CN1593797A - Plant restoration method for heavy metal pollution of soil - Google Patents
Plant restoration method for heavy metal pollution of soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN1593797A CN1593797A CN 200410027833 CN200410027833A CN1593797A CN 1593797 A CN1593797 A CN 1593797A CN 200410027833 CN200410027833 CN 200410027833 CN 200410027833 A CN200410027833 A CN 200410027833A CN 1593797 A CN1593797 A CN 1593797A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method of restoring plants that are polluted by heavy metal with little hairy euphorbia or interplant of the little hairy euphorbia and ramie planted in the heavy metal polluted field, or inoculating heavy metal activated bacteria that are bacillocin or pseudomonas after planting the above-mentioned plants. With above-mentioned plant which absorbs heavy mental and the activated bacteria that breaks heavy metal away from the plant 's root and activates them, the invention makes the heavy metal polluted field restored quickly and effectively.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the environmental pollution treatment technology field, be specifically related to utilize lead and cadmium heavy metal in the plant extract soil, thereby realize the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution of soil.
Background technology
Heavy metal pollution of soil not only has material impact to harvest and the quality of crops, but also has influence on atmosphere and quality of water environment, even jeopardizes human health by food chain.Traditional restorative procedure of heavy metal pollution of soil adopts the method for physics, chemistry usually, as casting landfill method, dilution method, elution method, physical partition method, stabilisation and electrochemical process etc.The principle of tradition restorative procedure mainly is by reducing the concentration of upper soll layer pollutant, or the stability that strengthens the pollutant in the soil makes that it is water-soluble, diffusivity and biological effectiveness reduce, thereby alleviates its harm.
Though traditional heavy metal pollution of soil improvement method regulation effect is better, to last shortlyer, these methods often have many defectives, as the cost height, be difficult to management, easily cause secondary pollution, and big etc. to the disturbance of environment.Such as, in Australia, mainly be will be subjected to the soil of heavy metal pollution take out and transport to landfill yard and carry out landfill.And for the more serious developing country of vast damage ratio, their economic levels are not high, and this class The Application of Technology will be restricted.For seeking more effective, feasible solution, in recent years, caused the extensive interest of the public and scientific circles at heavy metal-polluted plants recovery technique (phytoremediation).This technology, by metal accumulation (metal-accumulating) thus poisonous metal in soil or the water body is removed in plant absorbing, transhipment and accumulation, be described as a kind of low cost, effective green technology.Successively utilize the phytoremediation of enforcements such as penny cress and ciliate desert-grass both at home and abroad to soil cadmium and arsenic.
The phytoremediation technology that really is suitable for heavy metal pollution of soil mainly is the plant extract technology.Plant extract (phytoextracton) refers to utilize the plant of high-biomass and suitable soil conditioner that metal is shifted and the rich aerial part that amasss plant from soil, utilizes traditional agricultural operation mode to gather in again.This method is mainly used to handle soil, bed mud and mud, and it is suitable for the lower (reparation of 2.5～100mgkg-1) soil of the contaminated degree of shallow-layer most.
Certainly the same with other technologies, the plant extract recovery technique also has weak point, mainly shows: most of hyperaccumulative plant roots are more shallow, and biomass is little, and poor growth is usually than other physical-chemical technology length consuming time; Soil texture, pH value, salinity, pollutant levels and other toxicants may make the formation of hyperaccumulative plant vegetation be restricted; Pollutant may come back in the soil by fallen leaves and go; Hyperaccumulative plant may be eaten the pollution that causes food chain by mistake for the human or animal.But, because its comparative advantages are more outstanding, the scientific worker places high hopes to this recovery technique that is applied to heavy-metal contaminated soil, and makes great efforts to attempt taking various measures to the part that compensates its defect.
In order to improve the effect of plant extract recovery technique, the following aspects mainly is devoted in correlative study in the world at present: at first, plant species and mutation thereof are screened, obtain plant species that a certain concrete pollutant is had super reparative potential; The second, adopt the technique for gene engineering plant modification to obtain desirable hyperaccumulative plant; The 3rd, optimize repair process by agronomic measures, as regulating pH value, applying fertilizer and chelating agent.
The final goal of most of plant extract reparation strategies is toxic heavy metal to be carried out ultraproduct tire out in the middle of the ground tissue that plant can be gathered in.At certain or some heavy metal, the plant of being adopted has more heavy metal patience than general plant and heavy metal of body content also exceeds a lot, can reach hundred thousands of times usually, and we are referred to as heavy metal hyperaccumulative plant this class plant.Ultraproduct is tired to require the content of metal ion in plant to be greater than 0.1～1% (dry weight) usually; From the angle of post processing, when content reached this standard, the recovery of the metal in the plant tissue just had and has economy.In order to prevent the pollution of biotic intrusion and gene strand, when adopting hyperaccumulative plant to repair, we always wish to adopt the eciophyte kind as far as possible, thereby screening original inhabitants' the hyperaccumulative plant particular importance that seems.
In the practical operation of plant extract, the content of beary metal height is more meaningful than the size of plant biomass in the plant.Plant is to the absorption of heavy metal, and is not only relevant with the heavy metal in soil total amount with plant itself, also relevant with the form of heavy metal in soil.Many data show, the content of beary metal in the plant not with soil in total metals present good correlation, but with soil in have a bioavailability content of beary metal present good correlation.After heavy metal enters soil,, form different chemical forms, thereby influence the plant utilizability of heavy metal in soil by various reactions such as dissolving, precipitation, cohesion, complexing absorption.In addition, the exist form of heavy metal in soil can be subjected to the influence of soil constitution and some factors thereof, and is in a dynamic equilibrium between each form, the corresponding conversion along with the variation of environmental condition.Therefore, if can improve the bioavailability of heavy metal, promptly heavy metal in the activating soil just can improve the absorption efficiency of plant to heavy metal, thereby shortens repair time, reduces the post processing amount simultaneously again, promotes plant soil restoration heavy metal The Application of Technology.
The form Study on Transformation of heavy metal in rhizosphere causes many scholars' attention day by day, and many scholars have noticed the importance of plant and microorganism coexistence system counterweight metal hyperaccumulative plant.External Whiting etc. utilizes the application of the hyperaccumulative plant of zinc in conjunction with three kinds of rhizosphere bacterias, result to show, heavy metal is significantly activated, and has improved the absorption of plant to zinc.Edaphon can utilize the effective nutrition and the energy, breeding in a large number in rhizospheric environment, in the soil filtration process by secretion organic acid complexing and dissolve heavy metal in the soil.Microorganism mainly is to carry out directly or indirectly by various metabolic activities to the dissolving of heavy metal.The metabolism of edaphon can produce multiple low-molecular-weight organic acid, as formic acid, acetate, propionic acid and butyric acid etc., thereby directly or indirectly affect the form of heavy metal, play the effect of activation heavy metal, improve the absorption and accumulation of plant, thereby improve the efficient that heavy metal hyperaccumulative plant extracts heavy metal-polluted soil heavy metal.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention just provides a kind of plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil, by screening indigenous hyperaccumulative plant, the activation bacterium of separating plant rhizosphere heavy metal, in conjunction with hyperaccumulative plant to the absorption of heavy metal and rhizosphere bacteria to the activation of heavy metal, realize efficiently repairing fast of heavy metal-polluted soil lead, cadmium pollution.
The plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil of the present invention is to plant Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal.
Cover in order to increase table soil, improve the extraction efficiency of whole heavy metal, the Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb that can in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal, plant and ramie interplanting.
In order to promote Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb and ramie to cadmium, plumbous absorption extraction, can be according to soil property inoculation heavy metallic activation bacterium under heavy metal in soil available state content situation on the low side.Described heavy metallic activation bacterium be meant bacillus (Bacillus sp.) (C6) and pseudomonad (Pseudomonas sp.) (B7).
The best planting conditions of Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb: when 10～35 ℃ of environment temperatures, plantation Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb seeds germinated 100-200 grain/m in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal
2Soil.
The optimum condition of interplanting ramie: when 10～35 ℃ of environment temperatures, in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal, transplant the ramie seedling that root-like stock is cultivated, 5～10/m
2
The seed of Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is earlier at 2～3 ℃ of low temperature vernalization 65-75h, and temperature is controlled at 25-35 ℃ then, and humidity is controlled at the germination of 70-90% greenhouse and sprouts.
The Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb of plantation can be grown in cadmium＜200mg/kg, lead＜3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
The san ramie of plantation can grow in cadmium＜200mg/kg, lead＜3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
Plant grows and inoculates heavy metallic activation bacterium C6 and B7 vigorous period respectively, and preferred plan is to mix 10 by 1: 1
6Individual bacterium/ml bacterium liquid inoculation promotes Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb and the ramie absorption extraction to cadmium, lead.
When Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb and san ramie interplanting, the Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb application rate can reduce by half, 50～100/m
2, increase soil surface and cover, improve the absorption extraction of plant to soil heavy metal cadmium, lead.
The inventor finds through pilot study:
The screening of A, heavy metal hyperaccumulative plant and discovery.Plumbous zinc ore is distinguished batch herborization sample in Guangdong, heavy metal lead in the working sample, other physiological and ecological characteristics of the content of cadmium and plant, acquisition has two kinds of plant san ramies (Boehmeria nivea L.) and Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb (Euphorbia hirta L.) of heavy metal hyperaccumulative characteristic and patience, the content of the heavy metal in its body is as follows: Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is to the long-pending 87.18mg/kg that reaches of the richness of Cd, san ramie is to Cd, the enrichment of Pb reaches 131.54mg/kg respectively, 1261.99mg/kg, reach or reach substantially the index request of heavy metal hyperaccumulative plant.
B, plant Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb are long-pending and to the adaptability of environment to the richness of the heavy metal cadmium in the aqueous solution.Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is all can normal growth in the nutrient solution of 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg in Cd concentration, and the pollution of Cd is shown higher tolerance, and the rich long-pending amount of the Cd in its body is minimum can to reach 88.70mg/kg, the highlyest can reach 466.52mg/kg; Pot experiment shows that Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb can be subjected to the strong sunlight radiation, and is high temperature resistant, and the seed germination ability is strong, and growth can be finished in 60 days from germinateing to the physiological period of seed maturity rapidly, is adapted at existence under the barren abominable ecological environment.
Separation and the application of C, rhizosphere heavy metallic activation bacterium.Separation screening is to two strain heavy metallic activation bacteriums in plant shepherd's purse from be grown in heavy-metal contaminated soil (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) and san ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) the rhizosphere microorganism flora, be respectively a kind of bacillus (Bacillus sp.) (C6) and a kind of pseudomonad (Pseudomonas sp.) (B7), they all reach 8.7% to the activation efficiency of heavy metal cadmium.Inoculate C6, B7 in the soil respectively, making the amplification of corn heavy metal of body cadmium under sterilising conditions is 5.8%～32.3%, and amplification is 1.8%～18.0% under the unsterilised condition; Make the amplification of Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb heavy metal of body cadmium be issued to 32.7% at sterilising conditions, unsterilised condition is issued to 17.6%.
The present invention compared with prior art has following advantage:
(1) utilizes autochthonous flora to implement the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution of soil, improve its adaptive capacity environment;
(2) implement the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution of soil in conjunction with the utilization of rhizosphere heavy metallic activation bacterium, improve plant extract efficient about 18%.
(3) can reclaim heavy metal, non-secondary pollution.
Concrete embodiment
Embodiment 1 Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb extracts the cadmium and lead in the soil
(1) Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb breeding
The Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb seed germination, about 2 ℃ of low temperature vernalization 65h, temperature is controlled at about 25 ℃ then earlier, and humidity is controlled at greenhouse, 80% left and right sides and germinates.
(2) plantation of plant and growth
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb sowing seeds germinated, every m about 100
2Plant earthing in moistening soil, all can plant under 10 ℃ of conditions of South China's environment temperature.Plant can grow in cadmium 10～200mg/kg, plumbous 400～3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
(3) plant harvesting and post processing
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is finished the whole strain in the back (about 60 days) of nourishing and growing and is pulled out; Perform the post processing (burn landfill or reclaim heavy metal) of plant residue, prevent secondary pollution.
(4) specific targets are as follows
The pollution degree of depth is: D=0.2m
The soil weight is: W=1200kg/m
3
The mean concentration of polluting is: 10mgCd/kg, 400mgPb/kg (near the situation of Guangzhou heavy metal pollution of soil), environment temperature: 10-35 ℃
The processing target that reaches: 0.3mgCd/kg, 250mgPb/kg (soil quality secondary standard)
Then unit are need be removed: 2328mgCd/m
2, 36000mgPb/m
2
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb biomass B=200g/m
2
Heavy metal absorbability: 80mgCd/kg; 500mgPb/kg
The single batch of amount of extracting heavy metal: 16mgCd/m
2100mgPb/m
2
Embodiment 2 san ramies are extracted the cadmium and lead in the soil
(1) ramie breeding
Ramie breeds with root-like stock, and about 35 ℃ of temperature, humidity about 80% is cultivated seedling.
(2) ramie plantation and growth
Ramie is transplanted seedling, 10 every m
2Plant earthing in moistening soil, all can plant under 35 ℃ of conditions of South China's environment temperature.Plant can grow in cadmium 10～200mg/kg, plumbous 400～3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
(3) ramie harvesting and post processing
Ramie is finished back (about 90 days) the harvesting aerial part of nourishing and growing.Perform the post processing (burn landfill or reclaim heavy metal) of plant residue, prevent secondary pollution.
(4) specific targets are as follows
The pollution degree of depth is: D=0.2m
The soil weight is: W=1200kg/m
3
The mean concentration of polluting is: 10mgCd/kg, 400mgPb/kg (near the situation of Guangzhou heavy metal pollution of soil); Environment temperature: 10-35 ℃
The processing target that reaches: 0.3mgCd/kg, 250mgPb/kg (soil quality secondary standard)
Then unit are need be removed: 2328mgCd/m
2, 36000mgPb/m
2
Ramie plant height: 100-200cm
Ramie biological amount: 2500g/m
2
Heavy metal absorbability: 100mgCd/kg; 1000mgPb/kg
The single batch of amount of extracting heavy metal: 250mgCd/m
22500mgPb/m
2
Embodiment 3 Thymifoious Euphorbia Herbs inoculation heavy metallic activation bacterium is extracted the cadmium and lead in the soil
(1) Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb breeding
The Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb seed germination, about 3 ℃ of low temperature vernalization 70h, temperature is controlled at about 30 ℃ then earlier, and humidity is controlled at greenhouse, 80% left and right sides and germinates.
(2) plantation of plant and growth
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb sowing seeds germinated, every m about 100
2Plant earthing in moistening soil, all can plant under 35 ℃ of conditions of South China's environment temperature.Plant can grow in cadmium 10～200mg/kg, plumbous 400～3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
(3) rhizosphere heavy metallic activation microbionation
Inoculation rhizosphere heavy metallic activation bacterium, by bacillus: pseudomonad is mixing in 1: 1, every kilogram of soil inoculation 10
6Individual bacterium/ml bacterium liquid 50ml is divided 3 inoculations, improves the efficient of the rich long-pending heavy metal of plant
(4) plant harvesting and post processing
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is finished the whole strain in the back (about 60 days) of nourishing and growing and is pulled out; Perform the post processing (burn landfill or reclaim heavy metal) of plant residue, prevent secondary pollution.
(5) specific targets are as follows
The pollution degree of depth is: D=0.2m
The soil weight is: W=1200kg/m
3
The mean concentration of polluting is: 10mgCd/kg, 400mgPb/kg (near the situation of Guangzhou heavy metal pollution of soil), environment temperature: 10-35 ℃
The processing target that reaches: 0.3mgCd/kg, 250mgPb/kg (soil quality secondary standard)
Then unit are need be removed: 2328mgCd/m
2, 36000mgPb/m
2
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb biomass B=200g/m
2
Heavy metal absorbability: 95mgCd/kg; 590mgPb/kg
The single batch of amount of extracting heavy metal: 19mgCd/m
2118mgPb/m
2
Embodiment 4 san ramies inoculation heavy metallic activation bacterium is extracted the cadmium and lead in the soil
(1) ramie breeding
Ramie breeds with root-like stock, and about 25 ℃ of temperature, humidity about 80% is cultivated seedling.
(2) ramie plantation and growth
Ramie is transplanted seedling, 10 every m
2Plant earthing in moistening soil, all can plant under 20 ℃ of conditions of South China's environment temperature.Plant can grow in cadmium 10～200mg/kg, plumbous 400～3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
(3) rhizosphere heavy metallic activation microbionation
Inoculation rhizosphere heavy metallic activation bacterium, by bacillus: pseudomonad is mixing in 1: 1, every kilogram of soil inoculation 10
6Individual bacterium/ml bacterium liquid 100ml is divided 1 inoculation, improves the efficient of the rich long-pending heavy metal of plant
(4) ramie harvesting and post processing
Ramie is finished back (about 90 days) the harvesting aerial part of nourishing and growing.Perform the post processing (burn landfill or reclaim heavy metal) of plant residue, prevent secondary pollution.
(5) specific targets are as follows
The pollution degree of depth is: D=0.2m
The soil weight is: W=1200kg/m
3
The mean concentration of polluting is: 10mgCd/kg, 400mgPb/kg (near the situation of Guangzhou heavy metal pollution of soil); Environment temperature: 10-35 ℃
The processing target that reaches: 0.3mgCd/kg, 250mgPb/kg (soil quality secondary standard)
Then unit are need be removed: 2328mgCd/m
2, 36000mgPb/m
2
Ramie plant height: 100-200cm
Ramie biological amount: 2500g/m
2
Heavy metal absorbability: 118mgCd/kg; 1180mgPb/kg
The single batch of amount of extracting heavy metal: 290mgCd/m
22950mgPb/m
2
Behind interplanting of embodiment 5 Thymifoious Euphorbia Herbs and san ramie and the inoculation heavy metallic activation bacterium to cadmium in the soil and plumbous extraction
(1) breeding of Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb and ramie
The Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb seed germination, about 3 ℃ of low temperature vernalization 65h, temperature is controlled at about 30 ℃ then earlier, and humidity is controlled at greenhouse, 80% left and right sides and germinates.Ramie breeds with root-like stock, and about temperature 25-35 ℃, humidity about 80% is cultivated seedling.
(2) plantation of plant and growth
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb sowing seeds germinated, every m about 70
2Ramie is transplanted seedling, 5 every m
2Plant earthing in moistening soil, all can plant under 10 ℃ of conditions of South China's environment temperature.Plant can grow in cadmium 10～200mg/kg, plumbous 400～3000mg/kg contaminated soil, and the rich long-pending heavy metal that extracts.
(3) rhizosphere heavy metallic activation microbionation
Inoculation rhizosphere heavy metallic activation bacterium, by bacillus: pseudomonad is mixing in 1: 1, every kilogram of soil inoculation 10
6Individual bacterium/ml bacterium liquid 50ml is divided 2 inoculations, improves the efficient of the rich long-pending heavy metal of plant
(4) plant harvesting and post processing
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is finished the whole strain in the back (about 60 days) of nourishing and growing and is pulled out; Ramie is finished back (about 90 days) the harvesting aerial part of nourishing and growing.Perform the post processing (burn landfill or reclaim heavy metal) of plant residue, prevent secondary pollution.
(5) specific targets are as follows:
The pollution degree of depth is: D=0.2m
The soil weight is: W=1200kg/m
3
The mean concentration of polluting is: 10mgCd/kg, 400mgPb/kg (near the situation of Guangzhou heavy metal pollution of soil); Environment temperature: 10-35 ℃
The processing target that reaches: 0.3mgCd/kg, 250mgPb/kg (soil quality secondary standard)
Then unit are need be removed: 2328mgCd/m
2, 36000mgPb/m
2
Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb: plant height 8-15cm, 75 strains/m
2Biomass 100g/m
2(with the ramie interplanting)
San ramie: plant height 100-200cm, biomass 2500g/m
2
Every batch (Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb+san ramie) extracts the amount of heavy metal in soil: 304mgCd/m
23068mgPb/m
2
Claims (7)
1, a kind of plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil is characterized in that planting Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal.
2, the plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil according to claim 1 is characterized in that the interplanting of described Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb and ramie.
3, the plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that inoculating the heavy metallic activation bacterium, and described heavy metallic activation bacterium is meant bacillus and pseudomonad.
4, the plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that 10～35 ℃ of environment temperatures, plantation Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb seeds germinated 100-200 grain/m in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal
2Soil.
5, the plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil according to claim 4 is characterized in that 10～35 ℃ of environment temperatures, transplants 5～10/m of ramie seedling that root-like stock is cultivated in containing the moistening soil of heavy metal
2
6, the plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil according to claim 5, the seed that it is characterized in that Thymifoious Euphorbia Herb is earlier at 2～3 ℃ of low temperature vernalization 65-75h, and temperature is controlled at 25-35 ℃ then, and humidity is controlled at the germination of 70-90% greenhouse and sprouts.
7, the plant restoration method of heavy metal pollution of soil according to claim 6 is characterized in that inoculating the heavy metallic activation bacterium, and by bacillus: pseudomonad is to mix every kilogram soil inoculation 10 at 1: 1
6The bacterium liquid 50-100ml of individual bacterium/ml divides 1-3 inoculation.
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