CN1484450A - 快速数字信道变换 - Google Patents

快速数字信道变换 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1484450A
CN1484450A CNA031540511A CN03154051A CN1484450A CN 1484450 A CN1484450 A CN 1484450A CN A031540511 A CNA031540511 A CN A031540511A CN 03154051 A CN03154051 A CN 03154051A CN 1484450 A CN1484450 A CN 1484450A
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video data
channel
broadcasting video
broadcasting
frame interior
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CN100466715C (zh
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Pt
P·T·巴雷特
J·A·鲍德温
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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Microsoft Corp
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Abstract

通过选择在一个合适的调谐时间调谐到一个信道上，可以实现基于数字电视的娱乐网络中的快速信道变换。在一个用作范例的实施中，有这样的方法，包括：接收到一个来自于客户设备的表明被请求新信道的信道变换请求；为被请求新信道的广播视频数据准备一个被请求新信道的广播视频数据流，该数据流在当前广播时间之后被及时补偿；传送广播视频数据流以响应信道变换请求。在另一个用作范例的实施中，系统包括：一个存储器设备，它为多信道保留广播视频数据；一个视频数据抽取器，它存取被保留的广播视频数据并为被请求信道检索过去的广播视频数据内部帧；一个视频数据分配器，它发送检索到的广播视频数据内部帧。

Description

快速数字信道变换
技术领域
本发明主要涉及在数字视频环境中变换信道，尤其涉及(作为例子而非限制)，在数字单点传送网络中当从一个视频流变换到另一个视频流时减少视频显示时延。
背景技术
基于电视的娱乐系统正在扩展他们提供的节目和业务。除了如在广播和传统的有线网上看到的电视节目内容外，电视业务提供者还在增加点播视频，以及其他交互式业务、性能和应用。这些特殊的业务、性能和应用的存在，以及可获得的普遍电视节目内容范围的增长，驱使在基于电视的娱乐系统中数字网络技术的采用。
数字技术使卫星和电(光)缆运营商增加他们提供给用户的业务的数量和种类，并因此增加他们来自每个用户的平均收益。不幸的是，尽管与传统模拟网络相比数字技术向用户提供了很多好处，但是它还存在一些缺点。例如，在数字电视业务中变换信道花费2至3秒。这个信道变换时延使数字电视业务的用户心烦和沮丧。
数字技术的这个和其他缺点导致高比率的用户回转，即意味着在一个短时期内很大的百分比的试用数字电视业务的用户回到传统的模拟业务。对于网络运营者，将用户从模拟业务转换到数字业务需要花费，这个花费的范围从广泛的、一般的市场推广成本到个人激励和安装费用。因此，减少用户回转使卫星和电(光)缆运营商在经济上受益。
所以，对于基于电视的娱乐系统，需要方案和技术以减少从数字业务出来回到传统的模拟业务的回转，这个回转是因用户不满意在数字电视业务中感受到的缓慢的信道变换而产生的。
发明内容
可以实现基于数字电视的娱乐环境网络中的快速信道变换，例如，通过选择在一个合适的调谐时间调谐到一个信道上。在一个用作范例的实施中，方法包括：接收到一个来自于客户设备的表明被请求新信道的信道变换请求；为被请求新信道的广播视频数据准备一个被请求新信道的广播视频数据流，该数据流在当前广播时间之后被及时补偿；向客户设备传送广播视频数据流以响应信道变换请求。
在另一个用作范例的实施中，一个系统包括：一个存储器设备，它为多信道保留广播视频数据；一个视频数据抽取器，它存取被保留的广播视频数据并为多个信道中的被请求信道检索一个过去的广播视频数据内部帧；以及一个视频数据分配器，它接收检索到的广播视频数据内部帧并发送检索到的广播视频数据内部帧。该系统还可包括一个视频数据增强器，它存取被保留的广播视频数据，并检索跟随检索到的广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流，在那里视频数据分配器进一步接收检索到的广播视频数据流并发送检索到的广播视频数据流。
在此描述其他的方法、系统及安排实施。
附图说明
在整个附图中，相同的编号用于标识相应的方面、性能和部件。
图1说明一个用作范例的广播视频分布总体结构，可以实现在此快速数字信道变换的系统和方法。
图2说明一个用作范例的广播视频分配频谱。
图3说明一个依据常规方法的数字信道的调谐时间。
图4说明一个用作范例的头端器和用作范例的客户设备，在此可以实现快速数字信道变换的系统和方法。
图5说明一个用作范例的用于压缩视频的数据流。
图6说明一个在此文中描述的数字信道的快速调谐时间。
图7是一套说明可在用户之间共享的瞬时剩余带宽的图。
图8是说明一个用作范例的快速数字信道变换的方法流程图。
具体实施方式
图1说明一个用作范例的广播视频分布总体结构100，其中可以实现快速数字信道变换的系统和方法。一个或多个广播中心102通过一个或多个传输媒体106向一个或多个头端器104提供广播视频。每个广播中心102和头端器104可以与一个或多个传输媒体106(如卫星传输媒体、无线频率无线广播传输媒体、电缆媒体等等)接口。因此，广播中心102可以与卫星运营商、网络电视运营商、电缆运营商等等有关。
头端器104至少包括一个数据中心108，数据中心记录通过传输媒体106或任何其他媒体接收到的广播视频。当广播视频以压缩数据方式存在时记录可以实现，例如，为了使进行中的这样的广播视频存储超过几天、几周、或甚至无限期的容易。压缩方式可表现为运动图像专家组(MPEG)算法，例如，MPEG-2、MPEG-4等等。其他压缩技术可替代使用，例如微软Windows媒体、高级简单分布(ASP)、Cintak等等。
头端器104和集线器114可以通过网络112通信。网络112可以是光纤环并可以在基于报文分组的协议，例如互连网协议IP、异步传输模式(ATM)上的IP等等下，运作。报文可以因此在头端器104和集线器114之间通信。集线器114可包括电缆调制解调器终端系统(CMTS)110B以终止来自于下游电缆调制解调器的通信。如果集线器114(或其他未说明的集线器)不包括CMTS 110B，头端器104可包括CMTS 110A以终止电缆调制解调器通信。尽管在总体结构100中仅说明一个集线器114，头端器104可通过网络112向多个这样的集线器114提供广播视频。因此头端器104通过网络112向一个或多个集线器114分配广播视频。
集线器114通过光纤线路向一个或多个光纤节点118A、118B、……、118N分配广播视频。每个光纤节点118输出一根或多根同轴线120，以及每根同轴线120包括连至多个用户端122A、122B、……、122N的同轴线引下线。用户端122A、122B、……、122N各自包括客户设备124A、124B、……、124N。用户端122可以是家庭、企业等等。每个用户端122可有多个这样的客户设备124，每个客户设备可直接或间接与一根或多根同轴线120接口。客户设备124可以是计算机、不同能力的机顶盒、手提/便携的电子设备、数字电视等等。每个客户设备124可包括集成视频屏幕或可以和视频屏幕耦合。一个用作范例的客户设备124的实现在与图4有关的下文中描述。
图2说明一个用作范例的广播视频分配频谱200。频谱200从0MHz延伸到850MHz，并包括上游部分202和下游部分204。上游部分202分配给从客户设备124(图1中的)至头端器104的用作点播视频请求、电缆调制解调器请求、信道变换请求等等的通信。下游部分204分配给从头端器104至客户设备124的通信。这些下游通信包括模拟(视频)部分206、数字视频(DV)部分208、点播DV部分210和高速数据部分212。
模拟部分206一般包括一些6MHz的模拟信道。DV部分208也包括一些6MHz信道，但是这些信道专用于DV。这些6MHz信道中的每个可以以压缩方式传送多个DV，如8个常规定义视频信道。尽管模拟下游通信一般占下游部分204中的大部分，但是频谱200不需要表示刻度。
点播DV部分210专用于在请求时以数字方式提供视频。因此，这个资源可在多个客户设备124中被动态分配。高速数据部分212包括发送至客户设备124的数据，如在此用上游部分202通过电缆调制解调器转发至客户设备124的以响应先前请求的数据。这样数据可包括始自互连网或相似源的信息。频谱200的其他分布/分配可替代使用。不管怎样，必须理解的是，根据频谱分配，术语“数字网络”可涉及组合数字和模拟网络中的数字部分。
为了使用户能访问通过频谱200的数字分配部分提供的视频、性能和其他业务，用户需要订购数字业务。然后用户使用能解释、解码及显示数字视频的客户设备124。数字视频一般提供优于模拟视频图像的图像，并且数字业务常常是方便的、提供大量信息的和其他令人愉快的。然而，由于一个或多个数字业务的缺点，很大百分比的新数字用户从数字业务回转出来。一个这样的缺点是当变换到数字信道时的延迟时间，无论变换是来自于模拟信道还是其他数字信道。
特别是，在数字网络上变换电视信道比在传统模拟网络上变换信道花的时间长。当模拟电视的观看者在模拟信道之间“冲浪”时，观看者可以从先前的模拟信道(或先前的数字信道)切换到一个新的模拟信道，而不感受到一个足够长以至于令观看者烦恼或甚至可被观看者检测到的延迟。事实上，在模拟网络中这个延迟一般小于250毫秒。然而，当数字电视的观看者在数字信道之间“冲浪”时，从一个新的数字信道被请求到一个新的数字信道的视频被显示之间的延迟可被检测到。此外，这个延迟足够长以至于另观看者烦恼甚至使观看者沮丧。
图3说明一个依据常规方法的数字信道的调谐时间300。调谐时间300包括4个延迟周期：调谐至模拟信道的延迟302，信道过载延迟304、等待I帧延迟306、以及缓冲器填充时间延迟308。数字视频信道成组地位于沿着频谱200(图2中的)的特殊频率上，如每6MHz频率中有6-8个的数字信道。因此，当调谐至大约6MHz的时隙时要经历模拟调谐时间延迟302。特别是由于每6MHz频率中有多个数字信道，有个信道过载延迟304以计算获取基本压缩视频流传送的变换，如MPEG-2流。
当数字视频数据以MPEG流发送时，例如，数据作为一系列帧通信。这些帧既可以是内部帧(I帧)也可以是非内部帧(非I帧)，非I帧包括预测帧(P帧)和双向帧(B帧)。I帧是单个独立的图像，该图像被解码时可以不考虑其他图像(先前的和随后的)。P帧及时地被前向预测，换句话说，P帧只依据先前的图像。另一方面，B帧可以及时地被前向和/或反向预测。
因为在数据流中只有I帧是独立作为参考帧，一个MPEG或相同组成的数据流的解码需要从I帧开始。作为标准定义数字电视信道的MPEG-2数据流中的I帧可不频发地每隔2秒到达。假定信道变换请求在两个I帧之间中间的某个位置平均到达，等待I帧的平均延迟时间306大约1秒。
I帧获取后，需要后续的(非I)帧继续视频显示。这些后续的帧用于解码缓冲器直到解码缓冲器满。特别对于基于MPEG的解码处理，在广播环境中，直到解码缓冲器中有足够的帧以确保缓冲器不会由于解码处理比它被充满快而空时，解码才开始。因此，有个与缓冲器填充时间308相应的附加延迟。一般的缓冲器填充时间308可持续500-750毫秒。调谐时间300的四个延迟周期302、304、306和308总的大约2-3秒，当信道“冲浪“时这是引人注意的且令人烦恼的长时间周期。
在为视频数据的I、P和B单元采用MPEG宏功能块的基于电视的娱乐网络中也存在相同的延迟。在这样的网络中，I宏功能块、P宏功能块和B宏功能块与I帧、P帧和B帧是相似的。各种宏功能块联合组成视频图像。事实上，在有线网的常规的数字信道变换环境中，当一个图像的I宏功能块被接收、解码并显示在屏幕上时，这个组合可以被看到。已解码的I宏功能块的显示使人想起瀑布，因为已解码的I宏功能起初在屏幕的顶部出现并渐渐地充满屏幕的其余部分，一般从上到下。
图4说明一个用作范例的头端器104和用作范例的客户设备124，在此可以实现快速数字信道变换的系统和方法。头端器104用网络接口402在网络404中通信，以及客户设备124用网络接口406在网络404中通信。网络404可以是双向单点传送网络。例如，网络404可使点到点互连网协议(IP)话路在其上建立。可以替代地，网络404可以是视频点播(VOD)类型网络、基于数字用户线的视频网络等等。也可使用网络404的其他应用。
网络404可包括一个或多个节点，它们是除头端器104外的客户设备124的上游。例如，集线器114(图1中的)和光纤节点118可位于客户设备124和头端器104之间，用作转发/路由选择在此之间的报文或其他通信。另外，网络404可作为网络的组合来实现。
网络接口402和406可根据网络404总体结构而变化。在一个用作范例的有线网的实施中，如果在网络404中没有其他插入CMTS110，网络接口402包括CMTS(如CMTS 110A)，以及网络接口406包括电缆调制解调器。网络接口402和/或网络接口406也可包括与IP网络、DSL网络等等交互的部件。这些部件可包括接收器、发射器、收发器等适合与合适网络交互的部件。
在用作范例的所描述的实施中，从头端器104至客户设备124的广播视频分配一般如下实现。在头端器104至客户设备124之间建立一条点到点IP话路。特殊信道的广播视频数据432通过网络404传送至客户设备124。因此，每个客户设备124根据它对应的被请求信道接收自己的指定的广播视频数据流。因此，每个节点118(图1中的)，如果存在，在网络双向部分占据的不同当前位置，以使下游传输至客户设备124。这个双向频谱部分可相当于DV部分208(图2中的)。
采用点到点IP话路消除模拟调谐时间和信道过载延迟，因为不存在至一个指定频率的信道的模拟调谐。客户设备124被调谐到IP数据源以至于信道之间的数字调谐发生在头端机104处的IP域。当从第一信道变换到第二信道时，在头端机104处的IP切换(未展示)表示客户设备124的IP地址现在被指定以接收与第二信道对应的广播视频数据流。尽管模拟信道调谐时间被消除了，作为客户设备124和头端机104之间的双向通信的结果，一个新的延迟被引入。这个新的延迟在下文中进一步描述。
客户设备124包括一个信道变换输入处理器428、视频解码424和网络接口406。视频解码424包括用于存储接收到的解码前的广播视频数据的缓冲器426。信道变换输入处理器428接收来自于用户(未展示)的要求变换至被请求信道的信道变换输入。信道变换输入可以从遥控、键盘、个人数字助理(PDA)或相似的、触摸屏、集成键等等接收。
信道变换输入处理器428可以作为可执行指令和/或硬件、软件、固件、或它们的一些组合来实现。信道变换输入处理器428以报文方式构造包括被请求信道的指示符的信道变换请求430。信道变换请求430从信道变换输入处理器428被提供给客户设备124的网络接口406用于网络404上的传输。
头端机104的网络接口402通过网络404接收信道变换请求430。网络接口402向数据中心108提供信道变换请求430。数据中心108，在用作范例的实施中，包括服务器总体结构408。服务器总体结构408包括服务器存储器408A和服务器计算机408B。服务器存储器408A包括包含大量存储器的存储设备(未明确展示)，如基于磁盘的存储设备。合适的基于磁盘的存储设备/系统的例子包括独立/不昂贵的磁盘冗余阵列(RAID)、光纤信道存储设备等等。
服务器存储器408A存储广播视频数据410。广播视频数据以压缩方式广播至头端机104(如从广播中心102(图1中的))。在作为范例的描述的实施中，压缩方式包括依据MPEG协议的数据流，如MPEG-4。然而其他压缩方式可替代使用。当压缩数据流到达头端机104，被作为广播视频数据410存储。因此，  服务器存储器408A以压缩数字方式保留广播视频数据410。当数据被接收超过几小时、几天、几周、甚至永久地时，服务器存储器408A可为多个信道保留广播视频数据410。
服务器计算机408B能存取服务器存储器408A中被保留的广播视频数据410。服务器计算机408B包括一个或多个处理器412和一个或多个存储器414。尽管未展示，服务器计算机408B还可包括其他部件，如输入/输出接口；本地磁盘驱动；编码、解码和其他处理视频数据的硬件和/或软件等等。存储器414可包括如磁盘驱动或闪速存储器的非易失存储器，和/或如随机存取存储器(RAM)的易失存储器。在作为范例的描述的实施中，存储器414包括电子可执行指令。
特别是，存储器414包括以下电子可执行指令：信道变换请求处理器422、视频数据抽取器416、视频数据增强器420和视频数据分配器418。存储器414的电子可执行指令可在处理器412上执行以实现下面所描述的功能。作为替代的实施，一个或多个信道变换请求处理器422、视频数据抽取器416、视频数据增强器420和视频数据分配器418可在存储器中被存储，以便他们可被处理器412硬件编码来完成自动执行和/或更快执行。
网络接口402向信道变换请求处理器422转发信道变换请求430。信道变换请求处理器422从信道变换请求430中隔离被请求信道并向视频数据抽取器416提供被请求信道。视频数据抽取器416负责，至少部分，为被请求信道从服务器存储器408A的广播视频数据410中提取的广播视频数据。视频数据抽取器416通过确保调谐实际地发生在更合适的时间来补偿在两个内部帧之间到达的信道变换请求430。
换句话说，为避免不得不等待I帧，广播视频数据的传送在过去被及时备份。为被请求信道发向客户设备124的广播视频数据410的传送在被请求信道的当前广播时间之后被及时补偿。因此，向在客户设备124处的观看者被展示的是在当前广播时间之前的而非当前的广播视频，但是在信道“冲浪“期间的视频显示延迟时间被减少了。
图5说明一个用作范例的用于压缩视频的数据流500。数据流500按与平行于纵坐标向上升起的视频数据单元和沿着横坐标向右增长的时间作图的。一般地，数据流500的视频数据单元包括压缩视频图像的单元。特别地，这些单元可相当于诸如MPEG的视频压缩协议的帧、宏功能块等等。数据流500包括内部单元(I单元)502和非内部单元(非I单元)504。
在作为范例的描述的实施中，I单元502可相当于I帧、I宏功能块等等。非I单元504可相当于P帧、P宏功能块、B帧、B宏功能块等等。因此，I单元502一般被解码时可不考虑其他单元，不管相关压缩算法。换句话说，内部单元可涉及任何数据段，这些数据段被解码和被随后显示时不考虑任何其他单元段，不管数据段是否特别依据MPEG压缩或一般依据任何其他编码算法。同样，一个完整或内部帧可涉及任何帧，这些帧被解码和被随后显示时不考虑任何其他数据帧并且这些帧完全填充指定的图像区域。这样的指定图像区域可相当于全屏幕、任何已分配的视频显示空间的整体、全窗口等等。
来自于广播中心102的(图1中的)每个数字视频信道的I单元502和非I单元504在头端机104处(图4中的)被接收，并在服务器存储器408A处作为广播视频数据410被超时存储。广播视频数据410因此在数据中心108处被保留，而且它可被获得以向客户设备124立即或随后地发送。
I单元502不时地，如在每隔大约的时间或每个事先安排的周期，在头端机104处沿着数据流500到达。在I单元502之间，多个非I单元504沿着数据流500到达。一般，在两个I单元502之间的时刻来自于客户设备124的信道变换请求430到达头端机104。在开始视频解码之前的等待下一个I单元502到达增加，平均，1秒延迟在MPEG-2流的数字信道调谐时间上。当视频解码器进化并变得带宽更有效时，这个由于等待下一个I单元502的平均延迟时间可伸展到5秒或更多秒。
不管怎样，代替等待下一个I单元502到达，视频数据抽取器416(图4中的)及时向后查找并检索先前的I单元502。先前的I单元502是，在一些实施中，最近接收到的I单元502。不管怎样，任何I单元502可以替代地被查找和/或检索。例如，如果在最近接收到的I单元502和信道变换请求430被接收的时刻之间没有足够的插入非I单元504，那么第二最近接收到的I单元502可被查找和检索。足够的插入非I单元504是由客户设备124的缓冲器426的大小决定控制的。缓冲器426可由插入非I单元504填充；这可选择的缓冲器填充在与视频数据增强器420有关的下文中进一步描述。
换句话说，视频数据抽取器416访问服务器存储器408A以检索相对于当前广播时间的过去的广播视频数据410的I单元502。特别地，视频数据抽取器416存取与信道请求430的被请求信道相应的广播视频数据410的部分。视频数据抽取器416及时向后查找(如，沿着数据流500向信道请求430的左方)以定位，然后为被请求信道检索最近接收到的I单元502。这I单元502提供给视频数据分配器。
关于可能的缓冲器填充时间延迟，由于缓冲器426的缓冲器填充时间引起的信道变换延迟可由数据增强器420避免或减少。视频数据增强器420接收来自于信道变换请求处理器422或视频数据抽取器416的被请求信道信息。视频数据增强器420也接收来自于视频数据抽取器416的检索到的(如最近接收到的)I单元502的沿着数据流500的定位。视频数据增强器420从沿着数据流500检索一些立即后续的非I单元504。非I单元504的数量足够以便填充视频解码器424的缓冲器426。
特别地，视频数据增强器420在与被请求信道相应的位置存取服务器存储器408A的广播视频数据410。视频数据增强器420知道客户设备124的缓冲器426的大小。视频数据增强器420可由头端机104的操作者、客户设备124等等通知缓冲器426大小要求。当客户设备124与网络404连接时，当点到点话路建立时、随着信道变换请求430等等，客户设备124可通知视频数据增强器420缓冲器的大小。
尽管用于视频解码器424的实际缓冲器的物理或分配的大小可以是任何大小，当解码开始时，缓冲器426与已编码的广播视频数据的最小水平或数量有关，这些广播视频数据必须或最好被保留。最小水平或数量依据使用的特别的压缩/解压技术，缓冲器426可相当于任何如此最小大小或大一点的。在一个用作范例的MPEG-2编码实施中，缓冲器426相当于大约500千字节。在一个用作范例的MPEG-4编码实施中，缓冲器426相当于大约4兆字节。视频数据增强器420因此检索非I单元504，跟随最近接收到的I单元502之后的，到足够大小以填充缓冲器426。这个检索在超过数据流500的发送速度的增强速率下完成。这套缓冲器426大小的非I单元504被提供给视频数据分配器418。
因此，视频数据分配器418接收来自于视频数据抽取器416的最近接收到的I单元502和来自于视频数据增强器420的非I单元504。视频数据分配器418向网络接口402提供广播视频数据的最近接收到的I单元502和多个非I单元504。网络接口402向网络404发送广播视频数据作为视频数据报文(组)432。客户设备124通过网络404在网络接口406处接收视频数据报文(组)432。
视频数据分配器418以任何需要的次序编排广播视频数据分配。例如，最近接收到的I单元502和多个非I单元504可在视频数据分配器418处被收集并被联合发送。同样，当视频数据增强器420正从广播视频数据410中检索多个非I单元504时，最近接收到的I单元502可在视频数据分配器418的控制下被发送。其他分配可替代使用。
必须注意的是信道变换请求处理器422、视频数据抽取器416、视频数据增强器420和视频数据分配器418的电子执行指令可被混合或被其他替代地组织。例如，视频数据分配器418的电子执行指令可在视频数据抽取器416和/或视频数据增强器420中合作。
在客户设备124的网络接口406为被请求信道接收广播视频数据后，网络接口406向视频解码器424转发广播视频数据的最近接收到的I单元502和跟随其后的多个非I单元504。视频解码器424给最近接收到的I单元502解码，为在屏幕上绘制视频图像做准备。为随后的解码和屏幕上的视频显示，视频解码器424将多个非I单元504放入缓冲器426。
缓冲器426可作为专用和/或专门的存储器，作为其他用途共享的存储器的一部分等等，来实现。尽管未展示，客户设备124也可包括其他部件和/或执行指令，如操作系统、模拟调谐机、非易失存储器存储、RAM、声频/视频输出、一个或多个专用和/或通用处理机等等。
图6说明一个在此文中描述的数字信道的快速调谐时间600。一般地，模拟信道的调谐、信道过载和等待I帧的延迟被消除了。传统的缓冲器填充时间也至少被减少了。尽管如此，新的延迟被引入。特别是，快速调谐时间600包括4个延迟周期：信道请求传输延迟602，、视频数据检索延迟604、I单元传输延迟606和缓冲器增强填充延迟608。
信道请求传输延迟602反映信道变换请求430在客户设备124中被公式化并通过网络404传输到头端机104的时间。视频数据检索延迟604反映当服务器计算机408B检索最近接收到的I单元502时所占用的时间。I单元传输延迟606反映最近接收到的I单元502被从头端机104传输到客户设备124的时间。这三个延迟时间602、604和606各自大约占20、100和100毫秒。因此来自于观看者的信道变换输入到最初图像的显示之间总共占用大约220毫秒。
快速调谐时间600也包括缓冲器增强填充延迟608。缓冲器增强填充延迟608反映所需的时间：(i)从广播视频数据410中检索到足够大小填充缓冲器426的多个非I单元504的时间；和(ii)将它们从头端机104发送到客户设备124的时间。当它们及时与延迟604和606的一个或全部重叠时，缓冲器增强填充延迟608的这些组成的任何一个或全部的影响可被减少。
缓冲器增强填充延迟608大约30毫秒，但是时间周期会依据可获得的带宽显著地变化。因此，整个快速调谐时间600大约250毫秒。此外，甚至一个短的缓冲器增强填充延迟608也可能有必要被消除，如果在内部I单元502之后，广播视频数据的短脉冲串被以确保超过视频播放的速度的数据传送速率发送。
换句话说，多个非I单元504相对快地被传送至客户设备124，通过以超过在客户设备处的一般广播视频数据流消耗速率的速率发送它们，以减少或消除缓冲器增强填充延迟608。这相对快的传输可以通过在同一条或不同的数字信道上向从其他用户“借”瞬时剩余容量来实现。
图7是一套说明可在用户之间共享的瞬时剩余带宽712的图700。频谱200(图2中的)的DV部分208的每个数字信道可支持多个用户，依据每信道总比特、视频的定义、压缩技术等等。尽管30-40或更多用户可共享一个数字信道，在这套图700中仅仅说明了为正从头端机104发送至4个不同客户设备124的4个广播视频数据流702、704、706和708。
这4个广播视频数据流702、704、706和708每个被分配到最大的带宽710。每个流的当前带宽利用率714依据在任何给定时刻相关视频内容而变化。最大(分配的)带宽710和当前带宽利用率714的差就是瞬时剩余带宽712。瞬时剩余带宽712，在任何给定时刻被给定用户不同地利用，当调谐至新的数字信道时可被其他用户分享。简而言之，瞬时剩余带宽712被用于以超过视频解码器424解码视频数据单元的速率将跟随最近接收到的I单元502之后的多个非I单元504填充缓冲器426。因此，立即随着，或实际立即随着内部单元502的接收，广播视频数据的显示可实现，由此可能消除缓冲器填充延迟608。
快速数字信道变换一般可由电子可执行指令来描述。一般，电子可执行指令包括可完成特别功能或执行特别的抽象数据类型的路由、程序、目标、部件、数据结构等等之类。快速数字信道变换，如此文中某个实施中描述，可在分布式计算机环境中实践，在那里功能可由通过通信网络连接的远程链接的处理设备来完成。特别在分布式计算机环境中，电子可执行指令可位于独立的存储器媒体并被不同的处理机执行。
图8的方法和处理以分成多个方法块的流程图来说明。然而，所描述的方法和处理的次序不试图被构造为限制，并且任何一些所描述的方块可以以任何次序组合来执行一个或多个快速数字信道变换的方法和处理。另外，尽管方法和处理在与可应用在图1，4，5等中的广播视频数据分布的实施有关的下文中被描述，方法和处理可在任何合适的硬件、软件、固件和它们的组合中并采用合适的网络结构、视频压缩技术等来实现。
图8是说明一个用作范例的快速数字信道变换的方法的流程图800。流程图800包括10个方法块802-820。用户设备124可执行4个方块802，804，818和820。头端机104可执行6个方块806，806，810，812，814和816。可替代地，客户设备124的上游的其他网络节点，如集线器114，可实现6个方块806-816。另外，6个方块806-816的操作可由更多的上游节点来实现，例如当不同的信道和/或程序时间作为广播视频数据410在不同的数据中心108中被存储时(如实现数据高速缓冲等)。
在方块802处，在时间＝T时信道变换输入在客户设备处被检测到。例如，在时间＝T时客户设备124可接收来自于用户通过一个从第一信道变换到第二信道的遥控的命令。作为响应，客户设备124准备信道变换请求430。信道变换请求430包括被请求信道的指示符并形成报文的方式。在方块804处，信道变换请求被从客户设备发送到头端机。例如，客户设备124可通过网络404发送信道变换请求430到头端机104，可选择地通过一个或多个中间上游节点，如光线节点118或集线器114。
在方块806处，来自于客户设备的信道变换请求在头端机处被接收。例如，信道变换请求430可通过网络404在头端机104的网络接口402处被接收。在方块808处，被请求信道的视频数据被存取。例如，与被请求信道相应的广播视频数据410的压缩广播视频数据被定位和存取。
在方块810处，在时间＝(T-X)时视频数据内部单元被检索。例如，当“X”等于在客户设备124处检索信道变换输入的时间与在头端机104处接收到最近的过去内部单元502的时间之间的时间距离的总和时，在时间＝(T-X)时为被请求信道内部单元502从广播视频数据410中被检索到。在从客户设备124到头端机104的信道变换请求的传输时间既非不值考虑的也非不受重视的情形下，时间＝T可被认为是信道变换请求在头端机104处被接收到的时间。因此，在如此情形下沿着被请求信道的广播视频数据流的时间距离“X”在某种程度上较大，以计算信道变换请求430的传输和在头端机104处随即发生的附加非内部单元504接收的附加占用时间。
在方块812处，跟随被定位和/或检索到的内部单元之后的视频数据单元以增强速率被接收。例如，足够的非内部广播视频数据单元504被服务器计算机408B以超过在客户设备124处期望的解码和播放速度的速率从广播视频数据410中被检索出来。方块810和812的这两个检索可作为一单个检索有效地完成。
在方块814处，检索到的视频数据被从头端机发送到客户设备。例如，广播视频数据的内部单元502通过网络404被从头端机104发送到客户设备124，作为视频数据432的部分。在方块816处，跟随的视频数据的单元被从头端机发送到客户设备。例如，为被请求信道在流500中时间上跟随内部单元502的广播视频数据的非内部单元504通过网络404被从头端机104发送到客户设备124，作为视频数据432的部分。尽管视频数据内部单元502在客户设备124处被先解码和显示，视频数据的单元502和504可以任何合适的次序或结构分组被发送至客户设备124。
在方块818处，客户设备接收和显示视频数据的内部单元。例如，客户设备124可通过网络404在网络接口406处接收广播视频数据的内部单元502作为视频数据432的部分。网络接口406向视频解码器424提供广播视频数据的内部单元502以使解码和后续的显示可由此开始。在方块820处，客户设备接收和显示视频数据的跟随单元。例如，客户设备124可通过网络404在网络接口406处接收跟随内部单元502之后的广播视频数据的非内部单元504作为视频数据432的部分。网络接口406向视频解码器424的缓冲器426提供跟随的广播视频数据的非内部单元504以使与广播视频数据的内部单元502相关的解码和后续的显示由此开始。
尽管系统和方法已用语言来描述，特定于结构和功能的性能和/或方法，应理解的是，在后附的权利要求书中定义的本发明不必限制于所描述的特定的性能或方法。确切地说，特定的性能或方法作为实施权利要求书中的发明的用作范例的方式被公开。

Claims (60)

1.一种在数字广播视频网络中调谐信道的系统，其特征在于，它包括：
一个接收机，它接收来自于客户设备的调谐至新信道的请求；以及，
一个广播视频抽取器，它为新信道从存储设备中查找和检索广播视频的先前完整帧以响应接收到的请求。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于还包括：
一个发送机，它将检索到的广播视频的先前完整帧发送至客户设备使客户设备能显示新信道的图像。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于还包括：
一个广播视频增强器，它访问存储设备并检索跟随检索到的广播视频的先前完整帧之后的多个广播视频的非完整帧。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，检索到的广播视频的先前完整帧包括检索到的最近接收到的广播视频的完整帧。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，检索到的广播视频的先前完整帧是完整的以至于客户设备能解码并使图像在此被显示而不考虑广播视频的任何其他帧。
6.一种数字视频广播网络中的调谐信道的方法，其特征在于，它包括操作：
接收来自于客户设备调谐至被请求信道的请求；
为被请求信道查找广播视频的先前完整帧；
为被请求信道检索广播视频的先前完整帧；以及，
为被请求信道发送广播视频的先前完整帧到客户设备使客户设备能显示被请求信道的图像。
7.一个在视频广播环境中加速信道变换的系统，其特征在于，它包括：
一个存储设备，它为多个信道保留广播视频数据；
一个视频数据抽取器，它存取被保留的广播视频数据并为多个信道中的被请求信道检索过去的广播视频数据内部帧；以及，
一个视频数据分配器，它接收检索到的广播视频数据内部帧并发送检索到的广播视频数据内部帧。
8.如权利要求7所述的系统，其特征在于还包括：
一个视频数据增强器，它存取被保留的广播视频数据并检索跟随检索到的广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流；以及，
在那里视频数据分配器进一步接收广播视频数据流并发送检索到的广播视频数据流。
9.如权利要求8所述的系统，其特征在于，检索到的广播视频数据流具有足够大小以至于填充客户设备处的解码缓冲器。
10.如权利要求7所述的系统，其特征在于，视频数据抽取器和视频数据分配器包括数据中心的软件单元。
11.如权利要求7所述的系统，其特征在于，存储设备包括基于磁盘的存储阵列。
12.如权利要求7所述的系统，其特征在于，视频数据抽取器和视频数据分配器包括服务器系统的一个或多个硬件、软件和固件的组合。
13.一个在视频广播环境中加速信道变换的系统，其特征在于，它包括：
一个存储设备，它为多个信道保留广播视频数据；
一个信道变换请求处理器，它接收来自于多个客户设备的信道变换请求，信道变换请求包含被请求信道；
一个视频数据抽取器，它接收来自于信道变换请求处理器的被请求信道，视频数据抽取器适合于存取被保留的广播视频数据并为被请求信道检索当前广播时间之前的广播视频数据内部帧；
一个视频数据增强器，它适合于存取被保留的广播视频数据并检索各自的广播视频数据流，各自的广播视频数据流跟随各自检索到的广播视频数据内部帧之后并且有足够大小以填充多个客户设备的解码缓冲器；以及，
一个视频数据分配器，它接收检索到的广播视频数据内部帧和检索到的跟随其后的各自的广播视频数据流，视频数据分配器适合于向多个客户设备发送检索到的广播视频数据内部帧和检索到的跟随其后的各自的广播视频数据流以响应信道变换请求。
14.如权利要求13所述的系统，其特征在于还包括：
一个网络接口，它使信道变换请求处理器能接收来自于多个信道的信道变换请求，以及能使视频数据分配器向多个客户设备发送检索到的广播视频数据内部帧和检索到的跟随其后的各自的广播视频数据流。
15.如权利要求14所述的系统，其特征在于，网络接口包括一个电缆调制解调器终端系统(CMTS)。
16.如权利要求14所述的系统，其特征在于，网络接口至少包括一个适合与基于互连网协议(IP)网络和基于数字用户线(DSL)的网络中的至少一个交互的部件。
17.如权利要求13所述的系统，其特征在于，系统和多个客户设备中的每个建立专用的点到点话路。
18.如权利要求13所述的系统，其特征在于，当广播视频数据内部帧在当前广播时间之前到达系统，广播视频数据内部帧作为在当前广播时间之前被检索到。
19.如权利要求13所述的系统，其特征在于，系统包括有线网和卫星网络的至少一个的头端机。
20.一个加速信道变换的安排，其特征在于，它包括：
存储装置，它超时存储广播视频；
抽取装置，它从存储装置中抽取广播视频数据，抽取装置配置成及时在广播视频数据上向后查找直到一个广播视频数据内部帧被定位，抽取装置还配置成检索内部帧；以及，
增强装置，它增强从存储装置中的广播视频数据的检索，增强装置配置成检索跟随内部帧之后的广播视频数据流，流具有足够大小以填充客户设备的解码缓冲器。
21.如权利要求20所述的安排，其特征在于，它包括：
处理装置，它处理来自于客户设备的信道变换请求，信道变换请求含有被请求信道；处理装置配置成从接收来自于客户设备的信道变换请求，处理装置还配置成至少向抽取装置提供被请求信道。
22.如权利要求21所述的安排，其特征在于，信道变换请求包括从客户设备发送来的数字报文。
23.如权利要求21所述的安排，其特征在于，抽取装置和增强装置还配置成从在存储装置中的广播视频数据的与被请求信道相应的广播视频数据中，分别检索内部帧和流。
24.如权利要求20所述的安排，其特征在于，还包括：
接口装置，它与网络接口，接口装置配置成通过网络接收报文和向网络发送报文；以及
分配装置，它使用接口装置向客户设备分配广播视频数据内部帧和流。
25.如权利要求24所述的安排，其特征在于，网络包括基于互连网协议(IP)网络。
26.权利要求20所述的安排，其特征在于，广播视频数据流至少包括一个周期的帧。
27.一个在视频广播环境中加速信道变换的系统，其特征在于，它包括：
一个或多个存储器，一个或多个存储器包含广播视频数据和电子可执行指令；
一个或多个处理机，一个或多个处理机能执行电子可执行指令以完成操作，包括：
为新信道接收来自于客户设备的请求；
为新信道存取广播视频；
为新信道沿着广播视频数据向后查找直到内部帧被定位；
为新信道从广播视频数据中检索内部帧；以及，
为新信道向客户设备发送内部帧。
28.如权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于，一个或多个存储器包括第一存储器和第二存储器，第一存储器存储广播视频数据而第二存储器存储电子可执行指令。
29.如权利要求28所述的系统，其特征在于，第一存储器包括宏存储器，而第二存储器包括随机存取存储器(RAM)。
30.如权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于，一个或多个处理机至少包括一个服务器计算机的部分。
31.如权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于，系统包括在基于电视的娱乐环境的头端机处的数据中心。
32.如权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于还包括：
一个或多个网络接口，一个或多个网络接口能至少和一个网络接口并能被一个或多个处理机控制。
33.如权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于，一个或多个处理机能执行电子可执行指令以完成进一步的操作，包括：
在双向单点传送网络上和客户设备建立点到点的话路。
34.如权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于，一个或多个处理机能执行电子可执行指令以完成进一步的操作包括：
检索广播视频数据流，广播视频数据流在内部帧之后开始并沿着新信道的广播视频数据延伸一段足够的时间以填充客户设备的解码缓冲器；以及，为新信道向客户设备发送广播视频数据流。
35.权利要求27所述的系统，其特征在于，一个或多个处理机能执行电子可执行指令以完成进一步的操作包括：
接收来自于广播中心的当前广播视频数据；
在一个或多个存储器中存储当前广播视频数据。
36.一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于，它包括指令，当指令被执行时，指挥服务器：
存取已存储的广播视频数据，已存储的广播视频数据与多个信道对应；
为被请求信道定位广播视频数据内部帧，广播视频数据内部帧是在被请求信道对应的已存储的广播视频数据的一部分中最近接收到的内部帧；
为被请求信道从已存储的广播视频数据中检索已定位的内部帧；以及，
为被请求信道向客户设备发送已定位的内部帧。
37.如权利要求36所述的一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于，还包括指令，当指令被执行时，指挥服务器：
接收来自于客户设备的包含被请求信道的报文。
38.如权利要求36所述的一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于，还包括指令，当指令被执行时，指挥服务器：
为被请求信道在与被请求信道对应的已存储的广播视频数据的一部分中检索跟随已定位的内部帧之后被立即定位的广播视频数据流；以及，
为被请求信道向客户设备以超过广播视频数据的实时传输速率的传输速率发送流。
39.如权利要求38所述的一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于，还包括指令，当指令被执行时，指挥服务器：
为被请求信道检索广播视频数据流，流具有足够大小以至于填充客户设备的解码缓冲器。
40.一种在视频广播环境中加速信道变换的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括以下步骤：
在客户设备处，接收来自于用户的信道变换输入，信道变换输入指挥一个被请求信道的变换；
从客户设备到上游节点，发送信道变换请求以响应信道变换输入，信道变换请求包含被请求信道的指示符；
在上游节点处，接收信道变换请求；
在上游节点处，访问为多个信道保留的广播视频数据的存储器，多个信道包含被请求信道；
在上游节点处，从保留的广播视频数据中检索被请求信道的广播视频数据内部帧，广播视频数据内部帧相对于当前广播时间是过去的；
从上游节点到客户设备，发送广播视频数据内部帧；
在上游节点处，检索跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的并具有足够大小以填充客户设备的解码器的广播视频数据流；
从上游节点到客户设备，发送跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流；
在客户设备处，接收广播视频数据内部帧；以及，
在客户设备处，接收跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流。
41.如权利要求40所述的方法，其特征在于还包括一个操作：
在客户设备处，使广播视频数据内部帧和跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流在与客户设备有关的屏幕上显示。
42.如权利要求40所述的方法，其特征在于，上游节点包括头端机，以及客户设备包含机顶盒。
43.如权利要求40所述的方法，其特征在于，两个检索操作在任何一个从上游节点发送的操作之前发生。
44.如权利要求40所述的方法，其特征在于，在客户设备处，检索广播视频数据内部帧的操作在从上游节点到客户设备发送跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流的操作之前发生。
45.一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于它包括电子可执行指令，当指令被执行时，指挥一个或多个电子设备完成如权利要求40所述的方法。
46.一个在视频广播环境中加速信道变换的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括操作：
接收来自于客户设备的信道变换请求，信道变换请求表明被请求新信道；
为被请求新信道的广播视频数据准备被请求新信道的广播视频数据流，广播视频数据流在当前广播时间之后被及时补偿；以及，
向客户设备传送广播视频数据流以响应信道变换请求。
47.如权利要求46所述的方法，其特征在于，及时补偿是由于当前广播时间和为被请求新信道的最近内部帧的时间之间的差异。
48.如权利要求46所述的方法，其特征在于，准备操作包括：
访问包含存储被请求新信道的广播视频数据的存储设备，已存储的被请求新信道的广播视频数据包含从广播中心接收到的多个内部帧。
49.一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于，它包括电子可执行指令，当指令被执行时，一个或多个电子设备完成如权利要求46所述的方法。
50.一种加速信道变换的客户设备方法，其特征在于，该方法包括操作：
接收来自于用户的信道变换输入，信道变换指挥输入被请求信道的变换；
发送信道变换请求以响应信道变换输入，信道变换请求包含被请求信道的指示符；以及，
接收在当前广播时间之前的广播视频数据内部帧以及跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流作为发送信道变换请求的措施的结果。
51.如权利要求50所述的客户设备方法，其特征在于还包括操作：
用跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流填充解码缓冲器。
52.如权利要求50所述的客户设备方法，其特征在于还包括操作：
使广播视频数据内部帧在屏幕上显示；
将跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据流解码；以及，
使已解码的广播视频数据流在屏幕上显示。
53.一个在视频广播环境中能加速信道变换的头端机，其特征在于，它包括：
一个或多个存储器，一个或多个存储器包含电子可执行指令和已存储的广播视频数据，已存储的广播视频数据包含当前广播视频数据和非当前广播视频数据；
一个或多个处理机，一个或多个处理机能执行电子可执行指令以完成操作包括：
接收来自于客户设备的新信道的请求；
存取与新信道对应的已存储的广播视频数据；
从已存储广播视频数据中检索与新信道对应的非当前广播视频数据的一部分；以及
向客户设备发送与新信道对应的非当前广播视频数据的一部分以响应请求。
54.如权利要求53所述的头端机，其特征在于，非当前广播视频数据的一部分包括至少一个内部帧和多个非内部帧。
55.一个基于电视的娱乐网络的头端机的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括操作：
为特定的信道连续接收广播视频数据流；
为特定的信道在存储设备中存储广播视频数据流，广播视频数据流包含多个广播视频数据内部帧和多个广播视频数据非内部帧；其中多个广播视频数据内部帧包含最近接收到的广播视频数据，而广播视频数据非内部帧包含与当前广播时间相对应的广播视频数据非内部帧；
接收来自于客户设备的信道变换请求，信道变换请求表明将信道变换到一个特定信道的请求；
从存储设备中，检索最近接收到的广播视频数据内部帧和一个或多个的多个广播视频数据非内部帧的非内部帧，一个或多个广播视频数据非内部帧被暂时在最近接收到的广播视频数据内部帧之后及在与当前广播时间相对应的广播视频数据非内部帧之前定位；以及，
向客户设备发送最近接收到的广播视频数据内部帧和一个或多个广播视频数据非内部帧以响应接收信道变换请求的操作。
56.如权利要求55所述的头端机的方法，其特征在于还包括操作：
发送与当前广播时间相对应的广播视频数据非内部帧和任何附加的广播视频数据非内部帧，这些非内部帧在最近的一个或多个广播视频数据非内部帧的广播视频数据非内部帧和与当前广播时间相对应的广播视频数据非内部帧之间。
57.一个或多个电子可存取媒体，其特征在于，它包括电子可执行指令，当指令被执行时，指挥头端机完成如权利要求55所述的方法。
58.一个在视频广播环境中能加速信道变换的头端机，其特征在于，头端机配置成完成操作包括：
检索与第一时间相对应的及直接对于被请求信道的信道变换请求；
为被请求信道存取广播视频数据；
为被请求信道从广播视频数据中检索与第二时间相对应的广播视频数据内部帧；第二时间比第一时间早；
为被请求信道从广播视频数据中检索跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据帧；
从头端机发送广播视频数据内部帧；以及
从头端机发送跟随广播视频数据内部帧之后的广播视频数据帧。
59.如权利要求58所述的头端机，其特征在于，第一时间至少与信道变换请求的传输时间和信道变换的接收时间之一相关。
60.如权利要求58所述的头端机，其特征在于，广播视频数据内部帧包括一个与运动图像专家组(MPEG)-应允方案相关的广播视频数据内部帧。
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