CN1819892A - 修补铸件的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明总的涉及一种用于修补铸件(10)的方法,并且尤其涉及一种通过在原有铸件的损坏部分上浇上熔化的填充材料从而修补铸件(10)的方法。通过将元件预热到第一预热温度来修补损坏的金属元件(10)(例如内燃机的气缸盖)。然后,用气焊枪将铸件(10)的损坏区域加热到更高的温度,并将熔化的填充材料浇入铸件(10)中。气焊枪是用来将熔化的材料的温度保持30秒到两分钟的。然后,用压缩空气将填充材料的温度降低。
Description
技术领域
本发明总的涉及修补铸件,并且尤其涉及通过将熔化的填充材料浇在固体的原铸件上对损坏的铸件进行修补的工艺。
背景技术
铸造元件在其使用周期中常常需要进行修补。由于铸造材料的物理特性,对铸造元件很难修补,而且费时。修补铸件通常包括通过机加工去除铸件上损坏的部分,然后通过焊接修复损坏的区域。
易受损坏的元件的一个例子是内燃机的气缸盖。由于发动机反复加热和冷却,气缸盖经常在开口处产生出裂缝,例如在阀座、燃料喷射器孔和排气口处。与气缸盖相关的另一个问题是变形。当气缸盖变形时,它的底面会变得不平并且无法完全密封。可以对一些变形的气缸盖进行研磨,直到它的燃烧室侧的表面再次平整为止。然而,对表面进行研磨会使气缸盖的厚度变薄,使气缸盖在以后的操作中更易损坏。不能磨平的气缸盖通常就丢弃了。现有的工艺无法通过恢复表面层厚度来修补变形的气缸盖。
修补铸件的一个例子在授权给通用汽车公司的美国专利4918805中有所讨论。该专利描述了一种通过焊接修补内燃机的气缸盖的方法。用研磨或类似的机加工工艺将气缸盖的损坏部分去除。在去除被损坏的材料以后,用焊接工艺将它补上。使用这种或类似工艺的缺点在于即使是只修补一个裂缝也很费劳力。许多气缸盖有多个裂缝要修补。每个要修补的损坏部分都必须去除,整个气缸盖要预热,然后再焊接。在焊接过程中,必须提高周边区域的温度并保持足够高,以使本体和填充材料充分结合。在焊接以后,必须用机器将气缸盖加工到原始生产厂的技术规格。用焊接修补工艺,每个气缸盖可能需要数小时。
本申请公开旨在克服以上所述的一个或多个问题。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种修补铸造元件的方法。准备好铸造元件,并将它预热到预定的温度,并将一些的熔化的填充材料浇到铸造元件上。
附图说明
图1示出了一个适合用本发明的方法修补的铸造元件;
图2说明本发明的方法的流程图;
图3是图1所示铸造元件沿线3-3截取的剖面图;
图3a是图3所示铸造元件沿线3a截取的一部分的放大剖面图;
图4是图1所示铸造元件沿线4-4截取的放大剖面图。
具体实施方式
首先参见图2,它总的表示用于修补铸造元件方法的一个实施例的流程图。在第一个控制块202中,清洗该元件并检测损坏部分。然后通过研磨或机加工将元件的损坏部分去除。在第二个控制块204中,在去除了损坏部分后,将该元件预热到一预定的温度。预热温度将取决于所要修补的元件的厚度和材料而有所不同。需要在不损坏元件的情况下将元件尽可能地预热。取决于元件的不同,损坏的类型包括由过度加热造成的应力的释放和变形。在另一方面,不能将元件预热到足够高的温度会造成在浇入填充材料时本体材料裂开。在一个实施例中,铸铁气缸盖的预热温度可以在950°F到2000°F的范围内。已发现,对于某一特定的气缸盖,预热温度1100°F可减小应力和变形,从而减少了裂开的危险。在第三个控制块206中,将一定量的填充材料熔化并浇入铸造元件的损坏部分中。
参见图1,示出了由铸铁制造的元件。在这个例子中,元件为气缸盖10。应该注意的是,本发明并不限于应用于气缸盖,本发明还可以用于任何其它的铸造产品。本发明也可以用于其它的金属,例如铝的铸造元件。对于其它金属元件,可以通过试验或计算机模拟来确定元件的预热温度。气缸盖包括:底面或燃烧室侧的表面12、多个侧面14和顶面(未示出)。通常情况下,气缸盖的底面12用于固定在内燃机的气缸座上。气缸盖10的底面12包括一个燃料喷射器开口16和两个或更多阀门开口18。如图所示,阀门开口18包括一对排气阀开口22和一对进气阀开口24。阀门开口18可以在燃料喷射器开口16的旁边均匀地间隔分布。每个阀门开口18包括阀座26和阀导管28。在气缸盖10的里面形成有一通道,从每个阀门开口18各自延伸到排气口32和进气口34中的一个。进气和排气口32、34通常形成于气缸盖10的侧壁14中的一个上。气缸盖10还包括多个用于容纳螺栓(未示出)的孔36,用以将气缸盖10安装到发动机座上。在内部,气缸盖包括多个液体通道(未示出)。该流体通道包括一个冷却剂套和诸个润滑油通道。冷却剂套和润滑剂通道以传统方式运作而不再进一步作详细讨论。
由于是设置用于内燃机(未示出)操作的,气缸盖10被组装成具有可移动地置于阀门开口10处的一对排气阀(未示出)和一对进气阀(未示出)。在气缸盖10上还另外安装有摇杆组件(未示出)。为了便于对气缸盖10的检测和修补,可将进气阀、排气阀、摇杆和所有其它可移动的元件都从气缸盖10上拆卸下来。
工业应用
现将参见图3和3a来详细地描述一种将熔化的填充材料浇铸到固体本体材料上的方法。对铸件(例如气缸盖10)进行损坏检测。气缸盖10的裂开或其它损坏部分通过机加工去除,从而在底面12上形成诸个凹腔38。当凹腔38延伸到阀门开口18内时,可以将诸个塞子40(示于图3a中)分别塞进相应的阀门开口18中。塞子40可防止填充材料进入气缸盖10原有的结构中。塞子可以由耐热材料制成,例如可加工的石墨。在一个实施例中,塞子可以承受极端温度而不变形,而且导热。塞子40可以有各种不同的形状和尺寸以填充塞住特定的形状结构。例如,用于填充和保护阀门开口18的塞子被机加工成同它对应阀门尺寸和形状基本上相等。
参见图4,在被损坏的部分被去除后,在燃料喷射器开口16和阀门开口18之间形成凹腔38。塞子40可以设置成其尺寸同燃料喷射器开口16相配合。将塞子40推进开口16中,以防止填充材料通过或填充进燃料喷射器开口16。在底面12的燃料喷射器开口16周围还可以放置挡板42。挡板42放置在底面12的方式可以是:在将熔化的材料浇入凹腔38的地方设置以填充材料的冒口46。挡板42可以用同塞子40类似的可加工的石墨制成。冒口46可以提供过量的填充材料,以可用于在冷却时的收缩。石墨挡板42可以通过将一块可加工的石墨块切割成所需要的厚度,并且在石墨块上钻出或机加工出一开口48,从而形成外围边界52。
如同第二控制块204所要求的那样,气缸盖10在一个烤箱中预热到第一温度。在一个实施例中,第一温度的范围是在950°F到2000°F的范围内,更佳的是在1050°F到1150°F。将气缸盖(连同就位的石墨塞子和挡板)从预热烤箱移到电加热和绝热箱54中(示于图1和3中)。被加热的箱子54可以包括使箱子54可以在车间内移动的多个轮子。箱子54还形成有开口56、底58和多个侧面60。开口56包括用于将箱子关闭并保持里面温度的多个可移开的盖子(未示出)。被加热的箱子54的内部温度可以保持在第一温度范围内的一个温度上,直到加入填充材料为止。
将一定量的填充材料(如铸铁)熔化而制备好。比如,将填充材料在一个坩埚中熔化并以可与本体材料充分结合的温度保存在熔炉中。在气缸盖的情况下,该温度可以在大约2725°F。填充材料可以是与气缸盖10或要修补的元件的材料类似的化学合成物。在一个实施例中,用一个具有玫瑰花蕾形的喷嘴的气焊枪将要修补的区域局部加热到第二预定温度。
第二预定温度也可以根据本体材料的类型、质量和壁厚以及填充材料的量来确定。第二预定温度范围的温度要高到足够使本体材料和填充材料结合,但也要低到足够防止填充材料熔渗入本体材料中。该温度范围的下限可以通过模拟和/或试验决定,并且可考虑到与诸如材料收缩、结合强度、微观结构和应力等与本体和/或填充材料相关的因素。影响结合点的因素可以包括:本体材料的类型和体积、填充材料的类型和体积、本体材料的化学成分。此外,第二预热温度可防止填充材料迅速冷却,由此可保持所要求的机械特性。
在所要修补的表面应用了一定量的焊接熔剂(未示出)。该熔剂是用于在浇入了填充材料后从填充材料和铸造元件中去除氧化物和其它污物的。典型的熔剂由以硼砂为基础的材料制成。当凹腔38的温度在温度范围内时,将熔化了的填充材料从熔炉中移出。可以将可能浮在熔化的填充材料表面的炉渣从熔化的填充材料中撇去。当填充材料基本上没有炉渣时,将它浇入并填满凹腔38。在一个实施例中,填充材料可以从损坏的区域溢出并升到底面12以上。通过将气焊枪移到填充材料旁边可以使凹腔中的填充材料的温度在第二温度上保持一段时间。例如,这段时间可以是三十秒到两分钟的范围内。将气焊枪移到填充材料旁边可以将被包住的气体和污物释放出来并改善填充材料和初始铸造元件之间的结合。
然后,可以将铸造元件冷却。在一个实施例中,铸造元件(或其一部分)可以用压缩空气局部冷却。上面安装有喷射器并且安装在压缩空气源上的杆子(未示出)在上方环绕填充材料移动。在一个实施例中,为了得到所要求的机械特性(例如硬度和微观结构),要求用足够的冷却速率(取决于化学成分)来冷却修补区域的整个体积,从而得到所要求的矩阵结构的微观结构或转化产品。例如,使用铸铁,并且根据受影响的材料的体积,可以期望在30到180秒的时间段内将修补区域的温度降低到1100°F到1200°F的范围内。在所有修补完成后,将气缸盖10缓慢冷却,较佳地,为一个足够低的速度冷却,以防止元件的变形或开裂。然后,可以将气缸盖10机加工到原始的技术规格并重新组装以备使用。
Claims (15)
1、一种修补铸造元件(10)的方法,包括以下步骤:
准备所述铸造元件(10);
将所述铸造元件(10)预热到第一预定温度;和
将一些填充材料加到所述铸造元件(10)上。
2、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,还包括以下步骤:在所述铸造元件(10)的表面上使用熔剂。
3、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,所述第一预热温度在950°F到2000°F的范围内。
4、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,还包括以下步骤:将所述铸造元件(10)的一部分加热到第二预定温度。
5、如权利要求4所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,所述第二预热温度使所述铸造元件(10)和所述填充材料之间结合。
6、如权利要求4所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,所述第二预热温度在1650°F到1975°F的范围内。
7、如权利要求4所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,将所述部分加热到第二预定温度的所述步骤是用一气焊枪来完成的。
8、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,还包括以下步骤:将塞子(40)置于铸造元件(10)的一个结构中,从而防止熔化的填充材料进入所述结构。
9、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,还包括以下步骤:加快冷却所述填充材料的速度。
10、如权利要求9所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,加快冷却所述填充材料的速度的所述步骤包括使用压缩空气。
11、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,所述铸造元件(10)是金属铸造元件(10)。
12、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,还包括以下步骤:用将元件(10)加工到生产厂的技术规格。
13、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,还包括以下步骤:设置补缩冒口(46)以适应收缩。
14、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,所述铸造元件(10)为铸铁元件(10)。
15、如权利要求1所述的修补所述铸造元件(10)的方法,其特征在于,所述铸造元件(10)是铝质的。
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US10/428,871 US7047612B2 (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2003-05-02 | Method for repairing a casting |
US10/428,871 | 2003-05-02 |
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CN1819892A true CN1819892A (zh) | 2006-08-16 |
CN100509263C CN100509263C (zh) | 2009-07-08 |
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US (1) | US7047612B2 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2006525128A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN100509263C (zh) |
GB (1) | GB2414695B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2004098827A1 (zh) |
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Also Published As
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WO2004098827A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
JP2006525128A (ja) | 2006-11-09 |
GB0519689D0 (en) | 2005-11-02 |
US20040216295A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
GB2414695A (en) | 2005-12-07 |
US7047612B2 (en) | 2006-05-23 |
GB2414695B (en) | 2006-10-18 |
CN100509263C (zh) | 2009-07-08 |
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