CN1942295A - 一种实用玉米秆板材及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种实用玉米秆板材及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1942295A
CN1942295A CNA2006800000274A CN200680000027A CN1942295A CN 1942295 A CN1942295 A CN 1942295A CN A2006800000274 A CNA2006800000274 A CN A2006800000274A CN 200680000027 A CN200680000027 A CN 200680000027A CN 1942295 A CN1942295 A CN 1942295A
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柳海日
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Hong Hook
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种实用玉米秆板材及其制备方法。本发明的实用玉米秆板材在混合物总重量中含有1-10重量份的固化剂,其中混合物是6-10重量份的玉米秆和0.2-2重量份的粘合剂或硅酸盐。该实用玉米秆板材使用半自动或多段式的自动热压设备,经模制原材料而成,模制温度为120-210℃,模制压力为10-30,000kgf/cm2,模制时间为0.5-20分钟。本发明的实用玉米秆板材是一种玉米秆复合材料,其弯曲强度为300-750kgf/cm2,密度为0.5-0.8g/cm3,并且由于其在压力和挤压下易于模制成型,因此能够将该玉米秆复合板材料加工成各种形状和理想标准的木刻印版、小块材料、复合板、结构材料和板岩。由于玉米秆可用作无限的资原,不会为了得到木材和复合板而对森林产生负面影响,特别是其重量很轻、易于进行模制和切割加工,而且可用作添加颜色的应用品,所以,实用玉米秆板是环保的、可大规模生产的、同时也是经济的。

Description

一种实用玉米秆板材及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种实用玉米秆板材及其制备方法,详细来说,涉及一种实用的玉米秆板材,该板材是使用半自动或多段式的自动热压装置,在预定的模制条件下通过模制原材料而成。其中,在玉米秆和粘合剂或硅酸盐的混合物原材料中含有一种固化剂。
背景技术
本发明的实用玉米秆板材是一种具有优异弯曲强度和良好密度的玉米秆复合板材料,并且由于其在压力和挤压下易于模制成型,因此能够将该玉米秆复合板材料加工成各种形状和木刻印版,小块材料、复合板、结构材料和板岩的所需标准。由于玉米秆可作为无限的资源加以利用,且不会为了得到木制品和复合板对森林产生负面影响,特别是其重量轻、易于进行模制和切割加工,并且也可用作添加颜色的应用品,所以,实用玉米秆板材是环保的、可大规模生产的、同时也是经济的。
玉米是一种在全世界广泛分布的年生植物,大约有1.5-2.5米高。玉米的玉米穗可作为一种水果,其作为食用植物或动物食用植物被广泛种植。
在收割玉米的玉米穗以后,就会产生玉米的副产品即玉米秆。在过去,玉米秆仅仅用作农场肥料,或者一部分用作家畜饲料,和一种食物添加材料。然而,最近有许多对用其生产例如酒精的各种替代能量源以及制备纸浆等各种领域的研究。
人们对玉米秆在建筑材料领域的应用也进行了研究,并对将玉米秆添加到内部装饰材料或外部装饰材料中进行了部分测试。
但是,如果玉米秆用作内部或外部材料的话,那么对主要的组成“玉米秆”来说,就会非常需要一种特定的粘合剂,否则,作为板材或内部/外部装饰材料的最终产物将没有实用价值,这是因为鉴于其基本性能,玉米秆的模制方法和模制条件是非常复杂的。因此,尽管玉米秆有无穷的再利用价值,但是应用却很少,所以要努力研制一种用作建筑材料的玉米秆。
发明内容
技术问题
为了解决上述问题,本发明的目的之一是提供一种实用板材,该板材能够通过寻求一种粘合剂或硅酸盐以及一种最适合玉米秆的固化剂,再将它们以特定混合比例加入到含有纤维素的玉米秆为主的组成中,从而研制出一种环保的玉米秆板材,因此,该实用板材能够减少环境污染,并可将其用作新的建筑材料。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种实用玉米秆板材的制备方法。由于粘合剂和固化剂与玉米秆进行混合,并在适合的条件下进行模制,所以该方法中的实用玉米秆板材具有易模制性能和优良的机械性能。
最佳方式
下文将对本发明的优选实施方式作详细说明。
本发明提供一种实用玉米秆板材,该板材是使用半自动或多段式的自动热压设备,在预定的模制条件下通过模制原材料而成。其中,在玉米秆和粘合剂或硅酸盐的混合物原材料中含有一种固化剂。
也就是说,在基于6-10重量份的玉米秆和0.2-2重量份的粘合剂或硅酸盐的混合物总重量下,本发明的实用玉米板材含有1-10重量份的固化剂。其中,该实用玉米板材是在半自动或多段式的自动热压设备中经模制原材料而成,其模制温度为120-210℃,模制压力为10-30000kgf/cm2,模制时间为0.5-20分钟。
其中,如果玉米秆的含量少于6重量份,那么玉米秆的添加效果较差,而且难以具有理想的机械性能。而如果玉米秆含量超过10重量份,那么由于其具有非常高的含量,所以难以把它模制成产品。
本发明的实用板材通过选择了一种属于年生植物,并且是无限资源的玉米秆为材料,其优势在于具有非常高的经济价值,这是因为该实用板材的制备方法与制备MDF(中等密度纤维板)等的方法相同,只不过是粉碎的玉米秆或机械纸浆化的纤维性玉米材料,代替了木屑和木头碎料等常规材料来用作组成材料。
特别地,因为玉米秆由纤维素,例如木质纤维素所组成,所以玉米秆的化学结构是亲水性的。因此,在此可以使用各种粘合剂对它们进行粘合,其中,粘合剂可以选自以下一组,包括三聚氰胺甲醛胶,尿素甲醛胶,苯酚甲醛胶,尿素混合型甲醛胶,苯酚尿素混合型甲醛胶,尿素三聚氰胺甲醛胶,聚丙烯酸月桂酯,聚-2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯,乙烯丙烯酸树脂,乙烯乙酸树脂,胶,EVA(乙烯乙酸乙烯共聚物)树脂等等,每种都易与有机芳香族化合物和纤维素的-OH基相结合。
在此使用的固化剂可以包括氢氧化氨、氯化氨、氯化镁、氯化铝、磷酸氨等。
本发明中,如果从玉米秆中特意地除去木质素,那么其产品将具有优良的机械性能,比如当采用常规的MDF(中等密度纤维板)生产过程,在180℃左右蒸汽热处理原材料,然后借助机械纸浆化工艺加工模制即可获得高强度。
为了在一特定场合下具有耐燃性,阻燃性和吸收电磁波的性能,一种混合板的制备方法包括:在基于6-10重量份的玉米秆中添加2-10重量份的一种含磷酸阻燃剂,例如磷酸三乙酯等;或一种含卤化物阻燃剂,例如溴三丙烯基磷酸脂等;或一种含硫阻燃剂,例如氨基磺酸等;或一种无机阻燃剂,例如硼酸氨、磷酸、硅酸钠、碳酸钙、氧化钛等;或一种屏蔽电磁波的组成,例如碱金属盐、碱土金属盐、石墨、活性碳、碳纤维等等。而且,由粘合树脂构成的玉米秆板材或玉米秆复合板也可以通过将硬脂酸和聚烯烃,例如PP(聚丙烯)、PE(聚乙烯)等,相熔融并彼此共聚加以制备。
根据本发明,原材料以各种形状进行使用,或者也可用作具有所需标准的木材替代品,或者以桌子、椅子、柜子、家具、复合板、薄板、原木材、建筑材料、园艺材料、道路设施、农业和渔业设备以及石板材的形状加以利用,并且该原材料会随隔音材料而发生改变。
而且,根据所需的性能,在适当的加工条件下,如切割、研磨、混合、加热和冷却等,该合成物可以被赋予各种物理性能。特别是模制产品具有一定的木质感,而且根本没有脆性,因此,在加工场所可以方便地进行手工锯、木材机械加工、刨削、钉接、螺钉钉接、冲压、类似木板的装配以及操作等。
特别地,本发明的实用板材是一种玉米秆复合板材料,其弯曲强度为300-750kgf/cm2,密度为0.5-0.8g/cm3。其中,该实用板材具有建筑材料的一些性能,例如耐寒性、隔音性能、硬度、阻燃性、吸收电磁波性能等。
本发明最佳实施方式
下文将参照优选实施例详细阐述本发明。
实施例1
7Kg粉碎成合适大小的玉米秆与1kg的尿素树脂相混合,然后再加入80g的氯化氨固化剂以制备原材料。获得的原材料在150℃的温度和10kgf/cm2的压力下模制10分钟即可制得玉米秆板材。可以得知,该制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为300kgf/cm2,密度为0.6g/cm3
实施例2
7.5Kg粉碎成合适大小的玉米秆与1.5kg的三聚氰胺树脂相混合,然后再加入135g的氯化氨固化剂以制备原材料。获得的原材料在160℃的温度和50kgf/cm2的压力下模制6分钟制得玉米秆板材。可以得知,该制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为320kgf/cm2,密度为0.65g/cm3
实施例3
8Kg粉碎成合适大小的玉米秆与1.0kg的苯酚树脂相混合,然后再加入180g的氯化镁固化剂以制备原材料。获得的原材料在180℃的温度和100kgf/cm2的压力下模制4分钟制得玉米秆板材。可以得知,该制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为340kgf/cm2,密度为0.7g/cm3
实施例4
9Kg粉碎成合适大小的玉米秆与1.5kg的由尿素树脂和苯酚树脂组成的树脂材料相混合,然后再加入262.5g的氯化氨固化剂以制备原材料。获得的原材料在200℃的温度和11吨/cm2的压力下模制2分钟制得玉米秆板材。可以得知,该制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为370kgf/cm2,密度为0.75g/cm3
实施例5
10Kg粉碎成合适大小的玉米秆与2kg的尿素树脂相混合,然后再加入360g的氯化氨固化剂以制备原材料。获得的原材料在210℃的温度和12吨/cm2的压力下模制2分钟制得玉米秆板材。可以得知,该制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为400kgf/cm2,密度为0.8g/cm3
实施例6
10Kg碎成合适大小的玉米秆与2kg的由尿素树脂和三聚氰胺树脂组成的树脂材料相混合,然后再加入360g的氯化氨固化剂以制备原材料。获得的原材料在210℃的温度和30吨/cm2的压力下模制1分钟制得玉米秆板材。可以得知,该制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为400kgf/cm2,密度为0.8g/cm3
实施例7
使用实施例6中制备的原材料,但是实用玉米秆板材的制备却采用常规的MDF生产方法进行原材料的制备和模制。该MDF生产方法由以下过程组成:粉碎玉米秆、熟化、机械纸浆化、添加树脂、流态化干燥、料斗存储、空气过滤、无光模制成型、热压机冲压、冷却、切割等。这时,可以得知,所制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为390kgf/cm2,密度为0.78g/cm3
实施例8
基于100wt.%的玉米秆,将15wt.%的硅酸钠(Na2SiO3·10H2O)代替树脂粘合剂与4wt.%的碳材料相混合并加入到实施例6制备的材料中,然后在130℃的模制温度和1-30吨/cm2的模制压力下模制2-7分钟。再测量制得的玉米秆板材的机械性能,例如密度、湿量、导热率、强度、绝热性、浮尘吸收性能等等。结果可以看出,该制备的玉米秆板材具有比木材板或中等密度纤维板更好的强度和绝热性能、以及作为建筑材料非常优良的物理性能。
实施例9
作为添加剂,在实施方式6的制备材料中也可以添加3wt.%的一种含磷酸阻燃剂(磷酸三乙酯);或一种含卤化物阻燃剂(溴三烯丙基磷酸脂);或一种含硫阻燃剂(氨基磺酸);或一种无机阻燃剂(硼酸氨)或一种屏蔽电磁波的组成(碱金属盐),与8wt.%的玉米秆相混合并在140℃的模制温度和1-30吨/cm2的模制压力下模制2-7分钟来制备一种可用于特定目的的板材。
本发明中,预定的树脂粘合剂和固化剂可以与粉碎的玉米秆结合使用来制备原材料,然后制成的原材料在120-210℃的温度和10-30,000kgf/cm2的模制压力下模制0.5-20分钟来制备各种玉米秆板材,正如实施方式中所阐述的,制备的玉米秆板材的弯曲强度为300-750kgf/cm2,密度为0.4-0.85g/cm3因此,本发明的玉米秆板材可用作木材、中密度纤维板(MDF),粒度板和层板胶合木(GLT)等的替代品。
同时,虽然本发明中的粘合剂含量是有限制的,但是必要的话,可以随着树脂含量的增加来提高原材料的密度。
在本发明的实用板材及其制备方法中,产品发展引起的相关化学设备的设计、发明者所保有的生产技术的实践经验以及所制备的一种具有价格竞争优势和需求优势的新环保材料都是非常环保的。由于玉米秆在应用中可以自由地制成木材、合成塑料、结构材料等的各种常规形状,因此,研发一种使用本发明的玉米秆实用材料的方法属于一种新的可替代生产技术。由于环境保护和资原再利用的需要,并且可代替对环境有害的材料,例如MDF和塑料板等,以及其可被半永久地再循环利用,因此,本发明的玉米秆在国家的基础设施工业中的竞争力有所增强,且具有优势。
尤其是本发明的方法可以广泛地扩展到全世界,因为它优势在于其组成具有与纸浆相同的纤维素结构;且具有防止生物破坏和环境污染的绝对优势,以及其另一优势是天然森林可因为本发明而免除为了使用木材的砍伐,从而得到保护。
工业实用性
如上所述,本发明的实用玉米秆板材及其制备方法对采用半自动或多段式自动热压装置,在预定的模制条件下对原材料进行模制来获得复合板材料是有用的。其中,原材料在玉米秆和粘合剂或硅酸盐的混合物中含有一种固化剂。其中,该实用玉米秆板材具有优异的弯曲强度和优良的密度,并且由于其在压力和挤压下易于模制成型,因此能够将该玉米秆复合板材料加工成各种形状和木刻印版,小块材料、复合板、结构材料和板岩的理想标准。由于玉米秆可用作无限的资源,不会为了得到木材和复合板而对森林产生负面影响,特别是其重量轻、易于进行模制和切割加工,而且可用作添加颜色的应用品,所以,实用的玉米秆板是环保的、可大规模生产的、同时也是经济的。
尽管本发明显示和表述了一些实施例,但是本领域技术人员很容易理解,对实施例所作的各种修改和变化都不脱离本发明的原理和精神、以及权利要求和其相应所定义的本发明的保护范围。

Claims (6)

1、一种实用玉米秆板材,在100重量份的混合物中含有1-10重量份的固化剂,所述混合物为6-10重量份的玉米秆和0.2-2重量份的粘合剂或硅酸盐。
2、根据权利要求1所述的实用玉米秆板材,其特征在于,所述粘合剂至少一种是选自以下组中的粘合剂,该组粘合剂包括:三聚氰胺甲醛胶,尿素甲醛胶,苯酚甲醛胶,尿素混合型甲醛胶,苯酚尿素混合型甲醛胶,尿素三聚氰胺甲醛胶,聚丙烯酸月桂酯,聚-2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯,乙烯丙烯酸树脂,乙烯乙酸树脂,胶,EVA树脂。
3、根据权利要求1所述的实用玉米秆板材,其特征在于,所述固化剂至少一种是选自以下组,该组包括:氢氧化氨、氯化氨、氯化镁、氯化铝、磷酸氨。
4、一种如权利要求1所述的实用玉米秆板材的制备方法,其特征包括以下步骤:
将粉碎的玉米秆和粘合剂或硅酸盐相混合;
在所得的混合物中添加固化剂以制备原材料;和
在半自动或多段式的自动热压装置中对原材料进行模制,其中模制温度为120-210℃,模制压力为10-30,000kgf/cm2,模制时间为0.5-20分钟。
5、一种如权利要求1所述的实用玉米秆板材的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将玉米秆粉碎并与粘合剂或硅酸盐相混合;和
在所得的混合物中添加固化剂以制备原材料;
其特征在于,实用玉米秆板材的制备采用常规的MDF生产方法,该MDF方法由以下过程组成:碾碎玉米秆、熟化、机械纸浆化、添加树脂、流态化干燥、料斗存储、空气过滤、无光模制成型、热压机冲压、冷却、切割等。
6、一种实用玉米秆板材,在基于6-10重量份的玉米秆中含有2-10重量份的一种含磷酸阻燃剂,例如磷酸三乙酯等;或一种含卤化物阻燃剂,例如溴三烯丙基磷酸脂等;或一种含硫阻燃剂,例如氨基磺酸等;或一种无机阻燃剂,例如硼酸氨、磷酸、硅酸钠、碳酸钙、氧化钛等;或一种屏蔽电磁波的组成物,例如碱金属盐、碱土金属盐、石墨、活性碳、碳纤维等等。
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