CN1503587A - 用于波束形成的有源天线阵和系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
供波束形成天线系统中使用的有源天线阵,该天线阵包括与每个天线单元连接的多载波功率放大器,其中该多载波功率放大器的输出被线性化。该天线阵与位于该蜂窝式塔基座的基站控制单元以数字基带形式通信。光纤传输线路连接该天线阵与该基站控制单元。多载波线性功率放大器可以被连接到天线单元,以线性化该天线单元的输出。做为选择,当多载波功率放大器被使用的时候,一个预失真电路被连接到该天线单元,以线性化该天线单元的输出。
Description
发明领域
本发明通常涉及在无线服务提供中使用的天线和天线系统,尤其是,涉及一个适合于设置在塔上或者其他的支撑结构上用于提供无线通信服务的天线阵。
发明背景
无线通信系统被广泛地用于在实体和用户设备之间提供语音和数据通信,诸如在二个移动站或者单元之间,或者在移动站和陆地有线电话用户之间。如在图1中举例说明的,一个作为现有技术典型的通信系统10包括一个或多个移动单元12,一个或多个基站14和一个电话交换局16。在一个蜂窝网络之内提供无线服务方面,单独的地理区域或者“小区”是由一个或多个基站14服务的。作为在图1举例说明的典型的基站14包括一个基站控制单元18和一个天线塔(未示出)。该控制单元18包括基站电子设备,并且通常被放置在该塔底部上或者附近坚固的外壳之内。该控制单元18经由陆上通信线路被连接到交换局,或者做为选择,该信号可以经由微波回运天线被传送或者回运。一个典型的蜂窝网络可以包括数以百计的基站14,数以千计的移动单元或者单元12,以及一个或多个交换局16。
该交换局16是整个蜂窝网络的中央协调单元。它典型地包括一个蜂窝处理器,一个蜂窝开关,以及提供到该公用电话交换网(PTSN)的接口。贯穿该蜂窝网络,一个双工无线电通信链路可以在该蜂窝网络的用户之间建立。
一个或多个无源天线20被支撑在该塔上,诸如在塔顶22上,并且在塔顶22周围是定向的,以对于该小区提供期望的波束扇面。一个基站将典型地具有三个以上的RF天线和一个或多个与使用该基站的每个无线服务提供者有关的回运天线。该无源的RF天线20被经由多个RF同轴电缆24连接到基站控制单元18,该多个RF同轴电缆24延伸到该塔上,并且在发射(“下行链路”)和接收(“上行链路”)时间期间,提供用于在无源的RF天线20和控制单元18之间通信的该RF信号的传输线路。
与图1的现有技术一样的该典型的基站14需要放大要由RF天线20发射的该RF信号。对于这个目的,其已经常规地在该塔基上或者其他的支撑结构上,在该控制单元18内使用一个大规模的线性功率放大器(未示出)。该线性功率放大器必须被级联为大功率电路,以在较高的输出功率上实现期望的线性度。典型地,对于上述的大功率系统或者放大器,在天线20上必须使用附加的大功率合成器,这对于该无源天线结构增加了成本和复杂性。在该RF同轴电缆24中经历的功率损耗与通过在塔顶22上功率分配造成可能需要提高功率放大,以在无源天线20上获得期望的功率输出,从而降低了该基站14的总体运行效率。经由电缆和功率分配损耗,几乎一半传送给该无源天线20的该RF功率被耗损是寻常的。
延伸到该塔上的该射频电缆24同样存在结构上的问题。该电缆24增加了该塔要支撑的重量,尤其是当它们变得被冰覆盖的时候,从而需要一个足够大小和强度的塔式结构。此外,该射频电缆24对于该塔式结构可能存在风载荷问题,尤其是在大风时。
典型的基站还具有不是特别可调节的天线。即,通常该天线将提供一个具有预先确定波束宽度、方位角和仰角的波束。近来,从一个无线服务提供者的观点来看,更加希望获得相对于来自基站的该波束的形状和方向的灵活性。
发明内容
因此,在一个无线通信系统中,需要一种对控制单元和天线之间的电缆损耗和功率分配损耗不敏感的基站和天线。
还需要一种当在发射周期内提供线性化的输出时可高效地工作的基站和相关的天线。
此外希望提供应用于上述的发布的天线,并且其可以用于形成特定的形状和方向的波束。
附图说明
伴随的附图被结合进和构成本说明书的一部分,其与在上面给出的本发明的概述一起举例说明本发明的实施例,并且在下面给出的该实施例的详细说明中用来解释本发明的原理。
图1是一个举例说明按照现有技术的蜂窝式通信系统基本部件的简略方框图。
图2是一个举例说明按照本发明原理的蜂窝式通信系统基本部件的简略方框图。
图3是按照本发明的一个方面供图2的蜂窝式通信系统中使用的天线系统的简略方框图。
图4是按照本发明的另一个方面供图2的蜂窝式通信系统中使用的天线系统的简略方框图。
图5是按照本发明的再一个方面供图2的蜂窝式通信系统中使用的天线系统的简略方框图。
图6A是一个按照本发明的原理供图5的天线系统中使用的预失真电路的简略方框图。
图6B是一个供图6A的预失真电路中使用的互调产生电路的简略方框图。
图7是一个按照本发明原理的平面天线阵的示意图。
优选实施例
现在参考附图,尤其是参考图2,示出了一个按照本发明原理的无线通信系统30,这里与图1的蜂窝式通信系统10相同的数字表示相同的部分。如在下面将更详细描述的,无线通信系统30是一个具有多个M×N有源天线阵32的数字自适应波束形成天线系统,该M×N有源天线阵32支撑在一个塔上,诸如在该塔顶22上,其在该塔顶22的附近是定向的,以对于限定的小区提供期望的波束扇面。如图7所示,每个有源天线阵32包括由天线单元34构成的阵列,其通常被以期望的结构设置,诸如N个(标记为1-N)垂直列或者子阵列36,以及每列M个(指定为1-M)天线单元34。该M×N个天线单元34的阵列32可以通过适当的方法形成,诸如,例如通过在适宜的衬底和接地面上提供带状传输线单元(strip line element)或者补丁(patch)单元。当然,不脱离本发明的精神和范围的该阵列32其他的结构同样是可允许的。如在下面所讨论的,该天线单元34的阵列运行时在一个或多个通信频带范围中限定多个不同信号波束。
利用该阵列单元34,可以形成具有期望的波形和方向的一个波束或者最好是多个波束。借助于天线阵的波束形成是公知的技术。按照本发明的原理,由该有源天线阵32形成的波束对于一个期望的波形、仰角和方位角是数字自适应的。该天线阵32最好是被驱动去自适应地和有选择地操纵该波束随心所欲地用于该小区。分别地对于每个天线单元34操纵信号允许在方位角和仰角两者方面对波束操纵。做为选择,波束方位角控制可能比波束仰角控制更需要,因此对于垂直列或者子阵列36(标记为1-N)的各个信号被操纵以获得方位角操纵。即,当具有一个通常固定的仰角时,该独立的列被操纵以提供可以在方位角方面操纵的波束。
进一步参考图2,基站40的基站控制单元38被设置在该天线塔(未示出)的基座上或附近,并且运行时以数字基带的形式发射信号到和从每个平面天线阵32接收信号。一个或多个传输线路42,诸如在一个实施例中的光纤电缆,被连接到该基站控制单元38和每个平面天线阵32,用于在其间数字基带信号的传送。本发明的光纤电缆42延伸到该塔上并且代替现有技术(图1)的该大同轴射频电缆24,以及显著地降低由现有射频电缆存在的费用、重量和风载荷关注。
现在参考图3,示出按照本发明一个实施例的有源天线阵50。如在上面详细描述的,该天线单元34可以通常以包括N个(标记为1-N)垂直列或者子阵列36,以及每列M个(指定为1-M)天线单元34的结构设置。每个列或者子阵列36的每个天线单元34被连接到一个M路功率分配器52。按照本发明的一个方面,一个多载波线性功率放大器(LPA)54运行时连接到每个垂直列36的一个输入端,以运行时与相应的列的天线单元34连接。在本发明的一个实施例中,天线单元34是执行发送与接收功能两者的共用天线单元。借助于该天线50,所有的天线单元34被配置为同时发射无线电信号给移动站或者单元12(称为“下行链路”),并且从该移动站或者单元12接收无线电信号(称为“上行链路”)。双工器56运行时连接到每个垂直列36的输入端,以便于同时适合于其列阵列的发送与接收功能。
该多载波线性功率放大器54被提供在该有源天线阵列50中,并且消除在现有技术的蜂窝基站中需要的高的放大功率,现有技术一般在位于该塔基座上具有大功率的放大器。通过在该塔顶22上移动该传输放大路径到天线阵50,与现有技术的无源天线系统有关的电缆损失和分解损失被降低。本发明的多载波线性功率放大器54支持多个载波频率,并且无需破坏频谱的发展规范,提供一个线性化的输出给期望的辐射功率。每个多载波线性功率放大器54可以结合前馈、反馈或者任意其他适宜的线性化电路,或者作为该多载波线性功率放大器54的一部分,或者与其远离的,以降低或者消除在天线单元34的输出端上的互调失真。在每个垂直列36的输入端上结合多载波线性功率放大器34减轻爬上该塔遭受的信号功率损耗,因此改善了现有技术的无源天线系统天线系统功效。
进一步参考图3,并且按照本发明的另一个方面,一个低噪声放大器(LNA)58运行时连接到每个垂直列36的输出端,以运行时与该天线单元34连接。该低噪声放大器58被提供在该有源天线阵列50中,以改善用于该系统的接收机噪声指数和灵敏度。
按照本发明的又一个方面,如在图3举例说明的,每个平面天线阵50结合一个收发信机60,其运行时连接到每个垂直列或者子阵列36。每个收发信机60运行时将该控制单元38的波束形成器DSP 62的该数字基带信号转换为RF信号,用于在“下行链路”期间由天线单元34传送。该收发信机60被进一步运行时在“上行链路”期间转换由天线单元34接收的RF信号。每一个收发信机60被经由多路复用器或者MUX 64连接到光纤传输线路42,并且由一个适宜的本地振荡器(LO)66驱动。多路分解器或者DEMUX被连接到波束形成器DSP 62,并且经由该光纤传输线路42进一步被连接到该MUX64。通常,该收发信机60转换下行链路信号为一种可以容易地由各种各样的数字信号处理(DSP)技术处理的形式,诸如信道数字信号处理,包括时分技术(TDMA)和码分技术(CDMA)。在这点上,该数字信号是在一个限定的数字频带中,其与该天线信号和一个通信频带有关。
现在参考图4,一个按照本发明另一个方面的分布式有源天线阵70被举例说明,这里与图3的平面天线阵50相同的数字表示相同的单元。在这个实施例中,每个天线单元34运行时连接到一个M路功率分配器72和一个M路功率合成器74。借助于该天线70,所有的天线单元34被配置为同时发射无线电信号给该移动站或者单元12,并且从该移动站或者单元12接收无线电信号。一个回转器(circulator)76运行时连接到每个天线单元34,以便于同时实现发送与接收功能。在发送路径的每个天线单元34处或其附近,提供一个多载波线性功率放大器78,其中由在每个多载波线性功率放大器78的输出端上的滤波器80提供的适宜的滤波。在该平面天线阵70的每个天线单元34之前结合多载波线性功率放大器78抵消由于在该天线70中不完美的功率分配的插入损耗。此外,随着每个天线单元34插入一个多载波线性功率放大器78允许在低功率电平上功率分配。该N×M个平面天线70需要N×M个多载波线性功率放大器78,每个可以是简单和小型的,因为每个的总功率近似由以下给出:
这里Pouti是每个多载波线性功率放大器78需要的功率输出,Ptotal是该平面天线阵70总的需要的功率输出,以及N×M是结合进该平面天线阵70的多载波线性功率放大器78的数目。因为该多载波线性功率放大器78没有遭到沿该塔的电缆损失或者到每个天线单元34的分解损耗,通过现有技术的无源天线设计该天线阵70的功效被改善。
进一步参考图4,在该接收路径的每个天线单元34上或附近,提供一个低噪声放大器(LNA)82,其中由在每个低噪声功率放大器82的输入端上的滤波器84提供的适宜的滤波。该低噪声放大器82被提供在该有源天线阵70中,以改善接收机噪声指数和灵敏度。
图5举例说明一个按照本发明又一个方面的分布式有源天线阵90,在结构方面有点类似于图4的平面天线阵70,这里相同的数字表示相同的单元。在这个实施例中,如在图4举例说明的,连接到每个天线单元的该多载波线性功率放大器78被以多载波功率放大器(PA)92替换。天线单元34输出的线性化由预失真电路94提供,预失真电路94的每个运行时连接到相应的垂直列或者子阵36的一个输入端。如将在下面详细描述的,该预失真电路94运行时降低或者消除在该天线单元34的输出端上互调失真的产生,以便获得一个线性化的输出。
现在参考图6A,该预失真电路94在其输入端96上接收来自该收发信机60的RF载波信号。沿着上部路径98,该载波信号被在输入端96和输出端102之间的延迟电路100延迟。该RF载波信号能量的一部分被在该输入端96上连接离开,用于经由下部互调(IM)产生路径104传送。一个可调衰减器106被在互调(IM)产生电路108的输入端上提供,以在被施加于该互调(IM)产生电路108之前调整该连接RF载波信号的电平。
该互调(IM)产生电路108在图6B中举例说明,并且包括一个90°3分贝定向连接器,其分解该RF载波信号为二个信号,它们被施加于一个RF载波信号路径112和施加于一个互调(IM)产生路径114。在该RF载波信号路径112中,该RF载波信号被足够的值的固定衰减器116衰减,诸如10分贝衰减器,以保证在放大器120中没有互调成分被产生。该信号被进一步由可变相位调整器118进行相位调整。该衰减和相位调整的RF载波信号由放大器120放大,但是确实对该信号衰减,该放大器120在其输出端上不产生任何的互调(IM)成分,使得该放大器120的输出是没有互调(IM)成分的RF载波信号。在该RF载波信号路径112中的该RF载波信号由固定衰减器122衰减,并且施加于第二90°3分贝定向连接器124。
进一步参考图6B,在该互调(IM)产生路径114中,该RF载波信号略微地由固定衰减器126衰减,诸如0-1dB衰减器,然后施加于一个放大器128。在本发明的另一个方面中,该放大器128具有与连接到该天线单元34的多载波功率放大器92的转换功能类似或者本质上相同的转换功能,从而将产生与在该发送路径的末级使用的该多载波功率放大器92类似或者相同的第三、第五和第七阶互调(IM)成分。该放大器128放大该RF载波信号,并且在其输出端上产生互调(IM)成分。该放大的RF载波信号和互调(IM)成分然后被施加于一个可变增益电路130和一个固定衰减器132。在RF载波信号路径112中,通过可变相位调整器118进行的该RF载波信号的相位调整,和在该互调(IM)产生路径114中,通过该可变增益电路130进行的该RF载波信号和互调(IM)成分的增益两者都被调整,使得该RF载波信号被在第二3分贝定向连接器124上信号的总和上除去,并且仅仅该互调(IM)成分保留在该互调(IM)产生路径114中。
现在返回到参考图6A,由图6B的互调(IM)产生电路108产生的该互调(IM)成分被放大器134放大,然后在输出端102上求和之前施加于可变增益电路136和可变相位调节器138。在上部路径98中的该RF载波信号和在互调(IM)产生路径104中的该互调(IM)成分是彼此有180°相位差,使得在输出端102上的总和包括该RF载波信号和与该RF载波信号有180°相位差的该互调(IM)成分。
该合成的RF载波信号和不同相的互调(IM)成分在该发送路径的最后阶段被施加于连接到每个天线单元34的该多载波功率放大器92。该RF载波信号被放大,并且互调(IM)成分是通过放大产生的。在多载波功率放大器92的输出端上的该合成的(IM)成分和不同相的IM成分在放大器输出端上提供(IM)失真明显的降低/消除。
进一步参考图6A,在该互调(IM)产生电路108的输出端上提供一个载波消除检测器140,以监控在输出端上该RF载波信号的存在。如果该RF载波信号被检测到,该载波消除检测器140调整该互调(IM)产生电路108的可变相位调节器118和该可变增益电路130,直到在互调(IM)产生电路108的输出端上的该RF载波信号被消除为止。在每个多载波功率放大器(PA)92的输出端上提供了一个互调(IM)消除检测器142。如果互调(IM)成分被检测到,该互调(IM)消除检测器142调整在底部互调(IM)产生路径104中的该可变增益电路136和可变相位调节器138,直到在该多载波功率放大器92的输出端上的该互调(IM)成分被消除为止。以这种方法,该预失真电路94通过该多载波功率放大器92抑制互调(IM)成分的产生,使得该天线单元34的输出被线性化。
虽然已经通过描述各种各样的实施例举例说明了本发明,并且虽然已经非常详细地描述了这些实施例,对于上述的细节去限制或者以任何方式限制所附的权利要求的范围均不是本申请人的意图。对于那些本领域技术人员来说将容易显露其他的优点和修改。因此,在其更宽广的方面中,本发明不局限于该特定的细节,典型的装置和方法,以及示出和描述的说明性的例子。因此,不脱离申请人概括的发明构思的精神或者范围,可以根据上述的细节进行改变。
Claims (33)
1.一个有源波束形成天线,包括:
天线单元阵列;
多载波功率放大器,运行时与天线单元阵列中的每个单元连接;
该多载波功率放大器的输出被线性化。
2.根据权利要求1的波束形成天线,其中该多载波功率放大器包括多载波线性功率放大器。
3.根据权利要求2的波束形成天线,其中这些天线单元布置成一个或多个子阵列以限定该阵列,以及其中每个多载波线性功率放大器运行时与该子阵列的输入端连接,以运行时与该天线单元连接。
4.根据权利要求1的波束形成天线,进一步包括一个低噪声放大器,运行时与该天线单元阵列的每个单元连接。
5.根据权利要求4的波束形成天线,其中这些天线单元被布置成一个或多个子阵列以限定该阵列,并且其中每个低噪声放大器运行时与该子阵列的输出端连接,以运行时与这些天线单元连接。
6.根据权利要求2的波束形成天线,其中每个多载波线性功率放大器运行时紧邻连接该阵列的每个天线单元。
7.根据权利要求4的波束形成天线,其中每个低噪声放大器运行时紧邻连接该阵列的每个天线单元。
8.根据权利要求1的波束形成天线,进一步包括:一个运行时与这些天线单元连接的双工器,以便于同时实现发送与接收功能。
9.根据权利要求1的波束形成天线,进一步包括:一个运行时与这些天线单元连接的回转器,以便于同时实现发送与接收功能。
10.根据权利要求1的波束形成天线,进一步包括:一个与该阵列的多个天线单元的多载波功率放大器连接的预失真电路。
11.根据权利要求1的波束形成天线,其中所述预失真电路具有一个类似于连接于其的多载波功率放大器的转换功能的转换功能。
12.一个有源波束形成天线,包括:
设置成一个或多个子阵列所限定的天线单元阵列;
多载波功率放大器,运行时紧邻连接该阵列中的每一个天线单元;和
运行时与该子阵列的输入端连接的预失真电路,以运行时与这些天线单元连接,该预失真电路能够抑制互调失真的产生。
13.根据权利要求12的波束形成天线,进一步包括:一个低噪声放大器,运行时紧邻连接该阵列中的每个天线单元。
14.根据权利要求12的波束形成天线,进一步包括:一个运行时与这些天线单元连接的回转器,以便于同时实现发送与接收功能。
15.根据权利要求12的波束形成天线,其中所述预失真电路具有一个类似于连接于其的多载波功率放大器的转换功能的转换功能。
16.一个基站,包括:
塔;
支撑在该塔上的天线,该天线具有设置成一个或多个子阵列来进行限定的天线单元阵列;
与该塔有关的控制单元,并且运行时以数字基带形式发射信号到天线和从天线接收信号;
收发信机,运行时与每个子阵列连接,并且运行时可在该天线阵和控制单元之间的数字基带信号和RF信号之间转换:和
连接在该收发信机和每个子阵列之间的预失真电路,以降低在该天线上的互调失真。
17.根据权利要求16的基站,进一步包括:至少一个连接到该控制单元和该天线的光纤传输线路,用于在其间传送该数字基带信号。
18.根据权利要求16的基站,进一步包括:运行时连接到该阵列的每个天线单元的多载波功率放大器,该多载波功率放大器的输出被线性化。
19.根据权利要求18的基站,其中该多载波功率放大器包括多个多载波线性功率放大器。
20.根据权利要求19的基站,其中每个多载波线性功率放大器运行时连接到该子阵列的输入端,以运行时与这些天线单元连接。
21.根据权利要求16的基站,进一步包括:低噪声放大器,运行时与该阵列中每个天线单元连接。
22.根据权利要求21的基站,其中每个低噪声放大器运行时连接到该子阵列的输出端,以运行时与这些天线单元连接。
23.根据权利要求19的基站,其中每个多载波线性功率放大器运行时紧邻连接该阵列的每个天线单元。
24.根据权利要求21的基站,其中每个低噪声放大器运行时紧邻连接该阵列的每个天线单元。
25.根据权利要求16的基站,进一步包括:运行时与这些天线单元连接的双工器,以便于同时实现发送与接收功能。
26.根据权利要求16的基站,进一步包括:运行时与这些天线单元连接的回转器,以便于同时实现发送与接收功能。
27.一种在具有天线单元阵列的天线上形成波束的方法,包括:
运行时连接多载波功率放大器到该阵列的每个天线单元;
线性化该多载波功率放大器的输出;和
将该多载波功率放大器的线性化输出施加给该阵列的天线单元以形成一个波束。
28.根据权利要求27的方法,其中多载波功率放大器包括多个多载波线性功率放大器。
29.根据权利要求27的方法,进一步包括步骤:
运行时连接一个低噪声放大器到该阵列的天线单元。
30.根据权利要求27的方法,进一步包括步骤:
运行时连接一个预失真电路到多载波功率放大器。
31.一种在具有天线单元阵列的天线上形成波束的方法,包括:
运行时连接多载波功率放大器到该阵列的每个天线单元;
运行时连接一个预失真电路到多载波功率放大器,以线性化这些多载波功率放大器的输出;和
将多载波功率放大器的线性化输出施加给该阵列的天线单元以形成一个波束。
32.根据权利要求31的方法,其中该多载波功率放大器包括多载波线性功率放大器。
33.根据权利要求31的方法,进一步包括步骤:
运行时连接一个低噪声放大器到该阵列的天线单元。
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- 2003-09-18 GB GB0600515A patent/GB2422961B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0600515D0 (en) | 2006-02-22 |
GB2393580B (en) | 2006-06-07 |
GB2422961A (en) | 2006-08-09 |
GB2393580A (en) | 2004-03-31 |
US7280848B2 (en) | 2007-10-09 |
US20040204109A1 (en) | 2004-10-14 |
DE10342746A1 (de) | 2004-04-08 |
GB2422961B (en) | 2006-10-11 |
GB0321886D0 (en) | 2003-10-22 |
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