CN1460320A - 带有自治主反相器的开关电源 - Google Patents

带有自治主反相器的开关电源 Download PDF

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CN1460320A
CN1460320A CN02800809A CN02800809A CN1460320A CN 1460320 A CN1460320 A CN 1460320A CN 02800809 A CN02800809 A CN 02800809A CN 02800809 A CN02800809 A CN 02800809A CN 1460320 A CN1460320 A CN 1460320A
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power supply
switching power
transformer
current
source
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J·A·萨巴特
G·W·布鲁宁
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/44Circuits or arrangements for compensating for electromagnetic interference in converters or inverters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33592Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/337Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration
    • H02M3/3376Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0016Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters
    • H02M1/0022Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters the disturbance parameters being input voltage fluctuations
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • H02M1/0054Transistor switching losses
    • H02M1/0058Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

提供了一种两级开关电源,功率变压器(18)的原边在第一级中,副边在第二级中。第一级包括一个连接到整流器(14)输入端的EMI滤波器(12)。该整流器的输出连接到自振荡、半桥、谐振反相器(16),该反相器与变压器(18)的原边开环运行,以构成与功率源(10)的隔离。前馈控制用于补偿线变化,提供与输入电压变化相比非常小的输出电压变化。在第二级中,变压器(18)的副边提供后置调节器电路(20)的输入,该后置调节器电路包括PWM控制电路(34),利用表示检测到的电流与期望值之差的误差信号调节输出电流。

Description

带有自治主反相器的开关电源
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及开关电源,更具体而言,涉及具有变压器隔离的两级开关转换器。特别利用本发明的领域是与高端电池充电器的连接。
背景技术
目前的开关电源难以满足越来越强烈的减小几乎所有电子器件尺寸的要求。相关技术的设备中固有的几个特征影响了对所期望目标的实现。例如,整个变换器一般都需要设计为能够适合用于相对较大范围的输入电压,从而降低了效率。而且,减小磁性或滤波元件的尺寸要求更高的开关频率,变换器的损耗会相应提高。由于必须消耗变压器的漏电感中存储的能量以防止大的电压脉冲施加到主晶体管上,高损耗是高频操作所固有的。此外,对反馈信号的隔离的实现比较昂贵且笨重,而且如果负载电压的要求发生变化,那么整个变换器就必须重新设计。
目前用于高端电池充电器的开关电源典型地采用单级离线变换器1,最常用的是回扫变换器。经整流和滤波的线电压VM被施加到用来提供与电网的隔离并调节输出电压VR的变换器。为了调节充电电流ICH,该变换器需要一个输出反馈信号。该反馈通常是由光耦2提供的,该光耦2将信号传递到控制器3并提供隔离。典型的电路示于图1。本发明的目的是克服与现有技术有关的一个或多个问题或缺陷。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一是提供具有以下特征和优点的电源:
1.在电路的两个不同级中实现了对输入电压变化的补偿,使得可以针对较小的调节范围设计每一部分,从而使电路效率提高。这样,对于输入电压中的变化,输出将保持稳定。
2.每一级调节范围的减小还使得组件中的电压和电流减小,从而可以使用较便宜的组件提供同样的性能。
3.只要重新设计第二级就可以满足负载电压变化的要求。
4.输出调节在第二级中进行,该级与电网隔离,从而不需要对反馈信号隔离。
为达此目的,本发明提供了如权利要求1所述的两级开关电源。其优选实施例在从属权利要求中定义。
在根据本发明的一个实施例中,通过将次级变换器用做同步整流器,可以进一步提高效率,比传统相关技术中所用的二极管的损耗更低。
在优选实施例中,第一级是半桥谐振自振荡电路,以零电压切换工作,开关损耗低的多,还可以恢复泄漏能量,并将开关电压钳位到线整流器之后的电压。
附图简述
图1是如上所述在目前的高端电池充电器中使用的典型开关电源的示意图;
图2是本发明的方框图;
图3是图2所示方框图的第一级的部分的优选实施例的简化电路图;
图4是与本发明的运行有关的电压和电流波形的图形表示;
图5是电路的第一级的另一部分的优选实施例的简化电路图;
图6是本发明的电路的第二级的优选实施例的简化电路图。
最佳实施方式
本发明的开关电源包括第一级和第二级,在图2所示方框图中分别用S1和S2表示。在第一级S1中,从常规的交流功率源10提供的功率通过由方框12表示的通用EMI(电磁干涉)滤波器传送。滤波器12连接到整流器14,整流器14的输出连接到自振荡、半桥、谐振反相器16,该反相器16开环运行,在其输出端有变压器18,构成与功率源10的隔离。其中采用了将在下面详细介绍的前馈控制来补偿线变化。与输入电压变化相比,前馈控制将提供非常小的输出电压变化。在第二级S2,变压器18的副边提供后置调节器电路20的输入,该后置调节器20的优选实施方式将在后面讨论,其输出连接在负载22两端,所述负载在图2中表示为从本发明的开关电源接受电荷的电池。调节器20通过前述变压器的一个辅助线圈连接到负载22的正端,该辅助线圈在图中表示为方框24,电容C1与负载22并联。
第一级中部分的优选实施例示于图3中的简化图。半桥16包括一对固态开关器件,在图3示为MOSFET形式的Q1和Q2,以互补方式运行。电路的自振荡是通过使用方波电流源26产生MOSFET Q1和Q2的栅极信号来实现的。所述MOSFET的栅极是这些MOSFET的输入控制端。正弦电感电流由具有三个副边S1、S2、和S3的电流互感器检测。副边S1、S2分别驱动功率MOSFET Q1和Q2的栅极,第三副边S3提供电流源26的控制信号。
在不进行调节而运行的情况下,当图4中用三角波28所示的磁化电流等于用正弦波30表示的谐振电感电流时,MOSFET Q1和Q2的栅极电压会改变极性。这样,由半桥所提供的电压就是标号32所指的方波。振荡的条件在下列文献中描述过:“Self-Oscillation ElectronicBallast Analysis via Relay System Approach,”(通过继电器系统方法对自振荡电子镇流器的分析)C.Chang and G.Bruning,APEC 1999和“Analysis of Self-Oscillation Series Resonant Inverter for ElectronicBallasts,”(用于电子镇流器的自振荡串联谐振反相器分析)C.Changand G.Bruning,IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics,vol.14,no.3,May 1999,pp.533-540。
图5是用于产生作用于电流互感器的控制线圈的电流的电流源的优选实施例简化电路。产生的电流是与谐振电流同步的三角波电流,其振幅与输入电压成正比。简单的RC滤波器将半桥中点的电压方波转换为不含DC分量的三角波。该波形的振幅与输入电压成正比。所产生的三角波被用于驱动双极型晶体管的基极以产生成比例的电流。由于该双极型晶体管是单向器件,因此需要一个晶体管用于波形的正的部分,另一个用于负的部分。在交叉点处会出现失真,但这对电路的工作没有明显影响,因为在谐振回路输入端电流和电压的相位差是由电流峰值控制的。波形与图4所示相同,但是在这种情况下,三角波是从桥电压产生的,且其振幅与输入电压成正比。
图6示出第二级的优选实施例,该级是采用反相器级的功率变压器副边的电压的变换器。传统的全波整流器或一种版本的同步整流器不能提供传送到负载的电流。两个MOSFET Q5和Q6作为同步整流器,但他们的方向保证了当沟道关闭时,内部体二极管不会导通。导通时间可以被控制,以调节平均输出电流。脉宽调制(PWM)控制电路34提供对栅极电压的控制,以便利用表示通过电阻Rsense检测的电流与由基准电压Vref决定的期望电流之间的差别的误差信号调节输出电流。
功能描述
根据以上所述,应当理解,本发明提供了一种两级工作的新颖的、改进的开关电源。第一级包括一个自振荡、半桥、谐振反相器,该反相器开环运行,在其输出端有变压器,构成与公用电线的隔离。其中采用了前馈控制来补偿线变化。与输入电压变化相比,前馈控制将提供非常小的输出电压变化。第二级包括用于负载调节的变换器,该变换器可以针对非常小的输入电压变化进行优化,因为输入电压变化已经在反相器的操作中被消除或至少被大大减小。这对于减小尺寸和提高效率,特别是通用输入线充电器来说是非常有利的。
应当注意的一个重点是两级中的每一级都可以独立用于不同的应用中。例如,所公开的第一级的实施例可以用于在稳流应用中驱动灯,也可以用于驱动所公开的电池充电中的后置调节器。对反馈信号的隔离不再需要,因为提供输出调节的变换器不需要被隔离。此外,本发明的系统使得设计可以模块化。即副边的不同负载调节变换器可以与相同的自振荡半桥和变压器一起使用,从而省去了对整个变换器的重新设计。而且,如果需要几个输出的话,可以采用一个以上模块。还应当注意,功率源10不一定要AC源,太阳能或其它DC电源也可以。
本发明的其它方面和特征可以通过研究附图、公开内容、以及所附权利要求而获得。

Claims (19)

1.一种两级开关电源,用于将功率源(10)连接到负载(22),所述电源包括:
a)第一级(S1),包括:
i)从所述功率源(10)接受功率并具有输出端的输入电路(11);
ii)连接到所述输出端的自振荡、半桥、谐振反相器(16);和
iii)变压器(18)的原边,所述变换器与所述原边开环运行,该变压器提供与电源(10)的隔离;
以及
b)第二级(S2),包括:
i)所述变压器(18)的副边;和
ii)连接到所述副边并具有连接在所述负载(22)两端的输出端的后置调节器电路(20)。
2.根据权利要求1的开关电源,其中所述功率源(10)是交流电源,且所述输入电路(11)包括整流器(14)。
3.根据权利要求1的开关电源,其中所述功率源(10)是交流电源,且所述输入电路(11)是整流器(14)。
4.根据权利要求2的开关电源,其中所述负载(22)是从所述交流功率源(10)通过所述电源接受电荷的电池。
5.根据权利要求2的开关电源,其中所述输入电路(11)还包括一个EMI滤波器,该滤波器的输入连接到所述交流功率源(10),输出连接到所述整流器(14)。
6.根据权利要求2的开关电源,其中所述谐振反相器(16)包括第一对固态器件(Q1、Q2),每个器件都有一个控制输入端,且所述第一级(S1)还包括方波电流源(26),为所述第一对固态器件(Q1、Q2)提供控制输入信号,以控制所述反相器(16)的自振荡。
7.根据权利要求6的开关电源,其中所述第一对固态器件(Q1、Q2)是以互补方式运行的MOSFET。
8.根据权利要求6的开关电源,其中所述反相器(16)还包括一个电流互感器,该互感器具有第一(51)、第二(52)、第三(53)副边,所述第一和第二副边分别被连接来驱动所述第一对固态器件(Q1、Q2)的控制输入端,所述第三副边(53)连接到所述方波电流源(26),为其提供控制信号。
9.根据权利要求8的开关电源,其中所述电流互感器还包括一个控制线圈和连接到该控制线圈的电流发生源(图5),该电流发生源产生三角波形式的电流。
10.根据权利要求9的开关电源,其中所述波形与谐振电流同步,其振幅与输入电压成正比。
11.根据权利要求9的开关电源,还包括一个RC滤波器,将所述半桥中点的电压方波变换为不含直流分量的三角波。
12.根据权利要求2的开关电源,其中所述后置调节器电路(20)包括连接到所述变压器(18)副边的变换器。
13.根据权利要求12的开关电源,其中所述变换器包括第二对固态器件(Q5、Q6),各自具有一个控制输入端,作为同步整流器,其方向为使得当相应的沟道关闭时不导通。
14.根据权利要求12的开关电源,其中所述第二级(S2)还包括一个PWM控制电路(34),提供对所述第二对固态器件(Q5、Q6)的控制输入电压的控制,以利用表示检测到的电流与期望值之差的误差信号调节输出电流。
15.根据权利要求13或14的开关电源,其中所述第二对固态器件(Q5、Q6)是MOSFET。
16.根据权利要求14的开关电源,其中所述负载(22)是从所述交流功率源(10)通过所述电源接受电荷的电池。
17.根据权利要求1的开关电源,其中所述功率源(10)是电源,且其中输入电路(11)将所述功率源(10)连接到所述反相器(16)。
18.根据权利要求2或17的开关电源,其中在所述第一级(S1)中采用前馈控制,以补偿输入线变化。
19.根据权利要求17的开关电源,其中所述反相器(16)包括第一对固态器件(Q1、Q2),各自具有一个控制输入端,且所述第一级(S1)还包括方波电流源(26),提供控制输入信号给所述器件,以影响所述反相器的自振荡。
CN02800809A 2001-03-23 2002-03-22 带有自治主反相器的开关电源 Pending CN1460320A (zh)

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