CN1652866A - Plasma-assisted carburizing - Google Patents

Plasma-assisted carburizing Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1652866A
CN1652866A CNA038102684A CN03810268A CN1652866A CN 1652866 A CN1652866 A CN 1652866A CN A038102684 A CNA038102684 A CN A038102684A CN 03810268 A CN03810268 A CN 03810268A CN 1652866 A CN1652866 A CN 1652866A
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plasma
carbon
chamber
catalyst
radiation
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CNA038102684A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1302843C (en
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D·库马尔
S·库马尔
M·L·大多尔蒂
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BTU International Inc
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Dana Inc
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/202—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means using microwaves
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    • H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
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Abstract

The invention discloses a surface area system of carburizing object and the method, wherein, the method is as follow: electromagnetic radiation produced by a radiation source (52) is acted on gas; the plasma comprising carbon is stimulated with the existence of plasma catalyst (70); the surface area of the object is exposed in plasma for enough time; at least part of carbon is moved to the object from plasma through the first surface area.

Description

Plasma-assisted carburizing
The cross reference of related application
The application requires the priority of following U.S. Provisional Patent Application: the No.60/378 of application on May 8th, 2002, the No.60/430 of application on December 4th, 693,2002,677, the No.60/435 of application on December 23rd, 2002,278, be incorporated herein its whole contents as a reference.
Technical field
The present invention relates to the system and method for carburizing.More particularly, the present invention relates to the system and method that excites, regulate and keep the plasma in the gas with plasma catalyst, and plasma is used for carburizing process.
Background technology
Carburizing is a kind of surperficial hardening process of well-known.This process comprises carbon is diffused in the mild steel alloy to form the high-carbon steel surface.The carbon of diffusion alloy reaction common and steel is strengthened the hardness on steel surface.Carburizing can cause a kind of parts with high surface hardness and soft kernel.Therefore, carburizing can be particularly useful aspect the high wearing terrain of processing such as gear and axle.The case hardness of strengthening can provide the ideal characterisitics that the suitable opposing of friction and gouging abrasion be need not the sacrificial body material.
Carbon diffuses into the degree of depth of steel and can control with the time that is exposed to the carbon containing environment by the temperature of parts.The most common, the parts of carburizing are heated to desirable carburizing temperature in smelting furnace in comprising the environment of carbon.After the carburizing, or slowly cooling is so that follow-up quench hardening, or directly puts into various gaseous states or the liquid quenching device quenches.
Though known method for carburizing can obtain acceptable case hardness level, these methods have comprised several shortcomings.For example, parts can be by carburizing in a kind of air carburizer, yet the heating of the little or thin part of these parts is usually faster than the remainder of this parts surface.The result is that these parts can show than the higher hardness of other parts of parts.In addition, the air carburizer is usually slow and lack the ability of accurate control assembly temperature.
Carburizing also can be carried out in vacuum drying oven.In this system, parts can be placed in the vacuum chamber, and this vacuum chamber is evacuated then.These parts are heated to a desirable temperature and a kind of carburizing gas and can be replenished in this vacuum chamber.Though this method can produce the surface with uniform rigidity value, set up and maintain vacuum environment required in the carburizing process and remain expense costliness and consuming time.
Also can be by component exposed is carried out carburizing in a kind of plasma of carbon containing.Though the plasma carburising method can provide the efficiency of heating surface than the potential raising of conventional furnaces method for carburizing, these plasma carbonizing methods have comprised uses expensive vacuum device that required vacuum environment is provided.In addition, the generation of carburizing plasma need apply the DC of several hectovolts usually between workpiece and negative electrode (for example, chamber).
The invention solves and known carburizing system and/or the relevant one or more problems of method.
Summary of the invention
One aspect of the present invention comprises a kind of plasma householder method that is used for carburizing object first surface zone.This method is included under the situation that plasma catalyst exists and excites the carburizing plasma by making gas be subjected to the microwave radiation, wherein plasma comprises carbon, and object first surface zone is exposed to one sufficiently long period in this plasma, with from plasma with at least a portion carbon by the first surface zone-transfer to this object.
Second aspect of the present invention comprises a kind of system that is used for the plasma-assisted carburizing object.This system comprises plasma catalyst, wherein be formed with the container in chamber, and wherein in the chamber, exist under the situation of plasma catalyst and come activated plasma, and the electromagnetic radiation source that is connected to the chamber is to introduce the chamber with radiation by making gas be subjected to electromagnetic radiation (for example, the microwave radiation).
The present invention also provides the multiple plasma catalyst that is used for according to plasma-assisted carburizing process of the present invention.
Description of drawings
Further feature of the present invention will become by the detailed description below in conjunction with accompanying drawing obviously, and wherein identical label is represented identical parts, wherein:
Fig. 1 represents the schematic diagram according to carburizing plasma system of the present invention;
Figure 1A represents the embodiment according to part carburizing plasma system of the present invention, and this system is by exciting, regulate or keep the plasma in the chamber to plasma chamber adding powder plasma body catalyst;
Fig. 2 represents that according to plasma catalyst fiber of the present invention, at least a composition of this fiber has concentration gradient along its length direction;
Fig. 3 represents that according to plasma catalyst fiber of the present invention the multiple composition of this fiber is pressed rate of change along its length;
Fig. 4 represents that according to another plasma catalyst fiber of the present invention this fiber comprises internal layer nuclear core and coating;
Fig. 5 represents the sectional view of plasma catalyst fiber shown in Figure 4 according to the present invention along the line 5-5 of Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 represents the embodiment according to another part of plasma system of the present invention, and this plasma based turnkey is drawn together the elongation type plasma catalyst that extends through exciting port;
Fig. 7 represents the elongation type plasma catalyst that uses according to the present invention in the system of Fig. 6
Embodiment;
Fig. 8 represents another embodiment of the elongation type plasma catalyst that uses according to the present invention in the system of Fig. 6; And
Fig. 9 represents the embodiment according to part plasma system of the present invention, is used for plasma chamber is introduced in radiation.
The specific embodiment
The invention provides the method and system that is used for plasma-assisted carburizing.Use can excite, regulates and keep the carburizing plasma according to plasma catalyst of the present invention.
Be incorporated herein following own together and simultaneously the application U.S. Patent application full content as a reference: U.S. Patent application
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0008)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0009)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0010)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0012)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0013)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0015)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0016)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0017)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0018)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0020)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0021)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0023)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0024)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0025)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0026)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0027)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0028)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0029)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0030)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0032)，
No.10/＿，＿(Atty.Docket?No.1837.0033)。
The explanation of plasma system
Fig. 1 represents carburizing system 10 according to an aspect of the present invention.In this embodiment, form chamber 12 at the container that is arranged in radial chamber (being radiator (applicator)) 14 inside.(not shown) in another embodiment, container 12 and radial chamber 14 are same, thereby do not need two independently parts.The container that is formed with chamber 12 therein can comprise one or more radiation transmissions (for example, microwave transmission) dividing plate, makes chamber 12 need not radiation-screening significantly to improve its thermal insulation properties.
In one embodiment, chamber 12 forms in the container of being made by pottery.Owing to can reach very high temperature according to plasma of the present invention, therefore can use to work in to surpass 2000 degrees Fahrenheits, the pottery of for example about 3000 degrees Fahrenheits.Ceramic material can comprise that percentage by weight is 29.8% silicon, 68.2% aluminium, 0.4% iron oxide, 1% titanium, 0.1% calcium oxide, 0.1% magnesia, 0.4% alkali metal, this ceramic material is Model No.LW-30, and by Pennsylvania, the New Castle Refractories company of NewCastle sells.Yet those of ordinary skill in the art as can be known, also can use other material according to the present invention, for example quartzy and those and above-mentioned different material.
In the experiment of a success, plasma is formed in the chamber of part opening, binds in the first brick shape thing and with the second brick shape thing in this chamber.The chamber is of a size of about 2 inches * about 2 inches * about 1.5 inches.At least have two holes that are communicated with the chamber in brick shape thing: one is used for observing plasma, and at least one is used for supplying with the gas that forms plasma.The size and dimension in chamber depends on wants the plasma process that carries out.In addition, thus the chamber should be arranged to prevent plasma rising/drift at least and leave main treatment region.
Chamber 12 can link to each other with one or more gas sources 24 (for example gas sources such as argon gas, nitrogen, hydrogen, xenon, krypton gas) with control valve 22 by pipeline 20, provides energy by power supply 28.Pipeline 20 can be anyly can transport gas but enough narrow in to stop the pipeline of a great deal of microwave radiation leakage.For example, pipeline 20 can be tubulose (for example between about 1/16 inch and about 1/4 inch, as about 1/8 inch).And if desired, vavuum pump can link to each other with the chamber and take any unwanted gas that produces away in plasma treatment.In one embodiment, can flow into and/or exhaust chamber 12 by the one or more slits gas in the multi-part container.Therefore, gas port of the present invention does not need special hole, can be other forms, as many little distributed apertures yet.
A radiation leakage detector (not shown) is installed near source 26 and the waveguide 30, and links to each other with safety interlock system, if when detecting leakage rate and surpassing predetermined safety value, for example by FCC and/or OSHA (5mW/cm for example 2) value of regulation, just close width of cloth radio source (for example microwave) automatically.
Provide the radiation source 26 of energy chamber 14 to be introduced in radiation by one or more waveguides 30 by power supply 28.Will be understood by those skilled in the art that radiation source 26 can directly link chamber 14 or chamber 12, thus cancellation waveguide 30.The radiation that enters chamber 12 can be used for exciting the plasma in the chamber.Radiation by will be additional for example microwave radiation combines with catalyst and can fully keep this plasma and it is limited in the chamber.
Provide radiation by circulator 32 and tuner 34 (for example, 3 logical short-term (3-stub) tuners).Tuner 34 is used for making as change and excites or the reflection of the function of treatment conditions can reduce to minimum, particularly before plasma forms, because microwave energy for example will be by the plasma strong absorption.
As following more detailed description, support multimodes as fruit caving 14, especially sustainable or when periodically mixing when these moulds, the position in the radiation transmission chamber 12 that chamber 14 is interior is unimportant.For example, motor 36 can link to each other with mould blender 38, makes time averaging radiant energy distribution roughly even in chamber 14.And window 40 (for example quartz window) can be arranged on the wall in chamber 14 of adjacent cavities 12, enables to come processing in the observation chamber 12 with temperature sensor 42 (for example leucoscope).In one embodiment, leucoscope has an output voltage, and it can change with variation of temperature in some tracking ranges.
Sensor 42 can produce as the temperature of associated workpiece (not shown) in the chamber 12 or the output signal of the function of other condition that can monitor arbitrarily, and this signal is supplied with controller 44.Also can adopt double temperature induction and heating, and the automatic gentle current control of cooling velocity.This controller 44 is used for controlling the operation of power supply 28 again, and it has an output that links to each other with above-mentioned radiation source 26 and enters the output that the valve 22 in chamber 12 links to each other with another and control air-flow.
Although can use any radiation less than about 333GHz frequency, the present invention adopts the 915MHz and the 2.45GHz microwave source that are provided by communication and energy industry (CPI) to obtain same success.2.45GHz system continue to provide from about 0.5 kilowatt to about 5.0 kilowatts variable microwave energy.3 logical stub tuners make impedance and ceiling capacity transmission be complementary, and have adopted the input/output port (not shown in figure 1) of measuring incident and reflected energy.
As mentioned above, can use any radiation according to the present invention less than about 333GHz frequency.For example, can adopt, may reduce so that help plasma exciatiaon although form the gas pressure of plasma such as the such frequency of energy line frequency (approximately 50Hz to 60Hz).In addition, according to the present invention, any radio frequency or microwave frequency can be used the frequency that comprises greater than about 100kHz.In most of the cases, the gas pressure that is used for these relative high frequency need be in order not excite, to regulate or keep plasma and reduce, thereby can realize multiple plasma treatment on atmospheric pressure and atmospheric pressure.
This device is with adopting LabVIEW The computer control of 6i software, it can provide real time temperature monitoring and microwave energy control.Reduce noise by the mean value smoothing processing of utilizing shift register to produce the right quantity data point.And for raising speed and computational efficiency, the data point number that stores in buffer array limits with shift register and buffer size adjustment.Pyrometer is measured the sensitizing range temperature of about 1cm2, is used to calculate mean temperature.Pyrometer is used to survey the radiation intensity of two wavelength, and utilizes these intensity levels of Planck law match to measure temperature.Yet, should know also to exist also and can use other apparatus and method that are used to monitor and control temperature according to the invention.For example,, the operable control software according to the present invention has been described among _ (the Attorney DorketNo.1837.0033), has been incorporated herein its whole contents as a reference at U.S. Patent application No.10/_ total and that file an application simultaneously.
Chamber 14 has several glass cover observation panel and quartz windows that are used to insert pyrometer with micro-wave screening.Although be not to use, also have several mouths that link to each other with gas source with vavuum pump.
System 10 comprises that also has the usefulness optional closed circulation deionized water cooling system (not shown) of water-cooled external heat exchanger from the beginning.In operation, deionized water is the cooling magnetron earlier, and the aquaporin cooling radial chamber on the outer surface that is welded on the chamber is flow through in then loading and unloading place of cool cycles device (being used for protecting magnetron) at last.
Plasma catalyst
Can comprise the material that one or more are different and can be inertia or activity according to plasma catalyst of the present invention.Be lower than, be equal to or greater than under the situation of atmospheric pressure at gas pressure, plasma catalyst can excite, regulate and/or keep the coating plasma in other material.
A kind of method that forms plasma according to the present invention can comprise is subjected to less than the approximately electromagnetic radiation of 333GHz frequency intracavity gas under the situation that the inert, plasma catalyst exists.Inert, plasma catalyst according to the present invention comprises any object that brings out plasma according to internal field of the present invention (for example electromagnetic field) distortion by making, and need not catalyst is applied additional energy, for example cause and spark by applying voltage.
Inert, plasma catalyst of the present invention also can be for example nano particle or nanotube.Here employed term " nano particle " comprises that the greatest physical size is semiconductive any particle less than about 100nm at least.And, mix and the CNT of plain, solid wall and compound wall especially effective owing to their unusual electric conductivity and elongated shape to activated plasma of the present invention.This nanotube can have the length of any appropriate and can be fixed on the substrate with Powdered.If fixing, when plasma exciatiaon or when keeping, this nanotube can be on the surface of substrate arbitrary orientation or be fixed to (for example with some predetermined directions) on the substrate.
Inert, plasma of the present invention also can be a powder for example, and needn't comprise nano particle or nanotube.For example it can form fiber, powder dust particle, thin slice, thin plate etc.When powdered form, catalyst can at least temporarily be suspended in the gas.If necessary, by with powder suspension in gas, powder just can be distributed to whole chamber and easier being consumed rapidly.
In one embodiment, fine catalyst can be loaded in the carburizing chamber and at least temporarily be suspended in the carrier gas.Carrier gas can be identical or different with the gas that forms plasma.And powder can add in the gas before introducing the chamber.For example, shown in Figure 1A, radiation source 52 can apply radiation to the electromagnetic radiation chamber 55 that is provided with plasma chamber 60 (carrying out carburizing therein).Powder source 65 is supplied with air-flow 75 with catalyst fines 70.In an optional embodiment, powder 70 can add chamber 60 in bulk (for example a pile) mode earlier, is distributed in the chamber in any kind of mode then, comprises that gas flow passes or cross this bulk powder.In addition, can powder be added to be used for exciting, regulating or keep the coating plasma in the gas by moving, carry, spread down, spray, blow or otherwise powder is sent into or is distributed in the chamber.
In an experiment, plasma is excited in the chamber by a pile carbon fiber powder is set in stretching into the copper pipe in chamber.Although there are enough radiation to be introduced in the chamber, the radiation that copper pipe shielding powder is subjected to and plasma exciatiaon does not take place.Yet, in case carrier gas begins to flow into copper pipe, to impel powder to flow out copper pipe and enter in the chamber, thereby make powder be subjected to radiation, almost moment excites plasma in the chamber.
Fine catalyst according to the present invention does not fire basically, and it does not just need to comprise oxygen or need not burn under the situation that oxygen exists like this.As mentioned above, this catalyst can comprise metal, carbon, C-base alloy, carbon back compound, conducting polymer, conductive silicon rubber elastomer, polymer nanocomposite, organic-inorganic composite body and its any combination.
And fine catalyst can distribute (for example being suspended in the gas) uniformly substantially in plasma chamber, and plasma exciatiaon can accurately control in the chamber.Evenly exciting is very important in some applications, is included in to require in the of short duration application of plasma exposure time, for example with the form of one or more outbursts.Also needing the regular hour is evenly distributed in the whole chamber fine catalyst itself, especially in the chamber of the multi-cavity of complexity.Thereby according to another aspect of the present invention, the powder plasma body can be introduced in the chamber so that form more uniform catalyst distribution (as follows) therein quickly by a plurality of exciting ports.
Except powder, inert, plasma catalyst according to the present invention also can comprise, for example, fiber, thin slice, pin, line, rope, filament, yarn, cord, wood shavings, sliver, fragment, litzendraht wire, band, palpus or its any mixture of one or more microcosmic or macroscopic view.In these cases, plasma catalyst can have a part at least, and a physical size of this part is basically greater than another physical size.For example, the ratio between at least two vertical dimensions was at least about 1: 2, also can be greater than about 1: 5 or even greater than about 1: 10.
Therefore, the inert, plasma catalyst can comprise that at least a portion compares relative thin material with its length.Also can use catalyst bundle (for example fiber), it comprises for example one section graphite tape.In an experiment, successfully used one section have about 30,000 strands of graphite fibres, per share diameter is about the band of 2-3 micron.Internal fiber quantity and bundle are long unimportant concerning exciting, regulate or keep plasma.For example, obtain satisfied result with one section about 1/4 inch long graphite tape.Successfully having used a kind of carbon fiber according to the present invention is by Salt Lake City, and the trade mark that the Hexcel company of Utah sells is Magnamite Model No.AS4C-GP3K.In addition, also successfully used silicon carbide fibre.
Inert, plasma catalyst according to a further aspect of the present invention can comprise one or more as basic be sphere, annular, taper, cube, plane body, cylindrical, rectangle or the part of extending shape.
Above-mentioned inert, plasma catalyst comprises that at least a is semiconductive material at least.In one embodiment, this material has strong electric conductivity.For example, inert, plasma catalyst according to the present invention can comprise metal, inorganic material, carbon, C-base alloy, carbon back compound, conductive polymer, conductive silicon rubber elastomer, polymer/nanometer compound, organic-inorganic composite body or its any combination.Some possible inorganic material that can be included in the plasma catalyst comprise carbon, carborundum, molybdenum, platinum, tantalum, tungsten and aluminium, though believe also and can use other conducting inorganic material.
Except one or more conductive materials, inert, plasma catalyst of the present invention also can comprise one or more additives (not requiring electric conductivity).As used herein, this additive can comprise that the user wants to add any material of plasma.For example in the doping process of semiconductor and other materials, can add one or more adulterants to plasma by catalyst.Referring to, for example, the total U.S. Patent application No.10/_ that also files an application simultaneously, _ (Attorney DorketNo.1837.0026) is incorporated herein its whole contents as a reference.Catalyst can comprise adulterant itself or, it can comprise the precursor material that can produce adulterant after the decomposition.Therefore, according to the plasma compound and the use plasma treatment of final expectation, plasma catalyst can comprise one or more additives and one or more conductive materials with the ratio of any desired.
The conductive compositions in the inert, plasma catalyst and the ratio of additive are along with its time that is consumed changes.For example, at duration of exciting, the conductive compositions that plasma catalyst can require to comprise big percentage is improved shooting condition.On the other hand, if use when keeping plasma, catalyst can comprise the additive of big percentage.It can be identical that the general logical technical staff in this area is used to excite with the component ratio of the plasma catalyst of keeping plasma as can be known.
Predetermined ratio distributes and can be used to simplify many plasma treatment.In the plasma treatment of many routines, the composition in the plasma increases as required, but such increase generally requires programmable device to come adding ingredient according to scheduled plan.Yet according to the present invention, the component ratio in the catalyst is variable, thereby the component ratio of plasma itself can change automatically.In other words, the component ratio at arbitrary special time plasma depends on the current catalyst member that is consumed by plasma.Therefore, the catalyst component ratio of the diverse location in catalyst can be different.And the component ratio of current plasma depends on catalyst member current and/or before consumption, when especially the gas flow rate in flowing through plasma chamber is slow.
Inert, plasma catalyst according to the present invention can be uniform, uneven or gradual change.And whole catalyst ionic medium body catalyst component ratio can continuous or discontinuous change.For example in Fig. 2, component ratio can steadily change the ratio gradient of formation along catalyst 100 length directions.Catalyst 100 can comprise the material that one contains one or more compositions of low concentration and increase concentration to section 110 continuously in section 105.
Selectively, as shown in Figure 3, can discontinuously change, for example comprise the alternately section 125 and 130 that concentration is different at each part ratio of catalyst 120.Will be appreciated that catalyst 120 can have the form more than two sections.Therefore, the catalyst component ratio that is consumed by plasma can change with predetermined arbitrarily form.In one embodiment, monitored and when having detected special additive when plasma, can begin automatically or finish further to handle.
The another kind of method of the component ratio in the plasma that change is kept is by introducing the multiple catalyst with heterogeneity ratio with different rates at different time.For example, can in the chamber, introduce multiple catalyst with roughly the same position or diverse location.When diverse location was introduced, the plasma that forms in the chamber had the constituent concentration gradient by the different catalysts determining positions.Therefore, automated system can comprise be used for plasma exciatiaon, regulate and/or keep before the plasma and/or during mechanical insertion can consume the device of plasma catalyst.
Also can be coated according to inert, plasma catalyst of the present invention.In one embodiment, catalyst can comprise the non-conductive substantially coating that is deposited on basic conductive material surface.Perhaps, catalyst can comprise the basic conductive coating that is deposited on basic electrically non-conductive material surface.For example Figure 4 and 5 have represented to comprise the fiber 140 of internal layer 145 and coating 150.In one embodiment, for the oxidation of anti-blocking, plasma catalyst comprises the carbon core of nickel coating.
A kind of plasma catalyst also can comprise laminated coating.If coating is consumed during the contact plasma, this coating can be introduced plasma to innermost coating continuously from external coating, thereby forms (time-release) mechanism that discharges in limited time.Therefore, apply the material that plasma catalyst can comprise any amount, as long as the part catalyst is semiconductive at least.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, in order to reduce basically by catalyst or to prevent that radiant energy from leaking, plasma catalyst can be positioned at radial chamber fully.Like this, plasma catalyst can electric or magnetic be connected in the container that comprises the chamber or any conductive body outside the chamber.This can prevent the sparking of exciting port, and if prevent to be kept and may go out the chamber at electromagnetic radiation leakage subsequently at duration of exciting and plasma.In one embodiment, catalyst can be positioned at the nonconducting substantially extension end that stretches into exciting port.
For example, Fig. 6 is illustrated in the radial chamber 160 that wherein can be provided with plasma chamber 165.Plasma catalyst 170 can prolong and stretch into exciting port 175.As shown in Figure 7, catalyst according to the invention 170 can comprise the tip part 180 (being arranged in the chamber 160) and the non-conducting portion 185 (be arranged at basically outside the chamber 160, but can stretch into the chamber) of conduction.This structure has prevented be electrically connected (for example the sparking) between tip part 180 and the chamber 160.
In another embodiment as shown in Figure 8, catalyst is formed by a plurality of conductive segment 190, and described a plurality of conductive segment 190 are separated by a plurality of non-conductive fragments 195 and machinery is continuous with it.In this embodiment, catalyst can extend through point in the chamber and the exciting port between another point outside the chamber, but its electric discontinuous distribution has prevented from effectively to produce and sparks and energy leaks.
As a kind of replacement, can use the plasma active catalyst according to the present invention to above-mentioned inert, plasma catalyst.Use comprises according to the method that active catalyst of the present invention forms the carburizing plasma, under the situation that the plasma active catalyst exists, make the gas in the chamber be subjected to the electromagnetic radiation of frequency less than about 333GHz, this method produces or comprises at least a ionizing particle or ionising radiation.Be appreciated that inertia and plasma active catalyst all can be used for same carburizing process.
Plasma active catalyst according to the present invention can be can make gaseous atom or molecule lose any particle or the high energy ripple bag of at least one electronics to gaseous atom or the enough energy of molecule transmission under the situation that electromagnetic radiation exists.Utilize the source, ionising radiation and/or particle can be to focus on or the form of collimated beam directly be introduced the chamber, and perhaps they can be injected, ejection, sputter or alternate manner introduce.
For example, Fig. 9 represents that radiation source 200 introduces chamber 205 with radiation.Plasma chamber 210 can be arranged in the chamber 205 and allow gas to flow through mouth 215 and 216.Chamber 210 can be introduced with ionising radiation and/or particle 225 in source 220.Source 220 can be protected with the metallic shield that the ionization particle can pass, but has also shielded the radiation to source 220.If desired, source 220 can water-cooled.
Example according to ionising radiation of the present invention and/or particle can comprise x ray particle, gamma-rays particle, α particle, β particle, neutron, proton and combination arbitrarily thereof.Therefore, the ionizing particle catalyst can be electrically charged (for example from ionogenic ion) or neutral and can be the product of radioactive fission process.In one embodiment, the container that is formed with plasma chamber therein can see through the ionizing particle catalyst whole or in part.Therefore, when the radioactive fission source was positioned at outside the chamber, this source can guide fission product to pass container to come activated plasma.In order to prevent that substantially fission product (as the ionizing particle catalyst) from causing safety hazard, the radioactive fission source can be positioned at radial chamber.
In another embodiment, ionizing particle can be a free electron, but it needs not to be in the radioactive decay process and launches.For example, electronics can be introduced in the chamber by excitation electron source (as metal), and electronics has enough energy to overflow from this source like this.Electron source can be positioned at chamber, adjacent cavities or even on the wall of chamber.Those of ordinary skill in the art is the electron source of available any combination as can be known.The common method that produces electronics is a heating of metal, and these electronics further quicken by applying electric field energy.
Except that electronics, the free energy proton also can be used for catalyze plasma.In one embodiment, free proton can produce by ionization hydrogen, and is optionally quickened by electric field.
The multimode radial chamber
Radiated wave conduit, chamber or chamber are configured to support or be convenient to the propagation of at least a electromagnetic radiation mould.As used herein, any stagnation of Maxwell equation and applicable boundary condition (as the chamber) or the electromagnetic special shape of propagation are satisfied in term " mould " expression.In waveguide or chamber, this mould can be to propagate or stagnate any in may forms of electromagnetic field various.Every kind of mould is by the frequency of its electric field and/or magnetic vector and the sign that polarizes.The electromagnetic field form of mould depends on the geometry in frequency, refractive index or dielectric constant and waveguide or chamber.
Transverse electric (TE) mould is the mould of electric field intensity perpendicular to the direction of propagation.Similarly, horizontal magnetic (TM) mould is the mould of magnetic vector perpendicular to the direction of propagation.Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mould is that electric field and magnetic vector are all perpendicular to the mould of the direction of propagation.Hollow metallic waveguide is not generally supported the standard TEM mould of radiation propagation.As if although radiation is propagated along the length direction of waveguide, why it be that inwall by waveguide reflects at an angle like this.Therefore, according to propagating mode, radiation (for example microwave radiation) has some electric field compositions or some magnetic field compositions along waveguide axis (being often referred to the z axle).
It is the wherein stack of mould that actual field in chamber or waveguide distributes.Every kind of mould can be with one or more subscripts (as TE 10(" Tee ee one zero ")) expression.How many " half-waves " at guide wavelength are the subscript general remark contain in the x and y direction.Those of ordinary skill in the art's guide wavelength as can be known is different with the wavelength of free space, reflects at an angle because the radiation propagation in the waveguide is a inwall by waveguide.In some cases, can increase by the 3rd subscript defines along the half-wave quantity of z axle in the standing wave form.
For given radiation frequency, the size of waveguide can be selected enough for a short time so that it can support a kind of propagating mode.In this case, system is called as single-mode system (as the single mode radiator).TE in the rectangle single mode waveguide 10Mould accounts for leading usually.
Along with the size of waveguide (or chamber that waveguide connected) increases, waveguide or radiator can be supported the high-order mode of adding to form multimode system sometimes.In the time can supporting a plurality of mould simultaneously, system often is expressed as by height modelling (highly moded).
Simple single-mode system has and comprises at least one maximum and/or minimum field distribution.Maximum magnitude depends on the amount of the radiation of the system of putting on to a great extent.Therefore, the field distribution of single-mode system is an acute variation and uneven basically.
Different with one-mode cavity, multimode cavity can be supported several propagating modes simultaneously, and it forms the mixing field distribution form when stack.In this form, spatially thicken, and therefore field distribution does not demonstrate the same intensity type of minimum and maximum field value usually in the chamber in.In addition, following detailed description can come " mixing " or " redistribution " mould (as utilizing the mechanical movement of radiation reflector) with a mould blender.This redistribution is expected to provide more uniform time average field distribution in the chamber.
At least two moulds can be supported according to multimode cavity of the present invention, and a plurality of moulds can be supported more than two.Each mould has the maximum field vector.Though two or more moulds can be arranged, have only a mould to account for leading and have the maximum field vector magnitude bigger than other mould.As used herein, multimode cavity can be chamber arbitrarily, and wherein the ratio between the first and second modulus levels is less than about 1: 10, perhaps less than about 1: 5, perhaps even less than about 1: 2.Those of ordinary skill in the art's ratio as can be known is more little, and the electric field energy between the mould is overstepping the bounds of propriety looses, thereby makes overstepping the bounds of propriety the loosing of electromagnetic radiation energy in the chamber.
The distribution of plasma depends on the distribution of the radiation that is applied very much in the process chamber.For example, in a pure single-mode system only so that the position of an electric field maximum to be arranged.Therefore, strong plasma can only produce in this position.In many application, the plasma of so strong localization is known from experience undesirable cause inhomogeneous plasmas processing or heating (being hot-spot and underheat).
No matter use list or multimode cavity according to the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art forms the chamber of plasma as can be known therein can complete closed or semiclosed.For example, in specific application, as in the plasma auxiliary furnace, the chamber can all seal.Referring to, for example, the total U.S. Patent application No.10/_ that also files an application simultaneously, _ (Attorney Dorket No.1837.0020) is incorporated herein its whole contents as a reference.Yet in other is used, may need gas is flow through the chamber, thereby the chamber must be opened to a certain extent.Like this, the flow of flowing gas, type and pressure can change in time.This is gratifying, because be convenient to form easier the exciting of the specific gas as argon gas of plasma, but does not need in plasma treatment subsequently.
Mould mixes
In many carburizings are used, need to comprise in the chamber basic plasma uniformly.Yet,, be difficult to obtain evenly to distribute because the microwave radiation can have longer wavelength (as tens centimetres).As a result, according to an aspect of the present invention, the radiation mode in the multimode cavity can mix or redistribute in a period of time.Because the field distribution in the chamber must be satisfied all boundary conditions of being set by the inner surface in chamber, the position of arbitrary part that can be by changing inner surface changes these field distribution.
According to one embodiment of present invention, movably reflecting surface is positioned at radiation carburizing chamber.The shape of reflecting surface and move during moving inner surface with the combinatorially varying chamber.For example, " L " type metal object (i.e. " mould blender ") will change the position or the direction of the reflecting surface in the chamber around the arbitrary axis rotation time, thereby change radiation profiles wherein.The object of any other asymmetric shape also can use (when rotated), but the object of symmetric shape also can work, if relatively move (as rotation, translation or both in conjunction with) cause the position of reflecting surface and some variations on the direction.In one embodiment, the mould blender can be the cylinder around the axle rotation of the non-cylinder longitudinal axis.
Each mould in the multimode carburizing chamber all has at least one maximum field vector, but each vector can periodically appear in the chamber.Usually, suppose that the frequency of radiation is constant, this maximum is fixed.Yet, by mobile mould blender it is acted on mutually with radiation, just may move peaked position.For example, mould blender 38 can be used for optimizing the field distribution in the carburizing chamber 12 so that optimize plasma exciatiaon condition and/or plasma maintenance condition.Therefore, in case activate plasma, for uniform time average plasma treatment (as heating and/or carburizing), peaked position is moved in the position that can change the mould blender.
Therefore, according to the present invention, during plasma exciatiaon, can use mould to mix.For example, when conductive fiber is used as plasma catalyst, known that the direction of fiber can influence minimum plasma exciatiaon condition strongly.For example it is reported that when such fiber is oriented in when becoming greater than 60 ° angle with electric field, catalyst seldom can improve or loosen these conditions.Yet enter or near the carburizing chamber, Electric Field Distribution can change significantly by moving reflective surface.
By the rotation wave pipe joint that for example is installed in the radiator chamber radiator chamber is injected in radiation, can be realized that also mould mixes.For emitted radiation effectively in different directions in radial chamber, this swivel joint can mechanically move (as rotating).As a result, the format of field that in the radiator chamber, can change.
By flexible waveguide radial chamber is injected in radiation, can be realized that also mould mixes.In one embodiment, waveguide can be fixed in the chamber.In another embodiment, waveguide can stretch in the chamber.In order at different directions and/or position the chamber to be injected in radiation (as the microwave radiation), the position of this flexible waveguide end can be moved (as bending) in any suitable manner continuously or periodically.This moving can cause that also mould mixes and help more uniform plasma treatment on the time average basis (as heating).Selectively, this moving can be used for optimizing the position of the plasma that excites or other plasma aid in treatment.
If flexible waveguide is a rectangle, the simple distortion of the open end of waveguide will make the electric field of the radiation in the radiator chamber and the direction rotation of magnetic vector.Thereby the periodic distortion of waveguide can cause that mould mixes and the rotation of electric field, and this can be used for the auxiliary plasma that excites, regulates or keep.
Therefore, though the inceptive direction of catalyst perpendicular to electric field, redirecting of electric field intensity can become more effective direction with invalid direction.Those skilled in the art's mould mixing as can be known can be continuous, periodic or pre-programmed.
Except plasma exciatiaon, mould mixes " focus " that can be used to reduce or produce in (as adjusting) chamber during subsequently carburizing and other plasma treatment.When microwave cavity is only supported the minority mould (as being less than 5), one or more internal fields maximum can produce " focus " (as in chamber 12).In one embodiment, these focuses can be arranged to separate but simultaneously plasma exciatiaon or Carburization Treatment is consistent with one or more.Therefore, plasma catalyst can be placed on that one or more these excite or carburizing subsequently (for example plasma treatment) position on.
Multiposition excites
Can use the multiple plasma catalyst of diverse location to excite the carburizing plasma.In one embodiment, the difference place activated plasma of available multifilament in the chamber.This multi-point shooting is especially useful when requiring homogeneous plasma to excite.For example, when plasma adjusting under high frequency (being tens of hertz or higher), or excite in than large space, or the both sometimes, the basic transient state uniformly that can improve plasma is clashed into and is clashed into.Alternatively, when when a plurality of points use plasma catalyst, can use the diverse location continuous agitation carburizing plasma of plasma catalyst in plasma chamber by catalyst selectivity being introduced these diverse locations.Like this, if desired, in the chamber, can controllably form carburizing plasma exciatiaon gradient.
And in multimode carburizing chamber, the random distribution of the catalyst of a plurality of positions has increased following possibility in the chamber: be orientated along power line according at least a fiber of the present invention or any other inert, plasma catalyst optimization.But,, also improved shooting condition even catalyst is not optimized orientation (not aiming at power line basically).
And, because catalyst fines can be suspended in the gas, can think that having each powder particle has the effect that is positioned at the different physical locations in chamber, thereby improve the uniformity that excites in the carburizing chamber.
Two-chamber plasma exciatiaon/keep
Two-chamber arrangement according to the present invention can be used for exciting and keeping plasma.In one embodiment, system comprise at least first excite the chamber and with the first second carburizing chamber that excites the chamber fluid to be communicated with.For activated plasma, first excites the gas-selectively ground in the chamber to be subjected to frequency less than the approximately electromagnetic radiation of 333GHz under the situation that plasma catalyst exists.Like this, the first and second approaching chambeies can make the carburizing plasma in the plasma exciatiaon second carburizing chamber that forms in first chamber, and its available additional electromagnetic radiation is kept.
In one embodiment of the invention, first chamber can very little and mainly or only be provided for plasma exciatiaon.Like this, only need a microwave energy seldom come activated plasma, make excite easier, especially when using according to plasma catalyst of the present invention.
In one embodiment, first chamber is one-mode cavity basically, and the second carburizing chamber is a multimode cavity.Electric Field Distribution meeting acute variation when single mode is only supported in first chamber in the chamber forms one or more pinpoint electric field maximum.This maximum generally is the primary importance of plasma exciatiaon, with it as the ideal point of laying plasma catalyst.Yet should be understood that catalyst does not need to be arranged on the electric field maximum part, and in most of the cases, does not need to be oriented in specific direction when using plasma catalyst.
Carburizing process
According to the present invention, a kind of method of carburizing object is provided, so that be diffused in this object from the carbon atom of carbon source, and improve the average carbon density of this object.Carbon can be diffused into all surfaces of object equably, perhaps can be spread to one or more surf zones of object.
In one embodiment of the invention, as mentioned above, under the situation that plasma catalyst exists, be subjected to radiation (as, microwave radiation), come activated plasma by making gas (for example) from gas source 24.As shown in Figure 1, plasma exciatiaon can occur in the chamber 12, and this chamber 12 can be formed in the container that is positioned in the microwave cavity (as, radiator) 14.For example, by providing carbon source carbon to be offered the plasma that is excited to plasma.In one embodiment, carbon source can be a plasma catalyst.That is to say that plasma catalyst can comprise the carbon that is consumed by plasma by contacting with plasma.
In addition, useful plasma catalyst can comprise two or more different materials according to the estimated rate distribution of selecting to be used for specific carburizing process in one particular embodiment of the present invention.For example, in one embodiment, first kind of material be fit to promote plasma exciatiaon very much, and second kind of material can be used as plasma carbon (as, consumed and be attached to the free carbon in the plasma by plasma) main source.These materials can be included in Fig. 2-5,7, and 8 and arbitrarily in the plasma catalyst in those structures shown in the combination.
In addition, the carbon in the carburizing plasma can be by being different from or providing except the carbon source of plasma catalyst.Such carbon source can provide carbon to plasma by the contact plasma.The example that can offer the carbon source of plasma comprise carbonaceous gas, hydrocarbon gas (as, methane or other), powder carbon, CNT, carbon nano-particles, carbon fiber, graphite, solid carbon, vaporization carbon (as, by comprising, for example, the carbon particle that separates from carbon source of laser ablation method), charcoal, coke, amorphous carbon, cast iron and at least a the combination arbitrarily thereof.These carbon sources can be present in when plasma exciatiaon in the chamber 12, perhaps after plasma is excited, is provided for chamber 12 and contacts plasma.If carbon source is a gaseous state, source of the gas 24 can be arranged to plasma source gas will not only is provided so, and provide carbon-source gas (as, source of the gas 24 can be arranged to a plurality of gas containers and a plurality of valve 22).
During carburizing process, the carbon that is present in the plasma is diffused in the object.For example, at least one surf zone of this object can be exposed to one sufficiently long period of plasma, with from plasma with the carbon of at least a portion plasma by the first surface zone-transfer to this object.By being exposed to plasma, heat is transferred to effectively from plasma will be by the object of carburizing, to such an extent as to the temperature of this object can increase by the about 400 ℃ ratio of per minute.Carburizing can occur in the wide temperature range.Yet higher temperature can promote and/or quicken diffusion process.In one embodiment of the invention, the part of carburizing process can be carried out in the temperature between about 600 ℃ and about 1100 ℃, or between about 850 ℃ and about 975 ℃.Selectively, all processes all can carry out between these temperature.
According to an aspect of the present invention, can be diffused in the object from the carbon of plasma, its diffusion depth is about 0.003 inch to about 0.250 inch.As a result, this object increases in the carbon content of diffusion zone.Further, can use carburizing process according to the present invention to improve the carbon content of any iron content object that comprises multi-level steel.But the also nonferrous material of carburizing according to the present invention.In one embodiment, having initial carbon content can be by carburizing effectively less than 0.25% steel.
Yet the carburizing plasma also can be excited under the situation of not using plasma catalyst, and in certain embodiments, plasma catalyst is used to excite, regulates and keeps plasma.For example, the existence according to inertia of the present invention or plasma active catalyst can reduce the radiant energy density that excites the carburizing plasma required.This reduction allows to produce plasma in a kind of mode of control of low relatively emittance, and this low emittance is useful when the responsive part when object is exposed to the carburizing plasma.In the embodiment of a control, use to be lower than about 10W/cm 3Time average emittance (as microwave energy) but the density activated plasma.In addition, use is lower than about 5W/cm 3The time average radiant energy density also can excite the carburizing plasma.Advantageously, these low relatively energy density needing no vacuum devices just can obtain.
Therefore, the use of plasma catalyst can promote the process controlling the carburizing plasma and use this plasma.Especially, because plasma can be effective absorber that electromagnetic radiation comprises the microwave radiation, therefore any radiation that is used to excite the carburizing plasma is can both be by the carburizing plasma most of and absorb immediately.So the emittance in the introducing carburizing chamber is less being reflected of commitment that produces the carburizing plasma.The result, the use of plasma catalyst can improve following control: the heating rate that is exposed to the object of carburizing plasma, the temperature of this object, with the special process that uses this plasma (as, carburizing and other process) ratio, and the possibility that reduces the intense radiation reflection of carburizing process commitment.
The use of plasma catalyst also can excite the carburizing plasma under the pressure of a relative broad range.For example, not only can produce under vacuum environment according to carburizing plasma of the present invention, wherein gross pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, and the existence of plasma catalyst can help plasma at atmospheric pressure or be higher than under the atmospheric pressure and produce.In one embodiment, infiltration plasma physical efficiency is excited in the chamber having under the gaseous environment of initial pressure level at least about 760Torr.Further, can in environment, be undertaken according to process of osmosis of the present invention by object being exposed to plasma with about at least 760Torr pressure.
Except a surf zone of plasma-assisted carburizing object, also can carry out carburizing to all surfaces zone of this object.In addition, optionally the surf zone of one or more separation of this object is carried out carburizing.Some surf zone of this object can be sheltered effectively with the carburizing plasma to be separated, and is exposed to plasma fully to prevent these zones.In these zones, there is not carburizing to take place basically.
For example, chamber 12 can be configured to by this way prevent that some surf zone of this object is exposed to plasma.As previously mentioned, the quantity of radiation mode or size and the structure that rank can be depending on this chamber in the chamber 12.To also may be influenced the field distribution of this intracavitary irradiation pattern in the chamber 12 by the existence of the object of carburizing.It is zero that the boundary condition that electromagnetic radiation vertically goes into to establish on the metal object requires surface field, and first maximum occurring apart from this body surface quarter-wave strong point.Therefore, if the space between this metal object surface and this cavity wall is less than about quarter-wave of radiation, so, just have seldom in these zones or do not have plasma to be kept, thereby this object surfaces zone that meets this condition may experience seldom or not have a carburizing.By the wall in chamber 12 is set, perhaps controls the method for the distance between this body surface and the chamber wall, and in chamber 12, provide the surf zone of these " masked " by locating this object by any other suitable being used to.
Be used for fully preventing that second method in the certain surface areas carburizing of this object from can comprise according to chamber 12 these objects of location is positioned at the outside, chamber so that at least a portion of this object is positioned at the inner and another part this object in chamber.The part that is positioned at inside, chamber can be by carburizing, and the part that is positioned at the outside, chamber is not basically by carburizing.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that according to plasma-assisted carburizing of the present invention and need not in the chamber, to take place at all.More suitably, the carburizing plasma that is formed in the chamber can pass through opening, and is used to the carburizing object outside the chamber.
In order to produce or keep full and uniform time average radiation field distribution in the chamber 12, can provide mould blender 38, as shown in Figure 1.Can select or additionally, when being exposed to plasma, this object can move with respect to plasma.The mobile more uniform plasma that is exposed to of all surface that can make this object like this, this plasma can make carbon diffuse into this object surfaces according to full and uniform distribution.Further, this move the heating also can help to control object (as, make some zone of this object faster, heat all surfaces of this part than other regional heating perhaps full and uniformly).
In plasma-assisted carburizing process according to the present invention, can apply potential bias.This potential bias can be by being attracted to the heating that object promotes this object with carbon atom charged in the carburizing plasma, and this can promote plasma evenly to cover on this object.Further, potential bias can accelerate to this object with charged carbon atom, and this also can improve the carbon diffusion velocity.The potential bias that is applied to this object for example can be, AC bias voltage, DC bias voltage, perhaps pulsed D C bias voltage.The big I of bias voltage is selected according to specific should being used for.For example, the scope of voltage swing can perhaps according to the desirable speed of attraction ionic species, even be the hundreds of volt from 0.1 volt to 100 volts.Further, positive also negative of bias voltage.
In according to another embodiment of the invention, the method in the first surface zone of plasma-assisted carburizing object is provided, it uses plasma to heat this object and carbon source, but this plasma needn't shift carbon.In this embodiment, this method comprises: (1) is under the situation that plasma catalyst exists, by making gas in the chamber be subjected to frequency is that the electromagnetic radiation of about 333GHz comes activated plasma, (2) the first surface zone with this object is exposed to one sufficiently long period of plasma to heat this surface, (3) carbon source is exposed to one sufficiently long period of plasma to heat this carbon source, wherein carbon source is a solid carbon source, be selected from charcoal, coke, carbon fiber, graphite, amorphous carbon, cast iron and combination arbitrarily thereof, and (4) pass through the first surface zone-transfer to this object from carbon source with at least a portion carbon.Therefore, the form that carbon can steam is transferred, and need not to use plasma.
In the foregoing embodiments, for the purpose of simplifying the description, various features are integrated among the single embodiment.This open method has not meant that claims requirement of the present invention than the more feature of clearly narrating in each claim of feature.But as described in following claim, creative aspect is lacked than whole features of aforementioned disclosed single embodiment.Therefore, following claim is added in this specific embodiment, and each claim itself is as an independent preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Claims (48)

1. the method in the first surface zone of a plasma-assisted carburizing object, this method comprises:
Under the situation that plasma catalyst exists, come activated plasma by making gas be subjected to frequency less than the about electromagnetic radiation of 333GHz, wherein said plasma comprises carbon; And
The first surface zone of described object is exposed to one sufficiently long period of described plasma, with from described plasma with the described carbon of at least a portion by described first surface zone-transfer to described object.
2. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described plasma catalyst comprises at least a in inert catalyst and the active catalyst.
3. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described plasma catalyst comprises carbon, and wherein said method also comprises by allowing described plasma to consume described plasma catalyst carbon is added described plasma.
4. according to the method for claim 3, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises powder carbon, CNT, carbon nano-particles, carbon fiber, graphite, solid carbon and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
5. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described plasma catalyst comprises at least two kinds of different materials determining total amount by predetermined ratio distribution.
6. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described plasma catalyst comprises x ray, γ radiation, α particle, β particle, neutron, proton and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
7. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described plasma catalyst comprises at least a in electronics and the ion.
8. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described plasma catalyst comprises metal, inorganic material, carbon, C-base alloy, carbon back compound, conductive polymer, conductive silicon rubber elastomer, polymer/nanometer compound, organic-inorganic composite body and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
9. in described chamber, excite described plasma according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described exciting step comprises from the gaseous environment that has at least the about initial pressure level of 760Torr.
10. under the pressure of about at least 760Torr, carry out described exposing step according to the process of claim 1 wherein.
11. be lower than about 10W/cm according to the process of claim 1 wherein 3Time average microwave radiation energy density under carry out described exciting step.
12., enter described object below described carbon is diffused into described first surface zone according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described exposing step comprises when described first surface zone contacts with described plasma.
13. according to the method for claim 12, wherein said diffusing step occurs in the degree of depth that reaches between about 0.003 inch and about 0.250 inch.
14. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described object has the second surface zone, and wherein said exposing step also comprises and prevents from basically described second surface zone is exposed to described plasma.
15., also comprise described object is arranged in the chamber with the distance less than about 25% by described microwave radiation wavelength the inwall of described second surface zone with described chamber separated according to the method for claim 14.
16., comprise that also according to the chamber described object being set is arranged on outside, described chamber so that described first surface zone is arranged in the described chamber and with described second surface zone according to the method for claim 14.
17., comprise that also mould mixes described electromagnetic radiation according to the method for claim 1.
18. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described exposing step comprises:
Provide described electromagnetic radiation to the chamber; And
Provide described gas to described chamber.
19., comprise that also applying DC is biased into described object according to the method for claim 1.
20. according to the method for claim 19, wherein said DC bias voltage is a pulsed D C bias voltage.
21., also comprise by providing carbonaceous gas described carbon to be introduced described plasma to described plasma according to the method for claim 1.
22. according to the method for claim 1, comprise also from carbon source carbon is added described plasma that wherein said carbon source is selected from following solid source: charcoal, coke, carbon fiber, graphite, amorphous carbon, cast iron and combination arbitrarily thereof.
23., also comprise by providing vaporization carbon described carbon to be introduced described plasma to described plasma according to the method for claim 1.
24. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that described object comprises steel.
25. according to the method for claim 24, the initial carbon content of wherein said steel is less than about 0.45%.
26. according to the method for claim 1, also comprise by described plasma with at least a portion initial heating of described object between about 600 ℃ and about 1100 ℃.
27., comprise that also at least a portion that speed with at least 400 ℃ of per minutes heats described object reaches about at least 600 ℃ up to the temperature of this at least a portion according to the method for claim 1.
28. according to the method for claim 1, also be included between described exposure period, move described object with respect to described plasma.
29. a system that is used for the plasma-assisted carburizing object, this system comprises:
Plasma catalyst;
Container is formed with the chamber therein, and wherein exists in described chamber under the situation of described plasma catalyst by making gas be subjected to frequency and come activated plasma less than the about electromagnetic radiation of 333GHz; And
Electromagnetic radiation source is connected to described chamber, is used for described chamber is introduced in radiation.
30. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises at least a in inert catalyst and the active catalyst.
31. according to the system of claim 29, also be included in the radiator that wherein is provided with described container, wherein said radiator comprises basically the not material of transmitted radiation.
32. according to the system of claim 31, wherein said microwave radiation has Energy distribution in described radiator, this system also comprises and can move to change the microwave mode blender of described Energy distribution with respect to described radiator.
33. according to the system of claim 31, wherein said radiator is the multimode microwave radiometer.
34. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises powder carbon, CNT, carbon nano-particles, carbon fiber, graphite, solid carbon, metal, C-base alloy, carbon back compound, conductive polymer, conductive silicon rubber elastomer, polymer/nanometer compound, organic-inorganic composite body and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
35. according to the system of claim 34, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises at least a carbon fiber.
36. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises at least two kinds of different materials determining total amount by predetermined ratio distribution.
37. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises x ray, γ radiation, α particle, β particle, neutron, proton and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
38. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said plasma catalytic agent comprises at least a in electronics and the ion.
39., also comprise the carbon source that is arranged in the described radiator according to the system of claim 31.
40. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said container comprises the material of the described radiation of transmissive.
41. according to the system of claim 29, wherein said radiator is identical with described chamber.
42. the method in a plasma-assisted carburizing object first surface zone, this method comprises:
Under the situation that plasma catalyst exists, come activated plasma less than the about electromagnetic radiation of 333GHz by making gas in the chamber be subjected to frequency;
The first surface zone of described object is exposed to one sufficiently long period of described plasma to heat described surface;
Carbon source is exposed to one sufficiently long period of described plasma to heat described carbon source, and wherein said carbon source is to be selected from following solid source: charcoal, coke, carbon fiber, graphite, amorphous carbon, cast iron and combination arbitrarily thereof; And
From described carbon source with the described carbon of at least a portion by described first surface zone-transfer to described object.
43. according to the method for claim 42, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises powder carbon, CNT, carbon nano-particles, carbon fiber, graphite, solid carbon, metal, C-base alloy, carbon back compound, conductive polymer, conductive silicon rubber elastomer, polymer/nanometer compound, organic-inorganic composite body and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
44. according to the method for claim 43, wherein said plasma catalytic agent comprises at least a carbon fiber.
45. according to the method for claim 42, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises x ray, γ radiation, α particle, β particle, neutron, proton and at least a in the combination arbitrarily thereof.
46. according to the method for claim 42, wherein said plasma catalyst comprises at least a in electronics and the ion.
47. according to the method for claim 42, wherein said transfer step need not to comprise described plasma.
48., also comprise described carbon source is arranged near the described first surface position according to the method for claim 47.
CNB038102684A 2002-05-08 2003-05-07 Plasma-assisted carburizing Expired - Fee Related CN1302843C (en)

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