CN1578892A - 从压力容器中吸收蒸汽和气体的方法 - Google Patents

从压力容器中吸收蒸汽和气体的方法 Download PDF

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CN1578892A
CN1578892A CNA028216016A CN02821601A CN1578892A CN 1578892 A CN1578892 A CN 1578892A CN A028216016 A CNA028216016 A CN A028216016A CN 02821601 A CN02821601 A CN 02821601A CN 1578892 A CN1578892 A CN 1578892A
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埃弗特·格勒达尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及在液态流体的灌装、运输和贮存期间，通过控制贮存罐(15)中的过压以吸收蒸汽和气体的过程。所述过程包括将气体向下引导至贮存罐(15)的底部，在此处大部分气体被吸收装置内的贮存罐自身的液体所吸收，或可供选择的是液体可从外源输出。

Description

从压力容器中吸收蒸汽和气体的方法
本发明涉及通过控制液体贮存罐中的过压吸收蒸汽和气体的方法，以及该方法的应用。
当液体贮存在储罐中时，任何运动或者压力或温度的变化将引起液体“呼吸”。名词“呼吸”在此处表示分子从液相通向气相，或者相反，以便获得热力学平衡。液体和气体之间的这种物质传递可以相当大，对包含许多不同成分的液体而言，这种物质传递能在很大的温度和压力范围内发生。其原因在于，除液体能伴随有挥发性成分外，不同成分具有不同的沸点和蒸汽压力。
如果一个封闭的储罐运动时，液体也将运动。这将引起液体中发生局部压力的改变。这可引起蒸汽从液体中跑出，转而又造成储罐中压力增加。当此运动中断时，液体将能吸收此蒸汽，造成压力下降。
气体和液体在压力和温度改变时都将改变体积。当温度上升时，大部分液体和气体将占据更大的体积(膨胀)。因此，如果储罐的体积不改变，压力将上升。当温度下降时，将发生相反情况，即压力下降。这样，热力学关系引起封闭储罐遭受交替的过压和欠压。
当液体输入至储罐中，或从储罐中排空时，过压和欠压也可能发生于封闭储罐中。
对于储罐中的压力改变存在承受的极限。当压力过份低时，存在储罐压扁的风险，当压力过份高时，存在储罐破裂的风险。这样，与贮存罐的压力控制相关的问题有两个部分。
现今，可能导致储罐压扁的压力下降通常通过输入更多的外部气体加以解决。例如，当用油槽船运输石油产品和原油时，当压力太低时，实施所谓的“惰性化”过程。此方法在于将来自船只推进发动机的经纯化的废气(惰性气体)向下输入至储罐中。在其它类型的运输或贮存情况，如通过公路或铁路运输汽油时，此问题通常通过使空气替代失去的气体体积而加以解决。
可能导致储罐破裂的压力增加现今可用不同方法进行处理。如采用了将气体转送至其它储罐的技术，或可能的进一步处理过程，还采用了浮动顶部。但是在油槽船上运输石油产品和原油时，解决此问题的方法是打开储罐，让气体逸出至大气中，直至储罐中的压力下降得足够低。这将是严重的污染，各国的当局正研究引入立法，从而将减少此类VOC(挥发性有机化合物)的排放。存在若干文献，它们描述了聚焦于解决过压问题的方法和系统。这些解决方案中包括不同的吸入和冷凝装置，特别聚焦于与液化气体(LNG和LPG)的贮存和运输有关联的问题。
由NO 305525得知一种贮存和运输液化天然气的方法及装置。其浓缩物从储罐中除去，并在具有冷却器的冷凝装置中凝结，然后返回送入至储罐中。装置将甲烷和氮气加以分离，然后将氮气排放至大气中。
US 2784560提出一种贮存和处理液化气体的方法和装置。液化气体的浓缩物循环于一个装置中，该装置应用另一液化气体冷却并冷凝熬出的东西(decoction)，再将其返回送入至储罐的底部。
US 3733838描述了一种系统，用以再液化来自液化气体的浓缩物。系统包括保温贮存罐、文丘里管、泵和热交换器。该系统意欲用于与液化气体贮存有关的方面。部分液化气体被压缩，然后在热交换器中膨胀以提供冷却。贮存罐通过部分冷凝气流的膨胀被冷却，当该部分冷凝气流被送入至包含蒸汽的这部分贮存罐中。
US 3921412描述了一种蒸汽回收装置，它应用一种冷凝分送喷嘴。喷嘴放置在垫板开口中，冷却灌装期间流出的蒸汽/气体，将其冷凝，从而它滴回储罐中。
挪威专利申请1999 6471涉及冷凝蒸汽和气体的方法、装置和系统。此方法的基础是液体循环通过排出气体的文丘里管，在此处混合物被引导至储罐的底部。此专利申请认为气体将在其向下至储罐的途中在液体中冷凝，还认为在储罐的底部将发生任何进一步的汽凝。
各种用于去除挥发性有机化合物的吸收装置可由US 3861890、JP63119833和EP 0819751A1中得知，这些装置作为分离组件设置在要从其中去除挥发性化合物的储罐或储罐组的外侧。
首先提到的三篇文献描述了相当综合性的用于贮存已冷却的液化气体的系统。只有挪威专利申请1999 6471企图大规模地解决与处理和贮存挥发性液体相关联的问题。此外，已知有各种装置，它们从正在灌装的储罐中吸取蒸汽/气体，冷凝蒸汽/气体，并将冷凝物送回至正从此处进行灌装的那个储罐中。由于现今的解决原油运输期间的压力控制方案和其它的解决方案看来都是不可接受的，因此本发明提出解决问题的一种替代性方案。
本发明涉及从一个或多个液体贮存罐中吸收蒸汽或气体的方法，该方法包括：将蒸汽/气体向下引导至放置在贮存罐底部附近、位于储罐内液体中浸没位置的吸收装置中；将气体吸收进入储罐液体内，该液体围绕吸收装置并循环通过该吸收装置或者从外源输入；将来自吸收装置的未被吸收的蒸汽/气体送回至储罐顶部的气体区域，或将其引出储罐。这样，吸收装置浸没在储罐的液体中，该液体也可选用为蒸汽/气体的吸收介质。因此，吸收效率由于吸收发生在上部液体形成的静水压下而得到提高。
通过将吸收装置向下置于储罐中以替代置于储罐的外侧大大减轻了对空间的要求，这对船只来讲特别有利。这也将造成吸收装置承受的要比外部负载少得多，同时降低了腐蚀风险。本发明提出的方法的又一优点是降低了功率要求，因为泵位于储罐内，这降低了泵送的扬程。同时，泵中的任何空蚀问题将减少，因为不需将液体泵出储罐之外。
将高大、笨重的吸收塔放置在船甲板上常常造成船的结构必须加以加强。在多储罐系统中，如在船上的那样，最好具有若干吸收组件，根据本发明，只要在每一储罐中放置一个吸收组件就能方便地解决了。
本发明还包括此方法在储罐船和储罐车上的应用。
下文将借助实施例的例证及参考附图，对发明加以更为详尽的说明，其中：
图1A表示供本发明方法应用的吸收装置；
图1B表示与图1A相对应的吸收装置的轴向剖面图；
图2表示放置在储罐中的吸收装置；而
图3表示图1和2中吸收装置的一个替代性实施例。
图1A和1B表示用于实现本方法的吸收装置的一个实例。吸收装置只有在浸没于储罐液体中时才起作用。装置包括管状外壳3，它安装在底板4上，并装备有蒸汽/气体入口1和液体入口8以及蒸汽/气体出口14和液体出口11。在管状外壳底部输入的蒸汽/气体借助多孔管2或其它分布装置分布在底腔5中。由于其相对液体的低密度，蒸汽/气体将在底腔中向上流动，通过多孔的圆柱基底9，在那里它将渗透通过吸收腔6。吸收腔包含特定结构的填充物或其它机械设备，它使液体和蒸汽/气体具有良好的接触。未吸收的蒸汽/气体将通过由网屏构成的圆柱顶部10离开吸收腔。液体和蒸汽/气体将流入顶腔7，在此处它们被重力分离。蒸汽/气体将在通过出口14排出之前在顶腔的顶部加以收集。液体从液体出口11流出，液体出口11由固定至法兰盘13上的接管座12加以保护，法兰盘13又固定至管状外壳上。管12将迫使液体向下流动以便选出顶腔，这将减少蒸汽/气体能通过液体出口逸出的机会。
此处提出的吸收装置显现有与商业用吸收圆柱的相似点，但也具有若干本质性的差别。首先，它只有在浸没于吸收液体中时才运行。其次，它还代表了一种新的运作原理，因为吸收液体是由于内、外侧之间的静水压差，而不是被泵送通过装置的。此外，吸收是在气体和液体同向流动时发生的，这与较普通的逆向流动的吸收装置相反。
图2表示图1A和1B的吸收装置放置在贮存罐15中。蒸汽/气体从贮存罐15通过管道转送至压缩机/泵17。压缩机/泵由压力传感器16加以控制。压缩机/泵将蒸汽/气体通过管道送至吸收装置18。蒸汽/气体被循环通过吸收装置的液体所吸收。如果液体不能吸收全部蒸汽/气体，蒸汽/气体的多余馏分向上渗透至吸收装置的顶部，并继续通过管道流至储罐19。在储罐中，测量蒸汽/气体的成分，控制器20确定是否通过阀门21将蒸汽/气体排放至大气，或者通过阀门22送回至贮存罐。
图3表示本发明提出的方法的一个替代性实施例。此处，所示的一个常规的吸收装置24浸没在储存罐23中。常规的吸收圆柱主要由填充有机械结构的管道构成，机械结构将气体/蒸汽与液体进行混合，从而在两者之间建立最大可能的表面面积，因而也就建立了良好的高质量传递。图3还表示了一种管道系统，它使吸收过程得以以若干方式实现。气体/蒸汽从储罐23通过管道25转送至压缩机/泵26。气体/蒸汽通过阀门27，再经过管道29向下通至吸收圆柱24的底部。可替代的是，气体/蒸汽可通过阀门28，再经过管道30通至吸收圆柱24的顶部。未被吸收的气体/蒸汽通过管道31被引出吸收圆柱。通过阀门32，气体/蒸汽能送至另一过程，或向外送至大气。可替代的是，气体/蒸汽能通过阀门33回转至贮存罐23。来自另一储罐的原油或其它石油产品可用吸收介质，并可通过管道34引入至吸收圆柱中。在吸收圆柱24底部的孔35使液体得以流出或流入吸收圆柱。当气体/蒸汽在吸收圆柱的底部引入时阀门36使流体得以在较高的点流出吸收圆柱。此处描述的方法使气体/蒸汽的吸收既可通过气体/蒸汽与吸收介质的同向流动进行，也可通过两个相的逆向流动进行。是否一个方法优于另一方法将取决于气体/蒸汽和液体的流率，以及取决于吸收介质是在储罐中的液体，还是从外源输入的。
即使上述实施例的吸收装置被描述成一个填充有机械结构的吸收圆柱，但也可想到，吸收装置被建造成一个由具有内部机械结构的管道构成的气液混合器，该内部机械结构引起气体和液体的湍流混合，将造成更高的吸收程度。此外，还可想到的是应用一个仅由管道构成的单一吸收装置，气体/蒸汽通过喷嘴引入于其中，这些喷嘴引起气体/蒸汽在管道中形成小气泡，从而将产生气泡吸收。
本发明提出的方法和应用是十分有益于环境的，因为它将消除现今的VOC排放。系统也可应用于若干储罐通过管线而连结的情况，诸如在油船上运输石油产品的情况。在这种情况，系统将能提供所有储罐中所要求的压力降低。还可得出的结论是，本发明将对石油公司和原油运输公司具有有价值的技术冲击。今天，石油在平台上加工，以便包含较少量的较轻馏分，从而避免运输期间的排放问题。但是从经济上来说，希望送至精炼厂的原油包含尽可能多的较轻馏分，使石油公司得以获得船货的最高可能价格。这样，对装备有能处理石油较轻馏分而无需排放的运油船将会有更大的需求，且能获得更高的运费。

Claims (4)

1.一种通过控制液体贮存罐中的过压以吸收蒸汽和气体的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括以下步骤：
-将蒸汽/气体引导至吸收装置中，所述吸收装置放置在储罐底部附近位于储罐内液体中的浸没位置；
-将气体吸收入液体中，所述液体围绕吸收装置并循环通过该吸收装置，或者从外源输入；
-将来自吸收装置的未被吸收的蒸汽/气体送回至储罐顶部的气体区域，或将其引出储罐。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，吸收介质用冷却部件加以冷却。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法在运油船上的应用。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法在油罐车上的应用。
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