mass flywheel alongside torsional vibration damper assembly for single acting reciprocating pump |
| US11022526B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-06-01 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for monitoring a condition of a fracturing component section of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11028677B1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2021-06-08 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Stage profiles for operations of hydraulic systems and associated methods |
| US11066915B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-07-20 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods for detection and mitigation of well screen out |
| US11109508B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-08-31 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Enclosure assembly for enhanced cooling of direct drive unit and related methods |
| US11125066B1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2021-09-21 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to operate a dual-shaft gas turbine engine for hydraulic fracturing |
| US11149533B1 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2021-10-19 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems to monitor, detect, and/or intervene relative to cavitation and pulsation events during a hydraulic fracturing operation |
| US11193361B1 (en) | 2020-07-17 | 2021-12-07 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods, systems, and devices to enhance fracturing fluid delivery to subsurface formations during high-pressure fracturing operations |
| US11208953B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-28 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to enhance intake air flow to a gas turbine engine of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11208880B2 (en) | 2020-05-28 | 2021-12-28 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Bi-fuel reciprocating engine to power direct drive turbine fracturing pumps onboard auxiliary systems and related methods |
| US11220895B1 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2022-01-11 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Automated diagnostics of electronic instrumentation in a system for fracturing a well and associated methods |
| US11236739B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-02-01 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Power sources and transmission networks for auxiliary equipment onboard hydraulic fracturing units and associated methods |
| US11268346B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-03-08 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Fuel, communications, and power connection systems |
| US11319878B2 (en) | 2021-03-17 | 2022-05-03 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Direct drive unit removal system and associated methods |
-
2011
- 2011-07-25 CN CN 201120262670 patent/CN202140051U/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (51)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102383748A (zh) * | 2011-07-25 | 2012-03-21 | 烟台杰瑞石油装备技术有限公司 | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 |
| CN105756588A (zh) * | 2014-12-19 | 2016-07-13 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 连续油管注入头支撑装置及连续油管注入装置 |
| CN105756588B (zh) * | 2014-12-19 | 2018-09-04 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 连续油管注入头支撑装置及连续油管注入装置 |
| CN105604506A (zh) * | 2016-03-01 | 2016-05-25 | 烟台杰瑞石油装备技术有限公司 | 打开式注入头装置 |
| CN105604506B (zh) * | 2016-03-01 | 2018-07-06 | 烟台杰瑞石油装备技术有限公司 | 打开式注入头装置 |
| US11268346B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-03-08 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Fuel, communications, and power connection systems |
| US11149726B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-10-19 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and method for use of single mass flywheel alongside torsional vibration damper assembly for single acting reciprocating pump |
| US10907459B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-02-02 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods and systems for operating a fleet of pumps |
| US10895202B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-01-19 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Direct drive unit removal system and associated methods |
| US11092152B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-08-17 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and method for use of single mass flywheel alongside torsional vibration damper assembly for single acting reciprocating pump |
| US11236739B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-02-01 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Power sources and transmission networks for auxiliary equipment onboard hydraulic fracturing units and associated methods |
| US10982596B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-04-20 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Direct drive unit removal system and associated methods |
| US10989180B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-04-27 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Power sources and transmission networks for auxiliary equipment onboard hydraulic fracturing units and associated methods |
| US11002189B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-05-11 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Mobile gas turbine inlet air conditioning system and associated methods |
| US11287350B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-03-29 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Fuel, communications, and power connection methods |
| US11015536B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-05-25 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods and systems for supplying fuel to gas turbine engines |
| US11015594B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-05-25 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and method for use of single mass flywheel alongside torsional vibration damper assembly for single acting reciprocating pump |
| US11280331B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-03-22 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and method for use of single mass flywheel alongside torsional vibration damper assembly for single acting reciprocating pump |
| US11280266B2 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2022-03-22 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Mobile gas turbine inlet air conditioning system and associated methods |
| US11060455B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-07-13 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Mobile gas turbine inlet air conditioning system and associated methods |
| US11156159B1 (en) | 2019-09-13 | 2021-10-26 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Mobile gas turbine inlet air conditioning system and associated methods |
| US10968837B1 (en) | 2020-05-14 | 2021-04-06 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods utilizing turbine compressor discharge for hydrostatic manifold purge |
| US11313213B2 (en) | 2020-05-28 | 2022-04-26 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Bi-fuel reciprocating engine to power direct drive turbine fracturing pumps onboard auxiliary systems and related methods |
| US11208880B2 (en) | 2020-05-28 | 2021-12-28 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Bi-fuel reciprocating engine to power direct drive turbine fracturing pumps onboard auxiliary systems and related methods |
| US10961908B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-03-30 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to enhance intake air flow to a gas turbine engine of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11109508B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-08-31 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Enclosure assembly for enhanced cooling of direct drive unit and related methods |
| US11129295B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-09-21 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Enclosure assembly for enhanced cooling of direct drive unit and related methods |
| US11300050B2 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2022-04-12 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to enhance intake air flow to a gas turbine engine of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11208953B1 (en) | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-28 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to enhance intake air flow to a gas turbine engine of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11085281B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-08-10 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for exchanging fracturing components of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US10954770B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-03-23 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for exchanging fracturing components of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11022526B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-06-01 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for monitoring a condition of a fracturing component section of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11066915B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-07-20 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods for detection and mitigation of well screen out |
| US11261717B2 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2022-03-01 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for exchanging fracturing components of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11208881B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-12-28 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods and systems for detection and mitigation of well screen out |
| US11015423B1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2021-05-25 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods for exchanging fracturing components of a hydraulic fracturing unit |
| US11236598B1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2022-02-01 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Stage profiles for operations of hydraulic systems and associated methods |
| US11028677B1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2021-06-08 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Stage profiles for operations of hydraulic systems and associated methods |
| US11125066B1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2021-09-21 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems and methods to operate a dual-shaft gas turbine engine for hydraulic fracturing |
| US11208879B1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2021-12-28 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Stage profiles for operations of hydraulic systems and associated methods |
| US11255174B2 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2022-02-22 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Automated diagnostics of electronic instrumentation in a system for fracturing a well and associated methods |
| US11149533B1 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2021-10-19 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Systems to monitor, detect, and/or intervene relative to cavitation and pulsation events during a hydraulic fracturing operation |
| US11274537B2 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2022-03-15 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Method to detect and intervene relative to cavitation and pulsation events during a hydraulic fracturing operation |
| US11220895B1 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2022-01-11 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Automated diagnostics of electronic instrumentation in a system for fracturing a well and associated methods |
| US11299971B2 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2022-04-12 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | System of controlling a hydraulic fracturing pump or blender using cavitation or pulsation detection |
| CN111764876A (zh) * | 2020-07-08 | 2020-10-13 | 华信唐山石油装备有限公司 | 一种注入头支撑机构以及支撑方法 |
| US11193361B1 (en) | 2020-07-17 | 2021-12-07 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods, systems, and devices to enhance fracturing fluid delivery to subsurface formations during high-pressure fracturing operations |
| US11193360B1 (en) | 2020-07-17 | 2021-12-07 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods, systems, and devices to enhance fracturing fluid delivery to subsurface formations during high-pressure fracturing operations |
| US11255175B1 (en) | 2020-07-17 | 2022-02-22 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods, systems, and devices to enhance fracturing fluid delivery to subsurface formations during high-pressure fracturing operations |
| US11319878B2 (en) | 2021-03-17 | 2022-05-03 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Direct drive unit removal system and associated methods |
| US11319791B2 (en) | 2021-10-21 | 2022-05-03 | Bj Energy Solutions, Llc | Methods and systems for detection and mitigation of well screen out |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN202140051U (zh) | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 | |
| CN102383748A (zh) | 一种新型注入头翻转装置 | |
| CN203128060U (zh) | 一种简易吊机 | |
| CN203685052U (zh) | 一种连续油管设备专用吊装井架 | |
| CN205687426U (zh) | 室内中小型设备起吊装置 | |
| CN101780931A (zh) | 一种直流电动吊车 | |
| CN103043583A (zh) | 线盘翻转机 | |
| CN103482488B (zh) | 一种带叉头可自动调平伸缩吊臂工程车 | |
| CN203639095U (zh) | 内边柱倒装法提升装置 | |
| CN202936735U (zh) | 钢塔桥位安装设备及其翻身滑动系统 | |
| CN102079487A (zh) | 一种直流电动吊车 | |
| CN203781754U (zh) | 一种可移动式重物举升器 | |
| CN202279649U (zh) | 一种垂直支腿及具有其的起重机 | |
| CN203602264U (zh) | 快速自安装塔式起重机 | |
| CN205330579U (zh) | 井架举升式连续油管作业装置 | |
| CN202296981U (zh) | 一种简易的升降器 | |
| CN201980882U (zh) | 海上平台简易电动吊机 | |
| CN202098342U (zh) | 风塔运输车支撑机构 | |
| CN105507833A (zh) | 井架举升式连续油管作业装置 | |
| CN202609828U (zh) | 一种矿用全液压吊装车 | |
| CN205740190U (zh) | 一种新型汽车支撑装置 | |
| CN204752009U (zh) | 维修用旋转起吊架 | |
| CN202880730U (zh) | 用于储罐罐外的整体提升装置 | |
| CN202346650U (zh) | 一种400kn吊车的吊臂 | |
| CN204848017U (zh) | 一种旋臂起重机 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20120208 Termination date: 20150725 |
|
| EXPY | Termination of patent right or utility model |