CN1766458B - 用于保护具有通电阳极的蓄水设备的系统和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于保护具有通电阳极的蓄水设备的系统和方法。所述蓄水设备包括用于蓄水的箱体、加热元件、电极和控制电路。控制电路包括可变电压电源、电压传感器和电流传感器。所述控制电路被配置为可控制地将电压施加到电极,利用电压传感器确定在电压不对电极供电的时候该电极相对于箱体的电位,确定在电压对电极供电之后施加于箱体的电流,基于电极电位和电流确定箱体中的水的导电率状态,以及基于该导电率状态定义施加于通电电极的电压。蓄水设备的控制电路还能够确定蓄水设备是否处于干烧状态。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具有通电阳极(powered anode)的蓄水设备以及控制蓄水设备的方法。
背景技术
通电阳极已经被用于热水器行业。为了正常地工作,通电阳极通常必须解决两个主要问题。首先,通电阳极应该提供足够的保护电流来保护水箱内暴露的钢铁。所暴露的钢铁的程度将随着箱体的不同而变化,并且在箱体的整个使用寿命期间也将发生变化。其次,由通电阳极产生的保护电流应该足够低,以便降低过量的氢的可能性。
当前在热水器行业中至少有两种技术使用通电阳极来保护箱体。一种技术基于水的导电率来调节阳极电压电平。然而,该技术不测量箱体的防护水平,并且具有过多暴露的钢铁的箱体无法得到适当的保护。第二种技术周期性地切断送至阳极电极的电流,并使用电极“感测”箱体的防护水平。该技术适应箱体中的暴露钢铁的量发生变化,但不适应水导电率级别发生变化。此外,该技术在高导电率水中可能具有问题,因为在高导电率水中,当前产生的钛电极与混合金属氧化膜倾向于在它们的参考电压测量结果方面发生漂移。使用一种有别于刚刚描述的技术的替代方案将是很有益的。
发明内容
在一个实施例中,本发明提供了一种热水器,其包括用于容纳水的箱体、用于将冷水引入到箱体里的进水口、用于从箱体中排出热水的出水口、加热元件(例如电阻加热元件或者煤气燃烧器)、电极和控制电路。控制电路包括可变电压电源、电压传感器和电流传感器。控制电路被配置为可控制地将电压施加到电极,确定当电压不对电极供电的时候该电极相对于箱体的电位,确定在电压对电极供电之后施加于箱体的电流,基于所施加的电压和电流确定箱体中的水的导电率状态,以及基于该导电率状态定义施加于电极的电压。
在另一实施例中,本发明提供了一种控制蓄水设备的工作的方法。该方法包括以下动作:将电压施加到电极,停止将所施加的电压施加到电极,确定在停止施加所施加的电压之后电极相对于箱体的电位,确定水的导电率状态,基于导电率状态定义该电极的目标电位,以及调节所施加的电压以便令电极电位接近(emulate)目标电位。
在另一实施例中,本发明提供了另一种控制热水器的工作的方法。该方法包括以下动作:将电压施加到电极,获取与所施加的电压相关的信号,至少部分地基于所获取的信号来确定该热水器是否处于干烧(dry-fire)状态,以及当热水器处于干烧状态的时候防止启动加热元件。
通过详细的说明以及附图,本发明的其他特征将变得清楚明白。
附图说明
图1是具体实现本发明的热水器的部分暴露视图。
图2是能够用于图1的热水器中的电极的侧视图。
图3是能够控制图2中的电极的控制电路的电子原理图。
图4是能够由图3中所示的控制电路执行的子例程的流程图。
具体实施方式
在详述本发明的任何实施例之前,应理解的是,本发明不局限于其在以下说明中阐述的、或在以下附图中图示出的部件的结构和布局细节方面的应用。本发明能够具有其他实现方式,能够以多种方式来实践或执行。此外,还应理解的是,此处所用的措辞和术语是为了说 明的目的,而不应被认为是限制。此处使用“包括”、“包含”或“具有”或其变体,意图是涵盖在其后所列举的项、其等效物以及补充项。术语“安装”、“连接”、“支持”和“耦合”被泛义地使用,其既包含直接地也包含间接地安装、连接、支持和耦合。此外,“连接”、“耦合”不局限于物理的或者机械的连接或者耦合,其可以包括电连接或者耦合,而不管是直接的还是间接的。
图1图示出热水器100,其包括封闭的水箱105、包裹水箱105的外壳110、以及填充水箱105和外壳110之间的环形间隙的泡沫绝缘115。典型的贮水箱105由黑色金属制成,并且内部衬有玻璃样的搪瓷,以保护金属不被腐蚀。然而,保护衬里可能具有缺陷,或者说可能不可避免地没有完全地覆盖黑色金属内部。在这种情况下,由于所蓄存的水中的溶解固体,可能产生电解腐蚀电池,这导致暴露出的黑色金属被腐蚀,并且缩短热水器100的使用寿命。
进水管路或者汲取管120以及出水管路125进入水箱105的上部。进水管路120具有用于向水箱105中添加冷水的进水孔130,并且出水管路125具有用于从水箱105中排出热水的出水孔135。热水器100还包括电阻加热元件140,其被附着于箱体105上,并且延伸进箱体105来加热水。加热元件140通常包括内部的高电阻加热元件线,该高电阻加热元件线被适当的绝缘材料环绕,并被封装入金属外套中。用于加热元件140的电力通常是由控制电路提供的。虽然示出了具有元件140的热水器100,但是本发明可以与其他热水器类型一起使用,比如煤气热水器,并且可以与其他热水器元件设计一起使用。还可预见的是,本发明或者本发明的特征可用于其他蓄水设备。
电极组件145附着到热水器100,并且延伸进入箱体105以便为箱体提供防腐蚀。图2中示出能够用于热水器的范例电极组件145。参看图2,电极组件145包括电极线150和连接器组件155。电极线150包含钛,并且具有镀有金属氧化物材料的第一部分160和未镀有金属 氧化物材料的第二部分165。在制造电极组件145期间,包括PEX或者聚砜的遮蔽管170被置于电极线150的一部分上。然后,电极线150被弯折两次(例如,以两个四十五度的角度),以便将遮蔽管保持于适当位置。电极线150的靠近箱体上部的小部分175被暴露给箱体,以允许氢气排出遮蔽管。在其他结构中,电极组件145不包括遮蔽管170。连接器组件155包括具有螺纹的销钉180,其通过与开口190(图1)的螺纹紧密配合,将电极棒组件固定到水箱105的上部。当然,也可以使用本领域技术人员所公知的其他连接器组件来将电极组件145固定到箱体105。连接器组件还包括连接器195,用于将电极线150电连接到控制电路(以下讨论)。将电极组件145电连接到控制电路使得电极组件145成为通电阳极。正如本领域中技术人员所知,电极线150与箱体105电气绝缘,以便允许形成跨电极线150和箱体105的电位。
图3中示出了用于控制电极组件145的控制电路200的一种结构的电子原理图。控制电路包括微控制器U2。用于控制电路200的一种结构的范例微控制器U2是型号为8051F310的硅实验室(SiliconLaboratories)微控制器。正如下文将更详细地论述的,微控制器U2接收来自多个传感器的信号或者输入,分析输入,并且产生输出来控制电极组件145。此外,微控制器U2可以接收其他输入(例如,来自用户的输入),并且能够产生输出来控制其他设备(例如加热元件140)。正如本领域中所公知的,型号为8051F310的硅实验室微控制器包括处理器和存储器。该存储器包括一个或多个具有指令的模块。处理器获得、解释并且执行这些指令,以便控制热水器100,包括电极组件145。尽管微控制器U2被描述为具有处理器和存储器,但是本发明可以使用其他设备来实现,包括各种各样的集成电路(例如,专用集成电路)和分立器件,这对于本领域中的技术人员而言是清楚易见的。
微控制器U2在P0.1输出脉宽调制(PWM)信号。一般说来,PWM 信号控制施加于电极线150的电压。百分之百的占空度产生施加于电极线150的全电压,百分之零的占空度导致没有电压被施加于电极线150,而在零和百分之百之间的比值将产生在无电压和全电压之间的对应比值被施加于电极线150。
PWM信号被施加于低通滤波器和放大器,其由电阻R2、R3和R4、电容器C3、和运算放大器U3-C构成。低通滤波器将PWM信号转换为与PWM信号成比例的模拟电压。该模拟电压被提供给缓冲器和限流器,其由运算放大器U3-D、电阻R12和R19和晶体管Q1和Q3构成。缓冲器和限流器提供了微控制器U2和电极组件145之间的缓冲,并且限制施加于电极线150的电流以防止氢积累。电阻R7、电感器L1和电容器C5充当滤波器,以防止瞬变和振荡。滤波的结果是施加于电极组件145的电压,电极组件145与CON1电连接。
正如稍后将论述的,周期性地从电极组件145中去掉驱动电压。通过控制施加于驱动器的信号,微控制器撤除驱动电压,所述驱动器由电阻R5和晶体管Q2构成。更具体地说,微控制器U2的下拉引脚P0.3低导致晶体管Q1关闭,从而有效地除去所施加的电压而不再驱动电极组件145。据此,微控制器U2、低通滤波器和放大器、缓冲器和限流器、滤波器和驱动器充当可变电压电源,该可变电压电源可控制地为电极组件145施加电压,从而产生通电阳极。本领域中技术人员所公知的其他电路设计可用于可控制地为电极组件145提供电压。
连接CON2提供一个允许电极返回电流测量结果的连接。更具体地说,电阻R15提供传感电阻器,其产生一个与箱体处的电流相关的信号。运算放大器U3-B和电阻R13和R14提供放大器,该放大器在引脚P1.1处为微控制器U2提供放大的信号。因此,电阻R15和放大器构成电流传感器。然而,可以使用其他电流传感器来代替刚刚描述的传感器。
除去电压后,电极145处的电位下降到偏离于、但是正比于断路或者电极145相对于箱体105的“自然电位”的电位。与自然电位成正比的电压被施加于由电阻R6和电容器C4构成的滤波器。滤波后的信号被施加于运算放大器U3-A,该运算放大器被用作电压跟随器。运算放大器U3-A的输出被施加于限压器(电阻R17和齐纳二极管D3)和分压器(电阻R18和R20)。该输出是与电极组件145的自然电位相关的信号,其在引脚P1.0处被施加于微控制器U2。据此,刚刚描述的滤波器、电压跟随器、限压器和分压器构成电压传感器。然而,可以使用其他电压传感器来代替所公开的电压传感器。
控制电路200控制施加于电极线150的电压。如下所述,控制电路200还测量箱体防护级别,适应水分导电率状态变化,以及适应高导电率水中的电极电位漂移。此外,当用于电极组件145的控制电路200与用于加热元件140的控制电路组合或者通信的时候,得到的控制电路可以利用交互作用来提供对于热水器的额外控制。
图4提供控制电极组件145的一种方法。在继续到图4之前,应当理解的是:所公开的步骤的顺序是可以改变的。此外,可以将额外的步骤添加到控制序列,并且可能并不需要全部这些步骤。在正常工作期间,电压被从控制电路200施加到电极组件145。周期性地(例如每100毫秒),发生中断,并且控制电路进入图4中所示的控制循环。
参看图4,控制电路200撤除施加于电极组件145的电压(框220)。在撤除电压之后,控制电路200执行延迟(框225),比如250μs,并且确定电极电位(框230)。控制电路200执行该延迟以便允许电极组件145释放到其断路状态。然后微控制器U1从电压传感器获取该电位。然后,控制电路200重新向电极组件145施加电压(框240)。在框240处,控制电路200确定电极电位是否大于目标电位。如果电极电位大于目标电位,则控制电路继续到框245;否则控制继 续到框250。
在框245,控制电路200确定所施加的电压是否处于最小值。如果所施加的电压处于最小值,则控制电路200继续到框255;否则控制电路200继续到框260。在框260,控制电路减少所施加的电压。
在框250,控制电路200确定所施加的电压是否处于最大值。如果所施加的电压处于最大值,则控制电路200继续到框255;否则控制电路继续到框265。在框265,控制电路200增加所施加的电压。通过分别在框260或者265处降低或者提高所施加的电压,控制电路200可以间接地调节电极电位。提高所施加的电压将导致由电极来调节的箱体电位增加,并且降低所施加的电压将降低由电极调节的箱体电位。因此,控制电路200可以调节电极的断路电位,直到它达到目标电位为止。此外,随着热水器100的特性变化,控制电路200可以调节施加于电极的电压,以便令电极的断路电位等于目标点电位。
在框255,控制电路获取电极电流。更具体地说,微控制器U1从电流传感器接收表示感测电流的信号。在框270,控制电路确定水的导电率状态。例如,导电率状态可以是水为高导电率,或者水为低导电率。为了确定导电率状态(高或者低),微控制器U1将所施加的电流除以增长电压,所述增长电压等于所施加的电压减去断路电位。如果结果小于一个经验设定值,则控制电路200确定导电率状态为低,并且将目标电位设置为第一值;否则,所述控制电路将目标电位设置为表示高导电率状态的第二值(框275)。控制电路200可以在每一中断(如图4中所示)期间重复地执行导电率测试,以比设置电极电压更长的间隔来周期性地执行导电率测试,或者仅仅在起动程序期间执行导电率测试。另外,虽然仅仅示出了两个设置点,但是可以预见的是,能够使用多个设置点。还被预见的是,可以使用其他方法来确定水的导电率状态。例如,可以使用所施加的电流除以所施加的电压的比值来确定导电率状态。
除了建立设置点之外,控制电路200还能够使用所获取的电流来确定热水器100是否处于干烧状态。术语“干烧”是指未蓄有适当水量的热水器的启动。在干烧状态启动热水器的加热元件(例如,电阻加热元件或者煤气燃烧器)可能导致热水器的损害。例如,如果水没有适当地包围电阻加热元件140,则当电压被施加于加热元件140的时候,该电阻加热元件可能在一分钟之内即被烧坏。因此,有益的是,如果热水器100处于干烧状态,则减少启动加热元件140的可能性。如果所获取的电流小于最小值(例如,基本上为零),则认为热水器100未蓄有适当的水量,控制电路200阻止启动加热元件140。还可预见的是,可以使用其他方法来确定干烧状态。例如,控制电路200可以用以下的方式来设计:在干烧状态下,电极电位近似等于所施加的电压。
因此,本发明尤其提供了一种新的并且有益的热水器和控制热水器的方法。在所附的权利要求书中将阐述本发明的各种特征和优点。
Claims (19)
1.一种控制热水器工作的方法,热水器包括箱体和电极,该方法包括:
将电压施加给所述电极;
停止将所施加的电压施加给所述电极;
在停止施加所施加的电压之后,确定所述电极相对于所述箱体的电位;
确定水的导电率状态;
基于所述导电率状态定义所述电极的目标电位;以及
调节所施加的电压,以便令相对于所述箱体的电极电位接近所述目标电位。
2.如权利要求1中所述的方法,其中,该方法还包括确定由所施加的电压产生的施加于所述箱体的电流,其中确定水的导电率状态至少部分基于所施加的电压和所施加的电流。
3.如权利要求1中所述的方法,其中,该方法还包括确定由所施加的电压产生的施加于所述箱体的电流,其中确定水的导电率状态包括以下动作:将所施加的电压和所施加的电流中的一个除以所施加的电压和所施加的电流中的另一个。
4.如权利要求3中所述的方法,其中,确定水的导电率状态还包括确定结果是指示第一导电率状态还是第二导电率状态。
5.如权利要求4中所述的方法,其中,定义目标电位包括:如果导电率状态是第一导电率状态,则将目标电位设置为第一值,如果导电率状态是第二导电率状态,则将目标电位设置为第二值。
6.如权利要求1中所述的方法,其中,该方法还包括获取由所施 加的电压产生的施加于所述箱体的电流,其中确定水的导电率状态包括以下动作:计算所施加的电压的与相对于所述箱体的电极电位的差值电压,并且将所述差值电压和所施加的电流中的一个除以所述差值电压和所施加的电流中的另一个。
7.如权利要求6中所述的方法,其中,确定水的导电率状态还包括确定结果是指示第一导电率状态还是第二导电率状态。
8.如权利要求7中所述的方法,其中,定义目标电位包括:如果导电率状态是第一导电率状态,则将目标电位设置为第一值,如果导电率状态是第二导电率状态,则将目标电位设置为第二值。
9.一种热水器,其包括:
用于蓄水的箱体;
用于将冷水引入到箱体里的进水口;
用于将热水排出箱体的出水口;
加热元件;
电极;以及
控制电路,其包括可变电压电源、电压传感器和电流传感器,并且被配置为
可控制地将电压施加给所述电极,
当电压不在为所述电极供电的时候,确定所述电极相对于所述箱体的电位,
确定在电压对所述电极供电之后施加于所述箱体的电流,
基于所施加的电压和电流确定所述箱体中的水的导电率状态,以及
基于所述导电率状态定义施加于通电电极的电压。
10.如权利要求9中所述的热水器,其中,所述通电电极包括含有钛的电极线。
11.如权利要求10中所述的热水器,其中,所述电极线包括具有包裹钛的金属氧化物涂层的第一部分以及没有金属氧化物涂层的第二部分。
12.如权利要求11中所述的热水器,其中,管子包裹第二部分的至少一部分。
13.如权利要求12中所述的热水器,其中,所述电极线包括至少一个弯折,以将所述管子保持在适当的位置。
14.如权利要求9中所述的热水器,其中,所述控制电路包括具有处理器和存储器的微控制器。
15.如权利要求9中所述的热水器,其中,所述可变电压电源包括脉宽调制器和滤波器。
16.如权利要求9中所述的热水器,其中,所述控制电路通过进一步可操作地将所施加的电压和所施加的电流中的一个除以所施加的电压和所施加的电流中的另一个来确定热水器的导电率状态,并且确定结果是表示第一导电率状态还是第二导电率状态。
17.如权利要求16中所述的热水器,其中,所述控制电路通过进一步可操作地在导电率状态是第一导电率状态时将目标电位设置为第一值、并且在导电率状态是第二导电率状态时将目标电位设置为第二值来定义电压,并且其中所述控制电路通过调节所施加的电压以便令电极电位接近目标电位,来可控制地将电压施加到所述通电电极。
18.如权利要求9中所述的热水器,其中,所述控制电路通过进一步可操作地计算所施加的电压与电极电位的差值电压、将所述差值 电压和所施加的电流中的一个除以所述差值电压和所施加的电流中的另一个来确定水的导电率状态,并且确定结果是表示第一导电率状态还是第二导电率状态。
19.如权利要求18中所述的热水器,其中,所述控制电路通过进一步可操作地在导电率状态是第一导电率状态时将目标电位设置为第一值、并且在导电率状态是第二导电率状态时将目标电位设置为第二值来定义电压,并且其中所述控制电路通过调节所施加的电压以便令电极电位接近目标电位,来可控制地将电压施加到所述通电电极。
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- 2005-09-23 DE DE602005027644T patent/DE602005027644D1/de active Active
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- 2005-09-27 CN CN2005101070869A patent/CN1766458B/zh active Active
- 2005-09-27 CN CN2011101331027A patent/CN102226574B/zh active Active
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2008
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1640478A3 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
CN102226574A (zh) | 2011-10-26 |
CN102226574B (zh) | 2013-05-22 |
EP1640478B1 (en) | 2011-04-27 |
CN1766458A (zh) | 2006-05-03 |
EP1640478A2 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
US7372005B2 (en) | 2008-05-13 |
US8162232B2 (en) | 2012-04-24 |
DE602005027644D1 (de) | 2011-06-09 |
EP1813698A1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
US20080164334A1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US20060083491A1 (en) | 2006-04-20 |
US20080302784A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
ATE507322T1 (de) | 2011-05-15 |
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