CN1833337A - 提供最佳化的水平波束辐射方向图和可变的垂直波束倾斜的宽带双极化基站天线 - Google Patents

提供最佳化的水平波束辐射方向图和可变的垂直波束倾斜的宽带双极化基站天线 Download PDF

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CN1833337A
CN1833337A CNA2004800228578A CN200480022857A CN1833337A CN 1833337 A CN1833337 A CN 1833337A CN A2004800228578 A CNA2004800228578 A CN A2004800228578A CN 200480022857 A CN200480022857 A CN 200480022857A CN 1833337 A CN1833337 A CN 1833337A
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antenna
ground plane
feeding network
dipole
line
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CN1833337B (zh
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凯文·勒
路易斯·J·迈耶
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Commscope Telecommunications China Co Ltd
Commscope Technologies LLC
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Andrew LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/246—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/28—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements
    • H01Q19/30—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements the primary active element being centre-fed and substantially straight, e.g. Yagi antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array

Abstract

本发明所提供的双极化可变波束倾斜天线(10)具有多个偏置的单元托盘(12)，每个单元托盘(12)支持一些偶极振子对(14)以使偶极振子的方向图的视轴下倾。天线的最大偏斜度为从天线倾斜范围的中点值的视轴再下倾的相容度。这种天线由于使用以这种结构配置的一些八木天线偶极振子可得到高滚降的辐射方向图，波束前－侧比超过20dB，水平波束前－后比超过40dB，可以在展宽的频率范围内工作。

Description

提供最佳化的水平波束辐射方向图和可变的 垂直波束倾斜的宽带双极化基站天线
优先权要求
本申请要求享受2003年7月3日递交的美国临时专利申请No.60/484,688“Balun Antenna With Beam Director”的优先权，该专利申请的内容在此引用作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及天线技术领域，具体地说，本发明与无线通信系统的双极化基站天线有关。
背景技术
根据对网络的日益增长的业务需求、扩展的业务覆盖区和正配置的新的系统，不断地在部署和改善无线移动通信网。称为蜂窝式通信系统是由于设置了许多各为一个扇区或通常称为小区的区域服务的天线系统，以实现对一个较大的业务区域的覆盖。这些小区集体构成了一个特定的无线通信网的整个业务区域。
为每个小区服务的是一个天线阵和一些关联的交换机，它们将本小区接入整个通信网络。典型的是，天线阵分成各扇区，每个天线为各自的扇区服务。例如，一个天线系统有三个天线，可以为三个扇区服务，每个扇区覆盖范围约为120°。这些天线通常是垂直极化的，有些下倾，以便使天线的辐射方向图稍向下地指向用户所用的移动手机。这种所希望的下倾通常取决于地形及其他地理特征。然而，下倾的最佳值在实际安装和测试前并不总是可预测的。因此，总是需要在实际天线安装时定制设置每个天线的下倾度。通常，一些大容量的蜂窝式系统可能需要在24小时的周期内重新优化。此外，用户希望天线能在尺寸给定的情况下有最高的增益，而且互调(IM)非常小。因此，用户可以确定对于一个给定的网络实现用什么样的天线是最佳的。
本发明的一个主要目的是提供一种具有最佳化的水平面辐射方向图的双极化天线阵。具体地说，本发明的天线阵设计成能以使水平波束的前-侧比最大(至少为20dB)和使水平波束的前-后比最大(典型的为40dB)的方式辐射。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能在一个扩展的频率范围(23％带宽)内工作的双极化天线阵。
本发明的再一个目的是提供一种能产生可调的垂直面辐射方向图的双极化天线阵。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种端口间的隔离增强了(至少为30dB)的天线。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种交叉极化性能最佳化(在120度的水平扇区内同极化与交叉极化之比至少为10dB)的天线阵。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种水平方向图波束宽度为59度至72度的天线阵。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种增益高的双极化天线。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种互调最小化的天线阵。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种空气动力形状最佳化的天线阵，以减小风载影响和减小辐射方向图失真。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种经济的天线。
本发明的这些及其他一些目的由一种用于发射和接收具有+45度和-45度线性极化的电磁波的改进天线阵来实现。
发明内容
本发明实现了作为一种具有最佳化的水平波束辐射方向图的波束倾斜可变的双极化天线的技术优点。
这种天线阵设计包括一个改进的多层接地面结构、一些双极化八木天线辐射元和一个由一些印刷电路板(PCB)微带移相器、同轴电缆传输线和空气介质微带(空气带)传输线组成的混合馈电网络。
多层接地面结构显著地改善了水平面辐射方向图。一些结构特点增大了水平方向图的前-后比，而且也减小了水平方向图波束偏斜。具体地说，该接地面结构由固定在一起形成特定几何形状的各个子构件组成。这些子构件优选的是用铝合金或黄铜合金制造。铝由于它的强度对重量比高而且成本低因此是优选的合金，而黄铜合金在电连接由焊接处理形成的一些应用中是指定的合金。一些托盘支承物使单元天线方向图的视轴有4度的下倾，这是阵列倾斜范围的中点值。最大偏斜度为从视轴再下倾4度，而不是8度。最大水平波束偏斜度已减小为5度，考虑到阵列的工作带宽和倾斜范围这是非常可接受的。
附图说明
图1为按照本发明的第一优选实施例设计的具有一个多层接地面构件的双极化天线的透视图；
图2为去掉偶极振子后的多层接地面结构和剖开托盘后看到的托盘单元支承物的透视图，例示了各接地面构成阶梯的情况；
图3为一个具有一些八木振子的偶极振子的透视图；
图4为一个单元托盘的背视图，例示了用来给每对辐射元馈电的微带移相器结构；
图5为示出用本发明实现的高滚降辐射方向图与一个典型的偶极子辐射方向图相比较的曲线图；
图6为双极化天线的背视图，例示了电缆馈电网络，每个微带移相器给其它极化天线中的一个天线馈电；以及
图7为包括一个RF吸收器的双极化天线的透视图，这个RF吸收器用来耗散来自移相器微带线的任何RF辐射，防止移相器相互之间RF电流的耦合。
具体实施方式
现在来看图1，图中示出了一个具有最佳化的水平面辐射方向图以及可变的垂直波束倾斜的宽带双极化基站天线10。可以看到，天线10包括多个单元托盘12，其上配置有排列成偶极子对16的八木偶极子天线14。每个单元托盘12排成阶梯型式，由一对托盘支承物20支持。整合在一起的各单元托盘12和托盘支承物20固定在一个外托盘22上，使得在托盘支承物20和托盘22的侧壁之间横向形成一个空隙，如图1和图2中所示。每个托盘单元12有一个上表面，作为相应偶极子对16的接地面。在该上表面上方有一个相应的空气介质馈电网络30，用来给偶极子对16的每个偶极子14馈电，如图所示。多个导电的弓形搭接片26固定在托盘22的侧壁之间，以使天线10具有一定刚度，也改善偶极子14之间的隔离。
现在来看图2，图2以局部剖开一个托盘支承物20和托盘22的侧壁的方式示出了单元托盘12的透视图，以示出这些托盘单元12构成阶梯的情况。各个托盘单元12排列成阶梯形结构，以使偶极振子14的方向图视轴定向为有4度的下倾，这是这个阵列可调倾斜范围的中点值。天线10的最大偏斜度为从视轴再下倾4度，而不是8度。按照本发明，最大水平波束偏斜度与传统的途径相比业已减至5度，考虑到阵列的宽的工作带宽和倾斜范围，这是非常可接受的。
如图所示，一对整体的分配器支座37伸展到托盘单元12上方。分配器32(如图2中所示)具有一个穿过单元托盘12内的各自开口34向上伸出的喙，提供从电缆到空气介质微带线16和到下面粘附的印刷电路板50上形成的微带馈电网络的坚固机械连接，如以下要结合图4较详细说明的。
仍参见图2，托盘支承物20与相邻的托盘22的相应侧壁之间形成一个空隙36。这个空隙36有益地降低了在外部托盘22背面上流动的RF电流。降低外托盘22的背面上的感生电流直接减小了后向辐射。使辐射的前-后比达到最大所涉及的关键性设计准则包括外托盘22的上折缘38的高度、托盘支承物20的高度和托盘支承物20与托盘22的侧壁缘38之间的空隙36。
优选的是，单元托盘12用黄铜合金制造，为了焊接用镀锡抛光处理。单元托盘的主要作用是将辐射的八木天线元14支持成具有特定的定向，如图所示。这样的定向为天线10的两个端口提供了平衡的垂直和水平波束方向图，也提供了各端口之间的最大隔离。此外，单元托盘12在同轴电缆/空气带接口处提供了一个RF接地点。
托盘支承物优选的是用铝合金制成。托盘支承物的主要作用是将五个单元托盘12支持成具有使水平方向图波束偏斜最小的特定定向。
外托盘22优选的是用较厚的铝合金材料制成，为了防止由于外界环境条件的腐蚀用Alodine(铝表面化学处理剂)涂覆处理。外托盘22的主要作用是支持内部阵列组件。一个辅助作用是通过将向后的辐射降至最小而将所辐射的RF功率聚焦成朝向天线10的前向扇区，从而如已经说明的那样使辐射方向图的前-后比达到最大。
现在来看图3，图中示出了一个具有一些垂直延伸的八木振子40、由空气带馈电网络30馈电的偶极子天线14。这些向上延伸的八木振子40相互均匀分隔，而较高的部分具有较短的长度，如图所示。偶极子14的这种设计使得在阵列的水平波束辐射方向图上有显著的改善。传统上，偶极子辐射元产生一个前-侧比为15dB的水平波束辐射方向图。按照本发明，在偶极子14上整合了一个宽带的寄生构件42，从而有益地将前-侧比提高5到10dB。这种实施方式称为“高滚降”设计，如图5所示。通过包含这种高滚降天线设计可以提供许多其他系统级的性能效益，包括由于有较高的孔径增益而增大了作用范围和由于提高了扇区对扇区的抑制而增大了容量。
现在来看图4，图中示出了一个低损耗印刷电路板(PCB)50，其上配置了一个微带移相器系统52。低损耗PCB 50固定在各自的单元托盘12的背面。微带移相器系统52通过各自的与微带线52因此与印刷在移相器托盘69上的组件电连接的分配器32，与对置的相应对辐射元12耦合并给其馈电。
如图4所示，微带移相器系统52包括一个移相器54的曲柄，其下固定有一个介质构件56，它是可以用相应的变速杆60围绕枢轴点58作弧形调整的。变速杆60可以用一个远处曲柄(未示出)纵向调整，以便有选择地将移相器54和相应的介质构件56布置成跨过一对弧形馈线部分62和64，来调整通过其传导的相速度。变速杆60用一对非导电的支座68固定到PCB 50上但留有空隙。低损耗同轴电缆70用作单元托盘12之间的主传输媒体。每个馈电网络52用来提供馈电网络52与天线10的一个极化天线之间的电连接。
通过精密地控制阵列10上的相位和振幅分布可以优化增益性能。图4中所示的很稳定的移相器结构实现了这种控制。
现在来看图5，图中示出了与一个典型的偶极子辐射方向图82相比由按照本发明所设计的天线10达到的高滚降辐射方向图80。这个高滚降辐射方向图80比典型的偶极子辐射方向图有明显的改善，达到了在本申请的背景部分所提出的所有目的。
现在来看图6，图中示出了天线10的背面，例示了电缆馈电网络，每个微带移相器52向其它极化天线12中的一个天线馈电。输入端72称为端口I，是-45 Slout(极化)的输入端，而输入端74为端口II，是+45 Slout(极化)的输入端，电缆76是耦合到一个移相器50上的馈电网络电缆，如图4中所示。再来看图4，图中示出了移相器50的输出端1-5，还示出了由移相器52馈电的另一个天线12。
现在来看图7，图中示出了天线10还包括一个RF吸收器78，用来耗散来自移相器微带线的任何RF辐射，防止RF电流在移相器相互之间的耦合。
虽然以上对本发明就一个具体优选实施例作了说明，但对于熟悉该技术领域的人员来说在读了本申请后许多变化和修改都将是显而易见的。因此，应考虑到现有技术尽可能广泛地理解所附权利要求，以包括所有这样的变化和修改。

Claims (22)

1.一种天线，所述天线包括：
配置成一个阶梯结构的多个接地面；以及
偶极子天线元阵列，其中，在每个所述接地面上配置这些天线元中至少两个，这些天线元也配置成一个阶梯结构，使得这些天线元确定一个视轴下倾。
2.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，所述天线还包括一个与所述天线元阵列耦合的馈电网络，该馈电网络适于有选择地调整该天线的波束下倾。
3.如在权利要求2中所述的天线，所述天线还包括一些支承构件，用来支持所述阶梯结构内的接地面。
4.如在权利要求3中所述的天线，所述天线还包括一个容纳所述支承构件和接地面的托盘，所述托盘具有与所述支承构件隔开一个空隙的侧壁。
5.如在权利要求4中所述的天线，其中所述空隙被配置成减小在所述托盘的背面流动的RF电流。
6.如在权利要求4中所述的天线，其中所述托盘侧壁的高度被配置成提高所述天线的辐射方向图的前-后比。
7.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，其中所述天线的前-后比至少为40dB。
8.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，其中所述偶极子上耦合有寄生构件，使得所述天线的前-侧比至少为20dB。
9.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，其中所述天线的水平波束宽度为大约59度至72度。
10.如在权利要求2中所述的天线，其中所述馈电网络包括一个配置在至少一个接地面上方的空气介质馈电网络。
11.如在权利要求10中所述的天线，其中所述馈电网络还包括一个配置在至少一个接地面的背面上的带线馈电网络。
12.如在权利要求11中所述的天线，其中所述馈电网络有一个介质构件可调地配置在所述微带线馈电网络的一部分的上方。
13.如在权利要求12中所述的天线，其中所述介质构件为在该微带线馈电网络上方可弧形调整的。
14.如在权利要求13中所述的天线，所述天线还包括一个与所述介质构件耦合的变速杆，使得通过对该介质构件的有选择的定位可以调整通过所述带线馈电网络传送的RF信号的相速度。
15.如在权利要求2中所述的天线，其中所述天线元的视轴的下倾被确定为所述天线的总下倾的中点值。
16.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，其中所述接地面相互错开一个固定的距离。
17.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，其中所述偶极子天线组合成对，在每个接地面上确定至少一对偶极子。
18.如在权利要求17中所述的天线，所述天线还包括与各对偶极子耦合的分配器。
19.如在权利要求18中所述的天线，其中每个分配器有一个贯穿各自的接地面的喙，并与配置在各自的接地面下面的馈电网络耦合。
20.如在权利要求19中所述的天线，其中所述馈电网络包括一个在所述接地面上方延伸的空气介质馈线和一个在所述接地面下面的带线。
21.如在权利要求1中所述的天线，其中所述偶极子天线元是八木偶极子。
22.如在权利要求11中所述的天线，所述天线还包括一个与紧邻的所述带线馈电网络耦合的RF吸收器，该RF吸收器适于减小各带线部分之间的RF电流耦合。
CN2004800228578A 2003-07-03 2004-03-19 提供最佳化的水平波束辐射方向图和可变的垂直波束倾斜的宽带双极化基站天线 Expired - Lifetime CN1833337B (zh)

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