CN1806098A - 包括过滤器的排气系统中的流动反向 - Google Patents

包括过滤器的排气系统中的流动反向 Download PDF

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CN1806098A
CN1806098A CNA2004800165032A CN200480016503A CN1806098A CN 1806098 A CN1806098 A CN 1806098A CN A2004800165032 A CNA2004800165032 A CN A2004800165032A CN 200480016503 A CN200480016503 A CN 200480016503A CN 1806098 A CN1806098 A CN 1806098A
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filter
gas
flow
valve
exhaust
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E·T·R·阿兰松
A·K·安德里松
M·拉夫纽斯
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
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    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
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    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/0211Arrangements for mounting filtering elements in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/022Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0231Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
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    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
    • F01N3/035Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2093Periodically blowing a gas through the converter, e.g. in a direction opposite to exhaust gas flow or by reversing exhaust gas flow direction
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors

Abstract

一种用于处理稀薄燃烧往复式内燃机的排气的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:在第一多孔过滤器(26)上收集颗粒物质(PM),并且燃烧其碳组分;使通过第一过滤器(26)的气流方向定期地反向,从而将未燃烧的PM从原来的上游侧上移开,以及在第二过滤器(34)上收集至少一部分所移开的PM。

Description

说明书 包括过滤器的排气系统中的流动反向
本发明涉及在排气包含颗粒物质(PM)时的发动机排气处理,尤其涉及包括颗粒过滤器中的间歇式流动反向的处理。
稀薄燃烧往复式发动机产生排气,这种排气含有包括碳(包括碳化合物)的PM,以及统称为“灰分”的其它物质。中等温度下对碳排放的主要减少由CRT方法提供,这种方法在美国专利US4902487、SAE论文890404(Cooper等人)和“Platinum MetalsReview”期刊1995,39,2-8(Hawker)中进行了介绍,所有这些文献的内容均通过引用而结合于本文中。
发动机设计的最新发展已经使碳PM的排放降低至一定的程度,但过滤器上的灰分积聚是一个很大的问题。已经提出当PM积聚至超出设计水平时,通过使通过PM过滤器的流动方向反向,来处理这一问题。这将灰分排放至大气中,但可能会有损健康,并且至少是不方便的。它还要冒着排放出在这种流动反向之前未氧化的碳PM的风险。
在润滑油含有会发生反应而在发动机中产生不可挥发氧化物的无机原子时,以及如果在燃料中存在烟炱燃烧用催化剂的添加剂时,这种问题可能会持续。
根据第一方面,本发明提供了一种用于处理稀薄燃烧往复式内燃机的排气的方法,该方法以朝向下游的顺序而包括以下步骤:
(i)在第一多孔过滤器上收集PM,并且燃烧其碳组分;和
(ii)使通过第一过滤器的气流方向定期地反向,从而将未燃烧的PM从原来的上游侧上移开,其特征在于,在第二过滤器上收集至少一部分所移开的PM。
根据第二方面,本发明提供了一种用于稀薄燃烧往复式内燃机的排气处理系统,该系统以朝向下游的顺序而包括:
(i)第一多孔过滤器,其可用于收集PM以便燃烧其碳组分;和
(ii)用于使通过第一过滤器的气流方向定期地反向从而将未燃烧的PM移开的装置,其特征在于,用于收集至少一部分所移开的PM的第二过滤器设在所述第一过滤器的下游。
第二过滤器可具有比第一过滤器中的孔更小的孔,从而可用于收集因太小而无法被第一过滤器收集的颗粒。在这种组合中,第一过滤器可具有比采用单一过滤级的现有系统的孔更大的孔。
由于在高热力学效率的现代发动机中的排气温度比较低,并且由于远离发动机而产生的冷却效果,我们已实现,第二过滤器可以是采用有机材料如织造或非织造织品材料如纸制成的比较便宜、并且易更换的单元;这种过滤器优选安装在通过注射成型法合适地制成的搭扣式或旋拧式外壳中。合适的过滤器材料包括可耐受热和潮湿的纸。这些材料通常包括具有疏水性纤维的纤维素。
现代发动机的另一特征在于,对于采用如US4902487中所述的通过氧化NO来催化性地产生的NO2的被动式过滤器再生而言,发动机排出的NOX太低。这一问题可能会因上述较低的排气温度而恶化,因此在实践中,要求用于过滤器再生的主动技术,以便在可接受的设计容许度的范围内保持过滤器上的背压。这种主动再生技术在例如EP0758713(通过引用而结合于本文中)中进行了描述。
针对CRT方法的实际应用的本发明的一项优点在于,第一过滤器中的流动反向可用于清理在驱动循环中不易于在NO2中燃烧的PM。未燃烧的PM可在以适当间隔设置的用于清除的第二过滤器上收集。因此,这种设置尤其可用于改型市场,从而针对安装昂贵且耗费燃料的主动式再生装置而提供了一种实用和经济的备选方案。
气体优选在第一过滤器的上游接受催化性的一氧化氮(NO)的氧化。作为替代和作为附加,第一过滤器可发生催化作用。合适的过滤器催化剂包括用于促进PM燃烧的碱金属,例如La/Cs/V2O5,或者一种或多种铂族金属(PGM),例如铂。PGM可支承于过滤器材料本身上,或者被支承于配制成可防止过滤器孔阻塞的活化涂层(washcoat)组分上。这种活化涂层组分例如可包括氧化铝、氧化铈和氧化铈/氧化锆的混合或复合的氧化物。有利的是,除了PGM基组分之外,过滤器催化剂还可包括NOX吸收剂,在这种情况下,过滤器可称为四元催化剂。这些措施导致在中等温度下的碳燃烧,因此容易适应于可处理的过滤介质能耐受的第二过滤器温度。
第二过滤器的材料可在外部进行处理,以便在第一过滤器发生催化作用时用于回收催化剂尘粒。
在这种方法或系统中,过滤器流动反向通过管接头来实现:接受可能经过了之前处理的来自发动机的排出气体;将所述气体供给至过滤器的一端;将所述气体间歇式地切换至过滤器的另一端;以及接受过滤器出口气体,并将其传输至所述第二过滤器,并可能进行进一步的处理之后而排放至大气中。
气流切换步骤优选可借助于其中所有接头均开通的状态来操作,并且排除了在其中所有接头均关闭的状态下的操作。可以复制至阀的接头,以便由此而用于:借助于后续管将气体供应至过滤器;以及用于借助于翅片管来接受来自该过滤器的气体。
为了切换通过过滤器的气流方向,管接头合适地包括四通阀。这种阀一般包括:外圆柱形或截头锥体形外壳,其形成有成角度地间隔开的开孔,每一个开孔可通往外部流接头;以及偏转器装置,其可用于:交替地选择两股进入流中的一股;或者将单股进入流交替地引导至两个出口中的任一个;或者将两股进入流组合成单股流。偏转器优选可在要求选择性气流的两个极限位置之间的弧形路径上操作。偏转器可以包括“蝶式”的偏转器。阀外壳可形成有对应于蝶式构形的预期跨度的更大直径的壁区域,并且该壁区域在该跨度的极端处改变至较小的直径,而形成作为顺应于蝶式构形的外形的台阶,并且可有效地作为防止气体泄漏的密封件。该蝶式构形的跨度一般为外壳周长的10至20%。如果要求有过渡的非选择性气流,则由促动器装置来提供。
偏转器装置可由流体式密封地处于外壳内的管筒式接头来提供,并且可在横向于流体流的主流方向的轴线上旋转;并且沿着管筒式接头的两个或多个径向平面中的每一平面而形成有至少一个流体密封式的分隔部件;并且在各分隔处形成有至少一条通道,其在围绕管筒式接头的周边相互间成角度的位置处开启,所述位置对应于所述开孔。
可通过将片材组合在一起以限定其外形和内部通道,或者将实心材料成形并通过对其进行钻孔而形成通道,来提供管筒式接头(如果使用了的话),因此钻孔之间的余下部分构成了分隔部件。各通道通常具有与其入口成角度的出口,例如垂直于带有一个入口接头和两个或三个出口接头的四通阀。在具有两个入口接头和两个出口接头的四通阀中,各通道可具有一个入口和两个出口。
该阀可包括用于限制管筒式接头角运动至其中所需流体接头或所有流体接头开启的位置处的装置。
这种方法和系统的其它特征可包括:
在管接头的上游,包括以下至少一种:
i)如上所述地将NO催化性地氧化成二氧化氮(NO2);和/或
ii)在需要时,主动地提高气体温度;
在管接头的下游,包括以下至少一种:
i.氧氮化物(NOX)清除步骤,例如贫NOX催化剂,可再生的NOX吸附剂或者选择性的催化还原(SCR);
ii.柴油氧化催化剂(DOC);和
选择性地在第一过滤器和/或(如果热稳定的话)第二过滤器上包括:
可有效地用于利用NO2和/或氧来燃烧PM的碳组分的催化剂。
i)、ii)、i或ii的催化剂适当地设在流经的单块衬底上,该衬底由陶瓷、缠绕的波纹状金属、泡沫状的或烧结的金属,或者有序地或随意地捆扎的线或扁平线构成。第一过滤器以及可能还有第二过滤器可使用与吸附剂和催化剂所用材料相类似的衬底材料,但该衬底材料为可透过气体但对PM具有有限透过性的“过滤器等级”。
通过附图来解释本发明,其中:
图1显示了通过四个单独的阀来进行流动反向的系统;
图2显示了其中通过一个四通阀来进行流动反向的系统;和
图3A和3B显示了图2所示阀的放大平面图,表示了该阀的两个极限位置。
参见图1,系统10包括反应器20,其连接在柴油机排气歧管(未示出)上,并且包含由带有活化涂层和铂(Pt)的陶瓷蜂窝构成的氧化催化剂22。从反应器20的出口端,管经由阀24A和24B分别通往PM过滤器26的一端(显示为LHS)和另一端(显示为RHS)的端头空间,PM过滤器26由壁流类型的过滤器等级的陶瓷蜂窝构成,该陶瓷蜂窝过滤器的通道在对应于入口开启通道的入口端处交替地开启和关闭,在出口端交替地关闭。管分别从LHS和RHS端头空间经由阀24A和24B而通往第二过滤器容器30的端头空间,第二过滤器容器30形成于由凸缘32表示的易开启端盖,并且包含可处理式过滤器单元34。在使用中,滤过的排气在36处排放至大气中。
该系统在计算机控制下进行操作,该计算机被编程,以便:开启阀24A和24C和关闭阀24B和24D(未示出);接受关于过滤器26上的压降的信号;以及当压降达到预定水平时,关闭阀24A和24C和开启阀24B和24D。这种开启和关闭是定时的,以避免阻塞或旁通。
参见图2,项10,20和22与图1所示相同,但第一过滤器26处于仅具有两个管接头的容器29中。通过四通阀25来进行流动反向,该四通阀25具有通往第一过滤器的出口X和Y以及通往第二过滤器容器31的接头。阀25可在三个位置中操作:通往X,通往Y,以及间歇式地通往所有四条通路,使得可以不会发生阻塞的方式来进行切换。四条通路同时开启的时间控制至最低,以便限制以包含发动机出口原始浓度的PM的气体经过过滤器34。
参见图3A和图3B,各视图中的标号如图2所示。这些图中的平面视图涉及大致圆柱形的阀外壳50,其内部形成有更大直径的圆周区域52,从而限定了矩形蝶式偏转器54的跨度范围,该偏转器54具有借助于连接在促动器(未示出)上的密封件而延伸至阀外壳之外的枢轴式操作轴56。该跨度范围的极限由设在不同直径的区域之间的台阶58限定,这些台阶限制了气体沿其预期路径泄漏出。
参见图2,在发动机的正常工作中,排出气体,包括蒸气(气态H2O)、二氮(N2)、氧(O2)、二氧化碳(CO2)、未燃烧的烃燃料(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOX)和颗粒物质(PM),例如在300℃下与催化剂22接触,从而将NO氧化成NO2,并且一部分HC和CO氧化成蒸气和CO2。排出气体然后进入过滤器26,在这里,大多数PM被收集,并且通过与催化剂22中所形成的NO2并可能与O2发生反应而燃烧。无PM的气体然后到达保持过滤器34的容器31,过滤器34收集从过滤器26中释放的PM。这种PM一般为灰,在这种情形下,过滤器34可以是可处理过滤器,例如纤维或纸制的过滤器。过滤器34的另一功能可以是用于收集过滤器25所未收集的任何超细可燃PM。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于处理稀薄燃烧往复式内燃机的排气的方法,所述方法以朝向下游的顺序而包括以下步骤:
(i)在第一多孔过滤器(26)上收集颗粒物质(PM),并且燃烧其碳组分;和
(ii)使通过所述第一过滤器(26)的气流方向定期地反向,从而将未燃烧的PM从所述原来的上游侧上移开,其特征在于,在第二过滤器(34)上收集至少一部分所述所移开的PM。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法在步骤(i)的上游包括步骤:将排出气体中的NO催化性地氧化成NO2;以及,通过在所述第一过滤器(26)上与所述NO2发生反应,来燃烧所述PM的至少一部分碳组分。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括在所述第二过滤器(34)收集比在所述第一过滤器(26)上所收集的PM更细的PM。
4.一种用于稀薄燃烧往复式内燃机的排气处理系统,该系统以朝向下游的顺序而包括:
(i)第一多孔过滤器(26),其可用于收集PM以便燃烧其碳组分;和
(ii)用于使通过所述第一过滤器(26)的气流方向定期地反向、从而将未燃烧的PM移开的装置,其特征在于,用于收集至少一部分所述所移开的PM的第二过滤器(34)设在所述第一过滤器(26)的下游。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其特征在于,用于将所述排气中的NO氧化成NO2的催化剂(22)设在所述第一过滤器(26)的上游。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第二过滤器(34)的孔小于所述第一过滤器(26)的孔。
7.根据权利要求4、5或6所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第二过滤器(34)包括有机材料,例如织造或非织造的织品。
8.根据权利要求7所述的系统,其特征在于,所述第二过滤器包括纸质材料。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的系统,其特征在于,所述过滤器介质安装在注射成型的搭扣式或旋拧式外壳(30,32;31,32)中。
10.根据权利要求4至9中任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述气流反向装置包括四通流路切换阀(25),所述阀(25)包括:外圆柱形或截头锥体形外壳(50),其形成有成角度地间隔开的开孔,每一个所述开孔可通往外部流接头;以及偏转器装置(54),其可用于:从两股进入流中选择一股;或者将单股进入流引导至两个出口中的任一个;或者分叉地引导两股进入流。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统,其特征在于,所述偏转器装置(54)在可得到所选或分叉气流的两个极限位置(25X,25Y)之间的弧形路径上可操作。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的系统,其特征在于,所述偏转器装置(54)包括“蝶式”偏转器,所述阀外壳(50)形成有对应于所述蝶式构形的预期跨度的更大直径的壁区域(52),并且在所述跨度的极端处改变至较小的直径,而形成台阶(58),所述台阶顺应于蝶式构形的外形,并且可有效地作为防止气体泄漏的密封件。
13.根据权利要求10、11或12所述的系统,其特征在于,复制至所述阀(24,25)的所述接头,以便由此而用于:借助于后续管将气体供应至所述第一过滤器;以及用于借助于翅片管来接受来自所述第一过滤器的气体。
14.根据权利要求4至13中任一项所述的系统,其特征在于,所述系统包括在经过所述第一过滤器(26)的气流定期反向与过渡的非选择性气流之间进行选择的控制装置,所述控制装置包括促动器装置。
CNA2004800165032A 2003-06-18 2004-06-18 包括过滤器的排气系统中的流动反向 Pending CN1806098A (zh)

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