CN1742186A - 一种制冷方法以及液化天然气的生产 - Google Patents

一种制冷方法以及液化天然气的生产 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1742186A
CN1742186A CNA2003801091205A CN200380109120A CN1742186A CN 1742186 A CN1742186 A CN 1742186A CN A2003801091205 A CNA2003801091205 A CN A2003801091205A CN 200380109120 A CN200380109120 A CN 200380109120A CN 1742186 A CN1742186 A CN 1742186A
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cooler
gas
flow
cooling
heat
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保罗·威廉·布里奇伍德
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LNG INTERNAT Pty Ltd
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LNG INTERNAT Pty Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0229—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock
    • F25J1/0231—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock for the working-up of the hydrocarbon feed, e.g. reinjection of heavier hydrocarbons into the liquefied gas
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
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    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
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Abstract

一种利用制冷循环的、用于液化天然气生产的方法，所述方法的特征在于以下步骤：i)对天然气气流进行预处理；ii)对所得到的预处理后的气流或者所述制冷循环中的制冷剂气流中的一个或全部进行冷却；以及iii)对所述天然气进行液化。

Description

一种制冷方法以及液化天然气的生产
发明领域
本发明通常涉及一种制冷方法。更特别地，本发明的制冷方法具有在液化天然气的生产中的特殊应用。
背景技术
概括来说，用于生产液化天然气(以下称为“LNG”)的传统过程包括天然气预处理阶段和气体液化阶段。需要预处理阶段来去除气流中在冷冻温度下将会冻结固体的成分。出于这一原因被去除的成分的例子为二氧化碳、硫化氢、重烃和水。典型地在吸收处理过程(例如使用胺)和/或膜处理过程中去除二氧化碳和/或硫化氢；通过冷却和冷凝去除重烃；并且在脱水处理过程(例如使用分子筛)中去除水。这种预处理可能会需要或导致气体被加热至约50℃。
传统处理过程的液化阶段包括低温热交换和制冷。预处理阶段提供通过热交换器和膨胀阀的“柔性干燥(sweet dry)”的气体，在此气体被冷却至约-150℃(这取决于气体的成分和贮藏压力)、被液化并被传输至贮藏库。已有多种使用各种制冷剂和各种处理过程的制冷方法被人们所熟知。
在现有技术的一个实施例中(典型地用于小规模设备)，制冷步骤包括标准压缩、气冷或水冷以及膨胀器循环(expander cycle)中的各个步骤，其中大部分制冷由再循环流的等熵膨胀提供。涡轮膨胀器-压缩机被用于从气体膨胀中重新获得能量并且制冷剂在主气体驱动的增压压缩机中被进一步压缩。温的制冷剂在进入膨胀循环之前被通过冷的制冷剂气体预冷却，以使得可以达到需要的冷冻温度。
在现有技术的另一个实施例中(典型地用于较大的设备)，设置有两个制冷循环。每个循环具有自己的压缩机驱动(传统地使用燃气涡轮，但是同样可以使用由燃气涡轮发生器提供能量的电力驱动)。“第一”循环被用于预冷却天然气以及预冷却“第二”较低温度的循环。用于第一循环的制冷剂典型地使用丙烷或者混合制冷剂。
目前用于生产上述LNG所典型使用的处理过程具有相当大的能量需求以用于天然气的冷却和液化。可选地，如果选择了能量使用效率更高的处理过程，则该处理过程在创办资本成本方面将非常昂贵。这一能量由使用原动机(例如燃气涡轮、内燃机和/或电动机)的机械传动提供以驱动压缩机用于必需的制冷处理过程。原动机固有地具有非常低的效率，并且众所周知其典型地仅能将作为燃料提供的能量的25％-40％转换为对于制冷处理过程有用的压缩功。能量的大部分以热的形式损失在大气中。这样，目前用于LNG生产的可用的处理过程是效率很低的。
在众所周知的LNG处理过程中，原料天然气在液化前被典型地预处理以去除二氧化碳、重烃和水。该预处理需要在溶剂吸收或者膜系统中进行加热。结果，需要更多的制冷能量来液化天然气。
本发明的用于生产液化天然气的方法的一个目的是基本上解决现有技术的上述问题，或者至少提供一种可用的选择。
在整个说明书中，除非上下文的需要，否则单词“包括(comprise)”或者其变形例如“包括(comprises)”或“包括(comprising)”将被理解为暗示出一个规定的整体或者一组整体，但是并不排除任何其他的整体或者一组整体。
对背景技术的以上讨论仅是用来便于对本发明的理解。应该意识到，以上讨论不是确认或者承认这样的情况，即，在本申请的优先权日时，所引用的任何材料在澳大利亚或者任何其它国家和/或地区是公知的普通常识。
发明内容
根据本发明，它提供了一种利用制冷循环来生产液化天然气的方法，所述方法的特征在于以下步骤：
i)对天然气气流进行预处理；
ii)对所得到的预处理后的气流或者所述制冷循环中的制冷剂气流中的一个或全部进行冷却；以及
iii)对所述天然气进行液化。
优选地，所述冷却步骤可至少部分地由来自于所述液化步骤的废热(waste heat)驱动。所述废热可以包括来自主燃气机(gas engine)或者涡轮驱动压缩机的热的冷却水(jacket water)和/或热的废气。另外，热量也可以由原动机、压缩机、火花(flare)燃烧或者其它废气或废液的燃烧、以及太阳能这一组中的一个或多个提供。
优选地，来自于所述液化步骤的废热被至少部分地用于所述气体预处理步骤。
所述冷却步骤可以进一步冷凝所述预处理的天然气气流的某些成分。以这种方式冷凝的所述天然气气流的成分可以包括水、重烃和/或二氧化碳。
更优选地，所述冷却步骤将所述气流的温度冷却到约-80℃到10℃。对所述经过预处理的气流的冷却优选地以多个阶段进行，从而允许选择性地冷凝和去除气流中的各种成分。
对所述制冷剂气流的冷却可以导致制冷剂气体中的一些成分的冷凝。由此形成的液体可以被抽出并且被闪蒸(flash)，以提高传统的混合制冷剂循环的效率。
更优选地，所述冷却步骤利用溴化锂或者氨吸收冷却器。
在本发明的一种形式中，在所述冷却步骤和所述液化步骤之间增设有涡轮膨胀器或者“JT”阀或者喷嘴装置，以进一步冷却所述天然气气流。
根据本发明，它进一步提供了一种用于生产液化天然气的装置，所述装置包括用于去除二氧化碳的吸收和/或膜组件、用于去除水的脱水组件、液化组件、至少一个冷却器以及至少一个制冷压缩机组件，所述冷却器被设置用以冷却待被液化的所述天然气气流。
在本发明的一种形式中，所述液化组件进一步包括将所述冷却器设置用于在使来自于溶剂吸收和脱水组件的预处理的天然气气流通过低温热交换器之前对所述气流进行冷却。
在本发明的另一种形式中，所述冷却器被设置在所述胺和/或膜组件之前或者作为所述胺和/或膜组件的一部分，从而协助所述天然气气流的预处理。所述冷却器可以包括一个或多个冷却器级。
在本发明的又一种形式中，所述冷却器被设置在所述制冷循环中以提高其效率。所述冷却器可以既被设置在所述天然气气流中又被设置在制冷组件中，或者设置在其中任意一个中。
优选地，所述冷却器可被来自于所述制冷压缩机组件或者各个制冷压缩机组件的废热所驱动。所述废热还可以被送往胺组件以用于所述胺的再生，并且/或者可被送往脱水组件以用于其中所使用的分子筛的再生。
所述冷却器可以胺吸收冷却器或者溴化锂吸收冷却器的形式提供。所述胺吸收冷却器优选地将所述气流冷却至约-30℃到-80℃，而所述溴化锂吸收冷却器将所述气流冷却至约0℃到10℃。
在所述冷却器的下游可增设有涡轮膨胀器或“JT”阀或者喷嘴装置。
根据本发明，它还进一步提供了一种制冷方法，在该方法中，废热被用于在处理流(process stream)中进行冷却，从而减少制冷负载。
在本发明的一种形式中，所述制冷方法被用于空气分离设备(airseparation plant)中。在本发明的另一种形式中，所述制冷方法被用于LPG提取处理中。在本发明的又一种形式中，所述制冷方法被用于预处理所述气体。
附图的简要说明
现在将仅以举例的方式参照其一个实施方案以及附图来描述本发明，其中：
图1是根据本发明所述用于生产液化天然气的方法的示意性流程图；
图2是图1的方法的一个实施方案的示意性图示；
图3是使用氨吸收冷却器的本发明的方法的压力焓图，其中冷却步骤将天然气气流冷却至约-50℃；
图4是在图2和图3的方法中的温度与焓的关系的曲线图，其表明了吸收冷却器在全部制冷负载下的效果；以及
图5是根据本发明第二个实施方案所述的用于生产液化天然气的方法的示意性流程图；
实现本发明的优选方式
图1中示出了根据本发明的用于生产液化天然气的处理过程10。处理过程10主要包括使天然气原料气体12通过气体预处理步骤14，然后使气流通过冷却器(chiller)16。在气流经过液化阶段18之前，冷却器16将气流冷却至约-50℃，最后生产出液化天然气(“LNG”)产品20。
如图1所示，来自于液化阶段18的废热被冷却器16和预处理步骤14所利用。
与图1相比，图2中更为详细地显示了处理过程10。
天然气气流12经过包含了胺组件22和脱水组件24的预处理步骤14的处理。胺组件22和脱水组件24分别从天然气气流12中去除二氧化碳和水。一般地说，预处理步骤14需要用来去除天然气气流12中的某些部分，这些部分若不被去除则将会在液化步骤18中的冷冻温度下冻结。预处理步骤14通常需要天然气气流12被加热至约50℃。这样，这一步骤需要更强的冷却以及更多的能量以在随后的液化步骤18中最终达到液化温度。
液化步骤18至少包括图2中所示的液化组件26的大部分，液化组件26包括主低温热交换器28和一个或多个膨胀压缩机30并且具有制冷循环32。制冷循环32进一步包括一个或多个制冷压缩机组件34。
液化组件18提供了通过LNG分离器39被传送到一个或多个LNG罐36的LNG。
由预处理步骤14制造的柔性干燥(sweet dry)的天然气通过热交换器28和膨胀阀38，并在此被冷却至-150℃左右并且在传送至LNG罐36之前被液化。LNG分离器产生了少量的闪蒸气体(flash gas)39，闪蒸气体39被用作制冷循环32的补充气体(make-up gas)、被用作再生气体40并且最终被用作压缩机驱动34的燃料气体41。
制冷循环32包括多级压缩、气冷或水冷以及膨胀循环，其主要的制冷由再循环液流的等熵膨胀提供。来自于气体膨胀的能量被重新利用于涡轮膨胀器-压缩机中，并且制冷剂在主燃气机或者涡轮驱动的增压压缩机中被进一步压缩。温的制冷剂在进入膨胀器之前通过冷的制冷剂气体被预冷却，从而可以在热交换器28中得到所需的冷冻温度。
冷却器16被设置为嵌于预处理步骤14和液化组件18之间，或者在二者的上游。冷却步骤16可以通过溴化锂吸收冷却器(其将天然气气流冷却至约10℃)或者氨吸收冷却器(其将天然气冷却至约-50℃)来实现，或者可通过这些方法的结合来实现。从申请人的经验来说，与现有技术相比，这种在热交换器28之前对天然气气流进行的冷却可使液化/制冷设备的负载显著减少约50％。
冷却器步骤16利用了废热42，其包括来自主燃气机压缩机驱动34的热的冷却水(jacket water)和/或热的废气。这一加热系统还可以被用于再生出胺和/或在天然气气流进入膜之前对其进行预热并且/或者加热脱水组件24的分子筛所需的再生气体。在被用作压缩机驱动34的燃料之前，压缩机排出的热的干燥的制冷剂气体也可以被用于再生脱水组件24的分子筛。
其它的热量也可以在冷却器步骤16中得到利用，该热量可以从例如以下的热量中获得，即，来自例如其它原动机的(例如那些用于产生能量的原动机)废热、来自压缩来自火花或者其它废气或废液的燃烧的热量、太阳能，等等。
还应该理解的是，根据天然气气流12的组成，本发明的处理过程10的其他的益处在于，冷却步骤16可以冷凝某些成分，包括重烃、LPG、水、硫化氢和/或二氧化碳。这些冷凝的成分可以作为有用的产品流或者可以有助于预处理过程本身。另外，来自于LNG分离器37的闪蒸气体39具有高的氮含量，从而提高LNG产品20的热值。此外，由于闪蒸气体39是十分干燥的(bone dry)，因此它特别适合用作再生气体40，并且由于其所具有的高的甲烷量，使得其特别适合用作压缩机驱动34中的燃料气体41。
图3中显示了本发明的处理过程10压力焓(pressure enthalpy)图，该处理过程使用氨吸收冷却器将天然气气流冷却至约-50℃，然后利用后续的膨胀器或者“JT”阀38(如图2所示)以进一步预冷却天然气气流。应该认识到，也可在氨回路中添加诸如真空压缩机(未示出)的压缩机以进一步预冷却天然气。
图4中显示了温度相对于来自于热交换器28的焓的曲线图，其证明了由于将天然气气流冷却至约-50℃的吸收冷却器16的存在，热交换器的制冷负载显著减少。
应该认识到可以使用不只一个冷却器步骤16。该冷却器步骤或者各个冷却器步骤16可以额外地由除以上描述的制冷压缩机组件以外的热源来驱动。
应该进一步认识到该冷却器步骤16或者各个冷却器步骤16可以利用除了以上描述的氨和溴化锂以外的流体。
图5中显示了根据本发明的第二个实施方案的用于生产LNG的处理过程100。处理过程100基本上类似于以上描述的处理过程10，并且相同的标号表示相同的部分和步骤。
重要地，多个冷却器102被设置在处理流中，每个冷却器由来自于制冷循环32的废热来驱动。冷却器102被设置在气体预处理步骤14中，其紧随每步二氧化碳的去除和干燥之后，并且紧接地处在制冷循环32的热交换器28之前。正如以前注意到的，天然气气流12的这种分阶段的冷却允许对其中各种成分进行选择性的冷凝和去除。在制冷循环32中，冷却器102被用于冷却混合的制冷剂。
用于生产LNG的处理过程10和100都利用了来自于制冷循环的废热以产生所需的热和冷，从而与现有技术的处理过程相比增加了LNG生产过程的效率。举例来说，现有技术中的LNG处理过程通过将热量散发到大气中而损失了能量。本发明利用废热来冷却天然气和/或制冷剂，从而提高该处理过程的效率、减少资本费用和生产费用、减少温室气体的排放以及简化处理过程。可选地，在较低的资本费用下可以达到与现有技术的处理过程相类似的效率。
应该认识到本发明的处理过程可以广泛地应用于各种制冷处理过程，包括那些用在空气分离设备以及LPG提取过程中的制冷处理过程，从而提供与废热的利用相关的类似的优点。各个这些处理过程都需要制冷并且废热可再次被用于使流冷却，从而改善效率并且降低成本。
应该进一步认识到上述制冷处理过程可被用于更新现有的低效的LNG或空气分离设备。
对于熟练的技术人员来说显而易见的修改和变化被认为是在本发明的范围之内。

Claims (26)

1.一种利用制冷循环来生产液化天然气的方法，所述方法的特征在于以下步骤：
i)对天然气气流进行预处理；
ii)对所得到的预处理后的气流或者所述制冷循环中的制冷剂气流中的一个或全部进行冷却；以及
iii)对所述天然气进行液化。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述冷却步骤至少部分地由来自于所述液化步骤的废热驱动。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其中所述废热包括来自主燃气机或者涡轮驱动的压缩机的热的冷却水和/或热的废气。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中热量由原动机、压缩机、火花燃烧或者其它废气或废液的燃烧、以及太阳能这一组中的一个或多个提供。
5.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，其中来自于所述液化步骤的废热被至少部分地用于所述气体预处理步骤。
6.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，所述冷却步骤冷凝所述经过预处理的天然气气流的某些成分。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中以这种方式被冷凝的所述天然气气流的成分包括水、重烃和/或二氧化碳中的一种或多种。
8.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，其中所述冷却步骤将所述气流的温度冷却到约-80℃到10℃。
9.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，其中对所述经过预处理的气流的冷却以多个阶段进行，从而允许选择性地冷凝和去除气流中的各种成分。
10.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，其中对所述制冷剂气流的冷却导致制冷剂气体中的一些成分的冷凝，由此形成的液体被抽出并且被闪蒸，以提高传统的混合制冷剂循环的效率。
11.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，其中所述冷却步骤利用溴化锂或者氨吸收冷却器。
12.如上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的方法，在所述冷却步骤和所述液化步骤之间增设有涡轮膨胀器或者“JT”阀或者喷嘴装置，以进一步冷却所述天然气气流。
13.一种用于生产液化天然气的装置，所述装置的特征在于：用于去除二氧化碳的吸收和/或膜组件、用于去除水的脱水组件、液化组件、至少一个冷却器以及至少一个制冷压缩机组件，所述冷却器被设置用以冷却待被液化的所述天然气气流。
14.如权利要求13所述的装置，其中所述液化组件进一步包括将所述冷却器设置用于在使来自于溶剂吸收和脱水组件的预处理的天然气气流通过低温热交换器之前对所述气流进行冷却。
15.如权利要求13或14所述的装置，其中所述冷却器被设置在所述胺和/或膜组件之前或者作为所述胺和/或膜组件的一部分，从而协助所述天然气气流的预处理。
16.如权利要求13至15中任意一项所述的装置，其中所述冷却器包括一个或多个冷却器级。
17.如权利要求13至16中任意一项所述的装置，其中所述冷却器被设置在所述制冷循环中以提高其效率。
18.如权利要求13至16中任意一项所述的装置，其中所述冷却器既被设置在所述天然气气流中又被设置在制冷循环中，或者设置在其中任意一个中。
19.如权利要求13至18中任意一项所述的装置，其中所述冷却器由来自于所述制冷压缩机组件或者各个制冷压缩机组件的废热驱动。
20.如权利要求19所述的装置，其中废热还被送往所述胺组件以用于胺的再生，并且/或者被送往所述脱水组件以用于其中所使用的分子筛的再生。
21.如权利要求13至20中任意一项所述的装置，其中所述冷却器以胺吸收冷却器或者溴化锂吸收冷却器的形式提供。
22.如权利要求21所述的装置，其中所述胺吸收冷却器将所述气流冷却至约-30℃到-80℃，而所述溴化锂吸收冷却器将所述气流冷却至约0℃到10℃。
23.如权利要求13至22中任意一项所述的装置，其中在所述冷却器的下游增设有涡轮膨胀器或“JT”阀或者喷嘴装置。
24.一种制冷方法，该方法利用废热来冷却处理流从而减少制冷负载。
25.如权利要求24所述的制冷方法，其中所述制冷方法被应用在空气分离设备中或者应用在LPG提取处理中。
26.如权利要求24或25所述的制冷方法，其中所述制冷方法被用于预处理所述气体。
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CN109181799A (zh) * 2018-07-30 2019-01-11 杜宏鹏 一种低温脱除天然气中水和co2的装置
CN109181799B (zh) * 2018-07-30 2020-12-25 杜宏鹏 一种低温脱除天然气中水和co2的装置
CN109097122A (zh) * 2018-09-21 2018-12-28 四川贵源石油化工工程有限公司 湿气直吹天然气低温脱水脱烃工艺
CN114426893A (zh) * 2020-09-22 2022-05-03 中国石油化工股份有限公司 基于气波制冷技术的天然气脱水装置及方法

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AU2003900327A0 (en) 2003-02-06
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