CN1439901A - Optical fiber waveguide, optical component and photoswitch - Google Patents
Optical fiber waveguide, optical component and photoswitch Download PDFInfo
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- CN1439901A CN1439901A CN03102948.5A CN03102948A CN1439901A CN 1439901 A CN1439901 A CN 1439901A CN 03102948 A CN03102948 A CN 03102948A CN 1439901 A CN1439901 A CN 1439901A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
- G02F1/3137—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure with intersecting or branching waveguides, e.g. X-switches and Y-junctions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/0147—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on thermo-optic effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
- G02F1/3136—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure of interferometric switch type
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention is charactered by increasing the latitude of the shape of an optical waveguide while suppressing optical propagation loss at the curved part and branching part of the optical waveguide. An optical wave guide has a lower cladding layer formed on a substrate, and a Y-branched optical wave guide arranged on the lower cladding layer. The optical wave guide is covered with an upper cladding layer to form optical element. Curved portions of the optical wave guide are tapered at the external circumferential sides and formed into a trapezoidal cross sectional shape, and effective refractive index of the optical wave guide is made small at the tapered external circumferential sides. Meanwhile, end surfaces of the optical wave guide are formed into a rectangular shape, thereby joint efficiency with optical fibers is increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to optical waveguide, optics and photoswitch.The photoswitch that particularly relates to the branch direction of the branch-waveguide of single mode or optical waveguide, optics and switches light such as curved waveguide, the waveguide of S shape.
Background technology
In recent years, the use fibre-optic communication of transmission of large capacity data is at high speed becoming main flow, and the optical waveguide of the light conducting signal that uses in the connecting portion of light transmitting fiber or light source and light detecting device etc. requires high precision optical waveguide more small-sized and that loss is few.
Such optical waveguide generally constitutes as core by make the high slightly part of refractive index on substrate surface, for example, adopts semiconductor technology shown in Figure 1 to make.
Below, the manufacturing process of the optical waveguide of carrying out according to semiconductor technology is described with Fig. 1.At first, on substrate 1, pile up clad material and make it to solidify clad 2 (Fig. 1 (a) and (b)) under forming; Then, piling up core and make it curing on the clad 2 down, form sandwich layer 3a (Fig. 1 (c)); Then, coating photoresist 4 on the surface of sandwich layer 3a, overlapping exposed mask 5 on photoresist 4 shines expose (Fig. 1 (d)) by ultraviolet ray.After the exposure, make photoresist 4 develop to pattern, 4 only cover on the position that forms core (Fig. 1 (e)) with photoresist.Then, residual photoresist 4 as the etching mask, by reactive ion etching (RIE), is removed the zone of exposing of sandwich layer 3a, formation core 3 below photoresist 4 (Fig. 1 (f)) is removed photoresist 4 and is made core 3 expose (Fig. 1 (g)).Then, pile up clad material and make it curing on core 3 and following clad 2, clad 6 in the formation, obtain in the optical waveguide (Fig. 1 (h)) of imbedding tunnel type core 3 down between clad 2 and the last clad 6.
According to semiconductor technology, core 3 forms rectangle shown in Fig. 2 (a) or foursquare section configuration on its total length.Perhaps, shown in Fig. 2 (b) like that, form the slope on the two sides by being etched in, thus, become and go to the bottom trapezoidal (bench-type) that (limit that joins with following clad 2) grown than upper base.
In such optical waveguide, incide light in the core 3 at the interface of clad 2 and last clad 6 down and core 3 (for example, under the situation of rectangular core from the incident end of core 3, the top and bottom of core 3 and left and right side) upward total reflection, simultaneously, in core 3, transmit, shine the outside from the light exit side of core 3.Main cause as the loss of the light that transmits in core 3 can list: loss that produces at the sweep of core 3 and the loss that produces on the end face of core 3.
At first, loss on the sweep of core 3 is described.The loss that produces because of sweep in crooked as shown in Figure 3 core 3 is when light incides on the circumferential lateral surface of sweep from the straight line portion of core 3, as shown in Figure 4, incide the critical angle of the incident angle θ 2 of the light on the outer peripheral face of core 3 less than total reflection, light can not be totally reflected in the core 3, light emits to clad 6 sides from core 3, and becomes loss.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 illustrate loss in the sweep of core 3 by wave optics.Fig. 5 represents is along the actual refractive index (actual refractive index of straight waveguide) of the core 3 of the A-A ' line in the straight line portion of Fig. 3 with along the actual refractive index (actual refractive index of curved waveguide) of the B-B ' line in the sweep.In straight waveguide, as dotting among Fig. 5, the distribution of the actual refractive index on the direction of cross-section core 3 is that the center for core 3 is symmetrical distribution, but, in curved waveguide, as representing with solid line among Fig. 5, at outer circumferential side, actual refractive index uprises, at interior all sides, actual refractive index step-down.Therefore, as shown in Figure 6, the light of transmission is closed in the core 3 in the part of straight waveguide in core 3, still, when passing through the part of curved waveguide, radiates in the last clad 6 of the outer circumferential side that refractive index uprises and spreads, and becomes loss.And in the part of curved waveguide, therefore the distortion of the Electric Field Distribution of guided wave mode, produces not matching of Electric Field Distribution in the porch of curved waveguide part, and light becomes loss to core 3 outside radiation.
For the loss in the sweep that suppresses core 3, can strengthen the radius-of-curvature of sweep, make incident angle to the outer peripheral face of core 3 greater than critical angle.But, when strengthening radius of curvature R, in order to obtain necessary angle of bend, the sweep of the core 3 that must extend, therefore, the elongated change of optical waveguide is big.Like this, in existing optical waveguide, there are the relation of balance in the reduction of the loss in the sweep and the miniaturization of optical waveguide.
Below the coupling loss that produces on the end face of core 3 is described.In the loss that produces on the end face of core 3 is the loss that produces when the light incident side of core 3 or light exit side being connected to optically other optical device etc.In order to reduce such coupling loss, in the core 3 of single mode, the shape of this light incident side and light exit side preferably approaches the end surface shape of light transmitting fiber of being coupled with core 3 etc.
Below, as the application of optical waveguide, existing photoswitch is described.Fig. 7 is the skeleton view of structure of expression photoswitch, and Fig. 8 (a) and (b), (c) are the sectional drawings of section of C1-C1 ', C2-C2 ', the C3-C3 ' of presentation graphs 7.In photoswitch, on substrate 1, form the core 3 of Y branch, on the upper surface of clad 6 on the covering core 3, two well heaters 7 are set, clip the branching portion top of core 3.Core 3 all makes rectangle or makes narrow trapezoidal of well heater side width at any section of Fig. 8 (a) and (b), (c).When switching on to a side well heater 7 and making it adstante febre, because the well heater 7 side temperature of heating rise, hot optics (TO) effect just diminishes the refractive index of core 3 and last clad 6 in the heating side, the light that transmits through the non-component of core 3 can be transferred to the heating side hardly to the component transmission of non-heating side.If switch the well heater 7 of heating, with regard to the path (branch direction) of energy switches light transmission.
In such photoswitch, require equally to come the path of switches light fully to electric switch, wish to have high extinction ratio.In such photoswitch,, need reduce the branches angle of core 3 or the refringence that provides by well heater is provided in order to obtain high extinction ratio.
But, employing reduces the method for branches angle, when the interval of two branches of the component that makes core 3 on light exit side is fully left so that can connect light transmitting fiber the time, the length of core will be elongated so that the component of core 3 fully leave, thereby make the elongated change of photoswitch big.
And, for the refringence that provides by well heater is provided, must increase the thermal value of well heater, therefore, the power consumption of photoswitch is uprised.Adopt the method that increases variations in refractive index, owing to produce rapid variations in refractive index on wave guide direction, therefore, in the core of single mode, multimode takes place, its result produces superfluous loss, and extinction ratio is reduced.
Summary of the invention
In view of the above problems, the optical waveguide that the purpose of this invention is to provide the degree of freedom of loss that can reduce core and the shape that improves core.And, the optics and the small-sized and photoswitch that extinction ratio is high that use this optical waveguide are provided.
Optical waveguide of the present invention is provided with the optical waveguide of the core of sealing ground transmission light, it is characterized in that above-mentioned core has the thickness zone different with the thickness of the both sides of section of the central portion of section, and on the direction of the length direction of core, the section configuration of core is not constant.
In optical waveguide of the present invention, owing to be not constant, there is the part that changes in the section configuration of core on the direction of the length direction of core, therefore,, change because of making section configuration even use the core material of homogeneous, also can make the actual refractive index variation of core.Like this, the variation of section configuration just can be controlled the actual refractive index of core on the optional position of core, and can control the Electric Field Distribution through the core transmission.For example, in the sweep and component of core, can control the Electric Field Distribution of light, so that light is difficult to leak and loss from core.Like this, just can make chip bending with big curvature when suppressing loss, therefore, the degree of freedom of the shape of core increases, and, can not strengthen optical waveguide, also can on the direction of core, carry out big bending.
Though it is difficult adopting semiconductor technology to make such core,, if employing filled core material in the groove of the coating substrate of injection mo(u)lding forms the method for core or adopts the method that makes the core moulding by mold pressing, can both easily make.
In the embodiment of optical waveguide of the present invention, the profile of the side in the section of above-mentioned core has variation on the direction of the length direction of core.For example, the section of core becomes circular arc on the side, and the curvature of side or radius-of-curvature change.In such embodiments,, therefore, can make the variation in thickness on the side of core, can control from the light of the side radiation of core because the profile of the side of core has variation.
Particularly, the section at least a portion zone of core becomes trapezoidal, and the slope of the side of core has variation on the direction of the length direction of core, and the section configuration of core is changed.Particularly, can easily make the such core of the present invention by the method for forming.
The end surface shape of the above-mentioned core among another embodiment of optical waveguide of the present invention is the shape that is suitable for reducing with the coupling loss that is coupled in the device on the end face of above-mentioned core.Under the situation of single-mode core, the end surface shape of such core is a rectangle.According to such end surface shape, when devices such as the end face of core and light transmitting fiber are coupled, can improve its coupling efficiency.
Optics of the present invention is the optics that has added the heating arrangement that is used to heat above-mentioned core in optical waveguide of the present invention.Optics according to such comes heating core with heating arrangement, thereby makes the variations in refractive index of core, can be controlled at the action of the light that transmits in the core.Use optical waveguide of the present invention, just can reduce the loss of light, simultaneously, the section configuration of core is changed, thus, can control the action of the light when heating with heating arrangement.Like this, the action of the light of in-core transmission can be controlled at, the little miniature optical components of loss can be accessed by the control of heating arrangement.
Photoswitch of the present invention comprises core with component and the heating arrangement that heats the component of above-mentioned core, it is characterized in that, above-mentioned core has the thickness zone different with the thickness of the both sides of section of the central portion of section, and, on the direction of the length direction of core, the section configuration of core is not constant.
In photoswitch of the present invention, by control by the heating location of heating arrangement to core, just can hand-over branch the transmission direction of light in partly.Because the section configuration at core on the direction of the length direction of core is not constant, has the part that changes, therefore,, also can change by the actual refractive index that section configuration is changed make core even use the core material of homogeneous.Like this, the variation of section configuration can be controlled the actual refractive index of core at any place of core, can be controlled at the Electric Field Distribution of transmitting in the core.For example, in the sweep and component of core, can control the Electric Field Distribution of light, produce loss so that light is difficult to leak from core.Like this, can make chip bending with big curvature in suppression loss, therefore, the degree of freedom of the shape of core increases, and, can not strengthen photoswitch, can on the direction of core, carry out big bending.Like this, according to the present invention, can produce the high photoswitch of low-loss and extinction ratio.
Though it is difficult adopting semiconductor technology to make such core,, if employing filled core material in the groove of the coating substrate of injection mo(u)lding forms the method for core or by being molded into the method for core, can both easily make.
The embodiment of photoswitch of the present invention, it is characterized in that, in the section of the component of above-mentioned core, when with the perpendicular direction of face of the above-mentioned heating arrangement of configuration on when the section of core halved, the area of the section of the approaching above-mentioned heating arrangement side in the binary section is greater than the area away from the section of above-mentioned heating arrangement side.Another embodiment of photoswitch of the present invention is characterized in that, with the direction that parallels of face of the above-mentioned heating arrangement of configuration on the limit in, near the length on the limit of above-mentioned heating arrangement side greater than length away from the limit of above-mentioned heating arrangement side.For example, as the section configuration of such core, have wide trapezoidal of heating arrangement side width.In these embodiments, because core is partial to the heating arrangement side, with respect to the heating that heating arrangement carried out, it is responsive that change of refractive becomes, and can further improve extinction ratio.
The section configuration of the above-mentioned core among another embodiment of photoswitch of the present invention is the shape that is suitable for reducing with the coupling loss that is coupled in the device on the end face of above-mentioned core.Under the situation of single-mode core, the end surface shape of such core is a rectangle.According to such end surface shape, when the end face of core is coupled mutually with devices such as light transmitting fibers, can improve its coupling efficiency.
And more than Shuo Ming inscape of the present invention can be carried out possible combination in any.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 (a)～(h) is the manufacturing procedure picture of existing optical waveguide;
Fig. 2 (a) is the sectional drawing of the section configuration of the core in this optical waveguide of expression;
Fig. 2 (b) is the sectional drawing of another section configuration of the core in this optical waveguide of expression;
Fig. 3 is the skeleton view of the core of bending;
Fig. 4 is explanation light emission and produce the figure of the reason of loss in this crooked core;
Fig. 5 is the change of refractive figure along the transverse direction of the core of bending;
Fig. 6 is the distribution map of the electric field of the guided wave mode in the crooked core;
Fig. 7 is the skeleton view of the structure of existing photoswitch;
Fig. 8 (a) is the sectional drawing along C1-C1 ' line of Fig. 7;
Fig. 8 (b) is the sectional drawing along C2-C2 ' line of Fig. 7;
Fig. 8 (c) is the sectional drawing along C3-C3 ' line of Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is the planimetric map of the optical waveguide of one embodiment of the present of invention;
Figure 10 (a) is a front view (FV) of seeing the optical waveguide shown in Fig. 9 from the light incident side side;
Figure 10 (b) is the sectional drawing along D1-D1 ' line of Fig. 9;
Figure 10 (c) is a back view of seeing the optical waveguide shown in Fig. 9 from the light exit side side;
Figure 11 is the distribution map of the electric field of the guided wave mode in the core in the optical waveguide shown in Figure 9;
Figure 12 is the dispersion plot of ramp type two dimension core;
Figure 13 (a)～(e) is the sectional drawing of the manufacturing process of explanation optical waveguide shown in Figure 9;
Figure 14 is the sectional drawing of the section configuration of the overstepping one's bounds core branch in this optical waveguide of explanation;
Figure 15 is the sectional drawing of section configuration of another position of the branch core branch of explanation in this optical waveguide;
Figure 16 (a) and (b), (c) are respectively front view (FV), sectional drawing, the back views of the variation of the optical waveguide among the explanation embodiment shown in Figure 9;
Figure 17 is the planimetric map of the optical waveguide (waveguide of S shape) of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 18 (a) is the front view (FV) of this optical waveguide;
Figure 18 (b) is the sectional drawing along E-E ' line of Figure 17;
Figure 18 (c) is the back view of this optical waveguide;
Figure 19 is the planimetric map of the optical waveguide (curved waveguide) of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 20 is the planimetric map of the photoswitch in an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 21 (a) is the front view (FV) of this photoswitch;
Figure 21 (b) is the sectional drawing along G-G ' line of Figure 21;
Figure 21 (c) is the sectional drawing along H-H ' line of Figure 21;
Figure 21 (d) is the back view of this photoswitch;
Temperature profile when Figure 22 is heater heats;
Figure 23 (a) is the planimetric map of the power of the light that transmits when representing only to connect a well heater with the thickness of line in photoswitch of the present invention;
Figure 23 (b) be transverse axis be power level, the longitudinal axis be photoswitch length direction apart from the time the curve map of variable power of each branch's in-core;
Figure 24 (a) is the planimetric map of the power of the light that transmits when representing only to connect a well heater with the thickness of line in existing photoswitch;
Figure 24 (b) be transverse axis be power level, the longitudinal axis be photoswitch length direction apart from the time the curve map of variable power of each branch's in-core;
Figure 25 (a) and (b), (c) are the power profiles of light on the mutually different section in photoswitch of the present invention;
Figure 26 (a) and (b), (c) are the power profiles of the light on the mutually different section in existing photoswitch;
Figure 27 (a) is the front view (FV) of the variation of this embodiment;
Figure 27 (b) and (c) be its sectional drawing;
Figure 27 (d) is its back view;
Figure 28 is the skeleton view according to the photoswitch of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 29 is the skeleton view of the directional coupler (photoswitch) according to an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 30 is a skeleton view of reining in interferometer directional coupler (photoswitch) according to the Mach-Qian De of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 31 is a skeleton view of reining in interferometer directional coupler (variable attenuator) according to the Mach-Qian De of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 32 is a skeleton view of reining in interferometer directional coupler (multiplexer/demultiplexer) according to the asymmetric mach-Qian De of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 33 is the skeleton view according to the AWG snake core (multiplexer/demultiplexer) of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 34 is the skeleton view according to the multiplexer/demultiplexer of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 35 is the skeleton view according to the optical transceiver of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Figure 36 is the skeleton view according to the optical transceiver of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
(first embodiment)
Fig. 9 is the planimetric map as the optical waveguide 8 of one embodiment of the present of invention, Figure 10 (a)～(c) represents front view (FV) (face with light incident side 14 of core 9), the sectional drawing of D-D ' line, the back view (the light exit side 15a with core 9, the face of 15b) of optical waveguide shown in Figure 98 respectively.Optical waveguide 8 of the present invention is made of substrate 10, time clad 11a, Y branch core 9, last clad 11b.Core 9 carries out Y branch, and the end face of overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a is a light incident side 14, and branch is carried out in the end of overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a, is divided into branch core branch 9b, 9c, and dividing the end face of core branch 9b, 9c is light exit side 15a, 15b.8 optical branch from light incident side 14 incidents of core 9 of this optical waveguide are opened, and become from light exit side 15a the optical branching device of 15b outgoing.Light projector device such as light-emitting component or light transmitting fiber is coupled on the light incident side 14, and infrared rays receivers such as photo detector or light transmitting fiber are coupled in light exit side 15a, on the 15b.Shown in Figure 10 (b), near the section of the core 9 the branching portion (dividing core branch 9b, 9c) is a trapezoidal shape, and relative therewith, shown in Figure 10 (a), (c), the end face 14 of core 9,15a, 15b and near section configuration thereof are rectangle.
In this optical waveguide 8, near the sweep branching portion, divide the section of core branch 9b, 9c to become slope shape at periphery lateral bending song.Section at core is under the situation of rectangle, in such sweep, as shown in Figure 6, the Electric Field Distribution of the transmission mode of light is to the periphery side shifting, light radiates and leaks to the outer circumferential side of core, but, as this optical waveguide 8, in sweep, the section of core 9 is arranged to for falling slope shape, as shown in figure 11 at outer circumferential side, the inside all side shiftings of the Electric Field Distribution of transmission mode, light is closed in the core 9 and is difficult to leak into the outside, even the radius of curvature R of sweep diminishes, the loss of the light that transmits core 9 in is also very little.
When the laterally inclined of the outer circumferential side that makes core 9 is when falling the slope shape, light is difficult to leak and reason that loss diminishes is as follows: Figure 12 is dispersion plot (former great, the positive light of spring name in west, the former quick bright collaboration " optic integrated circuit " of dwelling of the relation of the normalized frequency V of expression notch cuttype two dimension core and standardization core refractive index b, the 16th page, オ-system society, clear and distribution on February 25th, 60).Wherein, normalized frequency V and standardization core refractive index b are provided by following formula (1) and formula (2), and m is called as the pattern numbering of the light that is transmitted, and a is called as asymmetric yardstick.The refractive index of core 9 is n
f, the refractive index of following clad 11a is n
s, the refractive index of last clad 11b is n
c,
a＝(n
s 2-n
c 2)/(n
f 2-n
s 2)
[formula 1]
Wherein, k
0Be the wave number in the vacuum, the light wavelength in the vacuum is λ, k
0=2 π/λ, T are the thickness of core, n
fBe the refractive index of core 9, n
sRefractive index for following clad 11a.N is the actual refractive index of transmission mode, and light is θ to the incident angle at the interface of core, uses N=n
fSin θ defines.
In above-mentioned optical waveguide 8, because the inclination of outer circumferential side side, in the edge (wedge-like portion) of the outer circumferential side of core 9, the thickness attenuation of core 9.As seeing from Figure 12, when the thickness T attenuation of core 9, normalized frequency V diminishes, and therefore, at the edge of the outer circumferential side of core 9, standardization core refractive index b diminishes.Perhaps, when in view of perpendicular to the direction of optical waveguide 8, in the outer peripheral portion attenuation, therefore, at the outer peripheral portion of core 9, average refractive index can diminish refractive index greater than the core 9 of last clad 11b.As a result, the inclination of the refractive index in the snake core shown in Figure 5 is relaxed, as shown in figure 11, the Electric Field Distribution of the transmission mode of the light of transmission is pulled into the high interior all sides of refractive index in core 9, as a result, light diminishes to the radiation of outer circumferential side, can reduce the loss of light of the sweep of core 9.
Like this, if can be suppressed at the core 9 of the shape of the loss that produces among branch core branch 9b, the 9c, even the angle between the increasing branching portion also can be divided more highland transmission light of core branch precision than existing Y.Owing to the light exit side 15a that divides angle between core branch 9b, the 9c to become to make core 9 greatly and light exit side 15b away from, even shorten the total length of core 9, also can guarantee to be provided with and be connected light exit side 15a, the space of the optical device on the 15b.Therefore, optical waveguide 8 of the present invention can make small-sized core.
In optical waveguide 8 of the present invention, the shape of the end face of core 9 becomes the shape that the coupling loss of optical device of being connected with for example light transmitting fiber etc. etc. diminishes, and therefore, even in the coupling part, loss is also little, can transmit light expeditiously.
Like this, in optical waveguide 8 of the present invention, the shape that can make core 9 waits according to its position or flat shape and changes, and guarantees to reduce the loss of core 9, simultaneously, increases the curvature of sweep, and then the degree of freedom of the shape of core 9 uprises.Particularly, the curvature that increases sweep just can avoid optical waveguide 8 to become elongated greatly, and can realize the miniaturization of optical waveguide 8.
And, though the section configuration of core 9 (pitch angle of side) also can change sharp,, it is changed lentamente, prevent light irregular reference in core 9, perhaps, leak into the outside and go.
Figure 13 is the manufacturing procedure picture of the above-mentioned optical waveguide 8 of explanation.In the manufacturing process of optical waveguide 8 of the present invention, at first, the uncured ultraviolet curable resin of coating on substrate 10, with pressing mold 12 mold pressings that inversion pattern is arranged from the teeth outwards, irradiation ultraviolet radiation, ultraviolet curable resin is solidified, thus, form clad 11a (Figure 13 (a) and (b)) down.Following recess at the following clad 11a that forms like this injects the ultraviolet curable resin (core resin) of refractive index greater than following clad 11a, push with flat boards such as glass plate 13, ultraviolet curable resin is filled in the recess, and irradiation ultraviolet radiation makes ultraviolet curable resin solidify (Figure 13 (c)).Then, after peeling off, place spin coater, make down the core 9 on the clad 11a extend (Figure 13 (d)) thinly to dull and stereotyped 13.Then,, and expose, just finished optical waveguide 8 (Figure 13 (e)) if be coated with the resin of refractive index less than clad 11b on the formation of core 9.The thickness of formed core 9 is about 6～10 μ m, and the thickness of last clad 11b is about 10 μ m.And, needn't form clad 11b.
The pressing mold 12 that uses in the manufacturing process of this optical waveguide 8 or the stamper of pressing mold can form desirable shape by glass plate and resin plate etc. is carried out Laser Processing.Therefore, use such pressing mold 12, just can form the core 9 that section configuration changes with the position.And, in this manufacture method, as shown in figure 12, can make of semiconductor technology can not form and the core 9 of trapezoidal cross-section shorter of going to the bottom than upper base length.And core 9 also can form with injection mo(u)lding.
In Figure 10 (b), the section configuration that makes the component near zone of branch core branch 9b, 9c is trapezoidal, still, overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a and away from minute position of core branch 9b, 9c etc., as shown in figure 14, it is trapezoidal that section configuration is become. Divide core branch 9b, 9c to bend to S shape, then, with the D1-D1 ' cross section place reverse direction of Fig. 9 near bent position place (for example, the centre at the D1-D1 ' section and the back side), also can make the laterally inclined of outer circumferential side, and form the such section configuration of Figure 15.
Figure 16 (a)～(c) represent respectively the variation of the optical waveguide among this embodiment front view (FV), be equivalent to sectional drawing, the back view at the D1-D1 ' line place of Fig. 9.When forming core 9, the core resin spills into down the upper surface of clad 11a from the side of core 9, and forms the flash layer 9d of film like.In optical waveguide 8, also can form the flash layer 9d shown in Figure 16 (a)～(c), still, when the light of transmission in the core 9 incided among the flash layer 9d, light leaked into the outside from flash layer 9d, therefore, wishes that the thickness of flash layer 9d is thin as far as possible.
(second embodiment)
Figure 17 is the planimetric map of the optical waveguide 8 (S core) of the S shape of an alternative embodiment of the invention.Figure 18 (a)～(c) is respectively front view (FV), the sectional drawing along E-E ' line, the back view of optical waveguide 8 shown in Figure 17.This optical waveguide 8 is made of substrate 10, time clad 11a, core 9, last clad 11b, adopts the manufacture method (duplicating technology) that illustrates in first embodiment to make.On the light incident side 14 of core 9, connect the light projector device, on the light exit side 15 of core 9, connect sensitive device.
Shown in Figure 18 (b), the section configuration of the sweep of core 9 is trapezoidal.This shape is designed to such shape: from light incident side 14 incidents of core 9 and the light of coming with single mode transport, in the time of on the side of the sweep that incides core 9, incident angle is more than the critical angle, so that suppress the loss of the light in the core 9, and, the light of multimode can not take place.
As optical waveguide of the present invention, if the lateral layout of the core 9 of sweep is become to suppress the shape of loss, the radius-of-curvature that just can produce sweep is than the existing same little small light waveguide of core (S core).
(the 3rd embodiment)
Figure 19 is the planimetric map of the optical waveguide 8 (curved waveguide) of an alternative embodiment of the invention.The front view (FV) of optical waveguide 8 shown in Figure 19, along the sectional drawing of F-F ' line, left surface figure diagram not, still, be respectively and the identical construction shown in Figure 18 (a)～(c).This optical waveguide 8 adopts the manufacture method that illustrates in first embodiment to make, and is made of substrate 10, time clad 11a, core 9, last clad 11b.
In the optical waveguide 8 of this embodiment, the section configuration of the core 9 of sweep is trapezoidal (with reference to Figure 18 (b)).This shape is designed to: when the light with single mode transport from light incident side 14 incidents of core 9 incided on the side of bend of core 9, incident angle was more than the critical angle, so that be suppressed at the loss of the light of transmission in the core 9, and, multimode can not take place.
(the 4th embodiment)
Figure 20 is the planimetric map of the photoswitch 8A in an alternative embodiment of the invention.Figure 21 (a)～(c) is respectively front view (FV), the sectional drawing along G-G ' line, the sectional drawing along H-H ' line, the back view of the photoswitch 8A of Figure 20.Photoswitch 8A of the present invention by substrate 10, down clad 11a, core 9 (overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a, divide core branch 9b, 9c), go up clad 11b, well heater 16a, 16b constitutes, except on last clad 11b, forming the well heater 16a that constitutes by metal electrode, outside this point of 16b, use the manufacture method identical to make with the optical waveguide that illustrates 8 among first embodiment.In photoswitch 8A of the present invention, at the upper surface of last clad 11b, clip overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a and well heater 16a is set above minute core branch 9b, above minute core branch 9c, well heater 16b is set.
Shown in Figure 21 (b), (c), except light incident side 14 and light exit side 15a, outside 15b and near the zone thereof, overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a and divide core branch 9b, 9c to form the trapezoidal cross-section that falls that two sides tilt; Shown in Figure 21 (a), (d), light incident side 14 and light exit side 15a, 15b and near zone thereof form rectangular cross section, and therebetween, section configuration gradually changes.
At this, well heater 16a, 16b switches on and generates heat, and only heats a side branch core branch 9b, 9c.For example, as shown in figure 22, when only well heater 16b energising being made it adstante febre, around well heater 16b, produce the such Temperature Distribution of diagram, divide core branch 9c to be heated effectively, temperature rises, and still, divides the temperature of core branch 9b can rise hardly.When only making well heater 16a adstante febre, situation is opposite.
At this, such situation is described: make branch core branch 9b conducting, and branch core branch 9c is turn-offed, only the light from light incident side 14 incidents is imported and divide the core branch 9b, penetrate from light exit side 15a.In the case, well heater 16b on the branch core branch 9c that will cut off light transmission is connected, heated branch core 9c turn-offs the well heater 16a on the branch core branch 9c of transmission light, is become less than the refractive index of the branch core branch 9b of heating not by the refractive index of the branch core branch 9c of well heater 16b heating.When the light from light incident side 14 incidents arrives the component of core 9, because at a minute core branch 9c side refractive index step-down, therefore, the light that arrives component just is directed to branch core branch 9b side, transmits in minute core branch 9b.
But, in photoswitch 8A, shown in Figure 21 (b), (c), at least at well heater 16a, in the component under the 16b, overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a and divide the two sides of core branch 9b, 9c to tilt, section configuration becomes down trapezoidal shape, with well heater 16a, in the limit that 16b parallels, approach well heater 16a, the limit of 16b (upper base) ratio is away from well heater 16a, and the limit of 16b (going to the bottom) is long.Therefore, become in the part of wedge shape in minute two sides of core branch 9b, 9c, the thickness attenuation gradually that divides core branch 9b, 9c, in minute both sides of core branch 9b, 9c, refractive index diminishes, therefore, and at the component of core 9, the light that enters in branch core branch 9b or the 9c is pooled to the central portion of branch core branch 9b or 9c, and has suppressed by the caused leakage of radiation of both sides to the left and right.Particularly, when connecting well heater 16a or 16b, the part of the thin thickness of the two sides of branch core branch 9b, the 9c of well heater connection side is heated effectively, and refractive index diminishes, therefore, light transmits in branch core branch 9c, the 9b of well heater shutoff side, and connect among branch core branch 9b, the 9c of side at well heater, light does not transmit, still, light in the branch core branch 9c of light transmission or the branch core branch 9b is difficult to leak to the opposing party's branch core branch 9b or 9c, and the extinction ratio of photoswitch 8A uprises.For example, when well heater 16b is connected, divide the refractive index of core branch 9c to be reduced effectively, therefore, light is difficult to leak to minute core branch 9c to a minute core branch 9b transmission, and therefore, extinction ratio increases.
Approach well heater 16a when the section configuration of the core 9 that makes component becomes, the limit of 16b (upper base) is shorter than away from well heater 16a, during the trapezoidal cross-section of the limit of 16b (going to the bottom), can not obtain the effect of such raising extinction ratio.This be because the part of thin thickness of both sides of dividing core branch 9b, 9c away from well heater 16a, 16b.
Below, set section and be the photoswitch 8A of trapezoidal core 9 and have the existing photoswitch that section is the core of rectangle, and the result of the power of the light that simulation is transmitted in core separately is illustrated respectively among Figure 23 and Figure 24 with component.Figure 23 (a) is illustrated among the photoswitch 8A of the present invention with the thickness of line, the planimetric map of the power of the light of the transmission when one side's well heater is connected, Figure 23 (b) is that transverse axis is represented power level, the longitudinal axis represent photoswitch length direction apart from the time the curve map of variable power of each branch's in-core.Equally, Figure 24 (a) is illustrated in the existing photoswitch with the thickness of line, the planimetric map of the power of the light of the propagation when only making a side well heater conducting, Figure 24 (b) is that transverse axis is represented power level, the longitudinal axis represent photoswitch length direction apart from the time the curve map of variable power of each branch's in-core.
Relatively Figure 23 and Figure 24 in existing photoswitch shown in Figure 24, connect in the branch core branch of side at well heater as can be seen, flow through the light of the power about 10%, disconnect side at well heater, only transmit the light of the power about 90%.Relative therewith, in photoswitch of the present invention shown in Figure 23, the power of connecting the light that flows through in the branch core branch of side at well heater is almost 0, disconnects side at well heater, has almost transmitted the light of 100% power, has realized high extinction ratio and little loss.
The relevant photoswitch of the present invention of Figure 25 (a) and (b), (c) expression is in the distribute power of the light of the section at P1, the P2 of Figure 20, P3 place.Equally, Figure 26 (a) and (b), (c) expression is relevant with existing photoswitch, in the distribute power of the light of the section of identical position.By Figure 25 and Figure 26 more as can be known, in photoswitch of the present invention, the Power leakage of branch core branch from side to well heater that connect is very little.
In the photoswitch 8A of the foregoing description, be not only overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a, divide core branch 9b, 9c also can form symmetrical section configuration, but, for minute core branch 9b, a 9c, also can make branch core branch 9c, 9b side laterally inclined away from the opposing party, and near the opposing party's branch core branch 9c, the side of 9b side becomes vertical plane.
Figure 27 (a)～(d) be this embodiment photoswitch 8A variation front view (FV), be equivalent to Figure 20 along the sectional drawing in the section of G-G ' line, be equivalent to Figure 20 along the sectional drawing in the section of H-H ' line, back view.Their expressions: when forming core 9 (overstepping one's bounds core branch 9a, branch core branch 9b, 9c), from the both sides of core 9, the core resin overflows at the upper surface of following clad 11a, and forms the situation of the flash layer 9d of film like.In photoswitch 8A, can form the flash layer 9d shown in Figure 27 (a)～(d), still, when the light of transmission in core 9 incided among the flash layer 9d, light leaked into the outside from flash layer 9d, therefore, wished that the thickness of flash layer 9d is thin as far as possible.
(the 5th embodiment)
Figure 28 is the key diagram of the photoswitch 8B of an alternative embodiment of the invention.This photoswitch 8B is used in the manufacture method that illustrates among first embodiment and forms, and is made of substrate 10, time clad 11a, core 9, last clad 11b, well heater 16.Core 9 has plural component, have light exit side 15a, 15b more than three ...On the upper surface of last clad 11b, one group of well heater 16a is set respectively, 16b is so that clip each component of core 9.But, respectively organize well heater 16a by switching respectively, 16b just can switch to light exit side 15a arbitrarily to the transmission whereabouts from the light of light incident side 14 incidents, 15b ...
Near the branching portion of the core 9 of this photoswitch 8B section configuration is trapezoidal, light incident side 14 and light exit side 15a, and 15b ... become the less shape of coupling loss of the light transmitting fiber that is connected with rectangle etc. with square etc.Therefore,, in component, can only transmit light expeditiously, and on the end face of core 9, coupling loss is few, therefore, can transmits, divide luminous intensity distribution expeditiously to desirable branch whereabouts according to this photoswitch 8B.
(other embodiment)
Optical waveguide of the present invention can be used in various application.For example, can be used in and use 2 cores 9 and well heater 16a, directional coupler (photoswitch) 8C that Figure 29 of 16b is such, use 2 cores 9 and well heater 16a, such Mach-the Qian De of Figure 30 of 16b reins in interferometer directional coupler (photoswitch) 8D, by being branched off into two and the core 9 and the well heater 16a that rejoin halfway, the such Mach-Qian De of Figure 31 that 16b constitutes reins in interferometer directional coupler (variable attenuator) 8E, such asymmetric mach-the Qian De of Figure 32 that is constituted with asymmetric two cores 9 reins in interferometer directional coupler (multiplexer/demultiplexer) 8F, such AWG snake core (multiplexer/demultiplexer) the multiplexer/demultiplexer 8G of Figure 33 that constitutes by many cores 9 and star coupler 17, the such multiplexer/demultiplexer 8H of Figure 34 that is constituted by many cores 9 and light filter 18, the such optical transceiver 8I (in diagram, having omitted light source and light detecting device) of Figure 35 that is constituted by the core 9 and the light filter 18 of Y branch, rein in the such optical transceiver 8J of the formed Figure 36 of interferometer directional coupler (in diagram, having omitted light source and light detecting device) etc. by the asymmetric Mach-Qian De that 2 cores 9 constituted.
According to optical waveguide of the present invention, because on the direction of the length direction of core, the section configuration of core is not constant, there is the part that changes, therefore, even use the core material of homogeneous, by section configuration is changed, the actual refractive index of core is changed.Like this,, the actual refractive index of core can be on the optional position of core, controlled, Electric Field Distribution can be controlled by the core transmission by the variation of section configuration.For example, in the sweep and component of core, can control the Electric Field Distribution of light, so that light is difficult to leak and loss from core.Like this, can when suppressing loss, make chip bending, therefore, increase the degree of freedom of the shape of core with big curvature, and, can not strengthen optical waveguide, can on the direction of core, make big bending.
According to optics of the present invention, with heating arrangement core is heated, make the variations in refractive index of core, can be controlled at the action of the light that transmits in the core.Use optical waveguide of the present invention, can reduce the loss of light, simultaneously, the section configuration of core is changed, thus, just can control the action of the light when heating with heating arrangement.Like this, just just can be controlled at the action of the light of in-core transmission, can access the little miniature optical components of loss by control to heating arrangement.
According to photoswitch of the present invention, by the control heating arrangement to the heating location of core, just can hand-over branch the transmission direction of light in partly.Because on the direction of the length direction of core, the section configuration of core is not constant, has the part that changes, therefore,, also can change by the actual refractive index that section configuration is changed make core even use the core material of homogeneous.Like this, just can on the optional position of core, control the actual refractive index of core, can control the Electric Field Distribution of transmitting in the core by the variation of section configuration.For example, in the sweep and component of core, can control the Electric Field Distribution of light, produce loss so that light is difficult to leak from core.Like this, can make chip bending with big curvature in suppression loss, therefore, the degree of freedom of the shape of core increases, and, can not strengthen photoswitch, can on the direction of core, make big bending.Like this, according to the present invention, just can produce the high photoswitch of low-loss and extinction ratio.
Claims (9)
1. an optical waveguide is provided with the core that sealing ground transmits light, it is characterized in that,
Described core has the thickness zone different with the thickness of the both sides of section of the central portion of section, and on the direction of the length direction of core, the section configuration of core is not constant.
2. optical waveguide according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the profile of the side on the section of described core is changing on the direction of the length direction of core.
3. optical waveguide according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the section at least a portion zone of described core becomes trapezoidal, and the gradient of the side of described core is changing on the direction of the length direction of core.
4. optical waveguide according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the end surface shape of described core is the shape that is suitable for reducing with the coupling loss that is coupled in the device on the end face of described core.
5. an optics is characterized in that, the additional heating arrangement that is used to heat described core in each described optical waveguide of claim 1 to 4.
6. a photoswitch comprises core with component and the heating arrangement that heats the component of described core, it is characterized in that,
Described core has the thickness zone different with the thickness of the both sides of section of the central portion of section, and on the direction of the length direction of core, the section configuration of core is not constant.
7. photoswitch according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, in the section of the component of described core, when when halving with the section of the perpendicular steering handle core of face of the described heating arrangement of configuration, in binary section, near the area of the section of described heating arrangement side greater than area away from the section of described heating arrangement side.
8. photoswitch according to claim 6 is characterized in that, with the direction that parallels of face of the described heating arrangement of configuration on the limit in, near the length on the limit of described heating arrangement side greater than length away from the limit of described heating arrangement side.
9. photoswitch according to claim 6 is characterized in that, the section configuration of described core is the shape that is suitable for reducing with the coupling loss that is coupled in the device on the end face of described core.
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| JP2002042409A JP4066670B2 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2002-02-19 | Light switch |
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| CN03102948.5A Expired - Fee Related CN1234028C (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2003-01-24 | Optical fiber waveguide, optical component and photoswitch |
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| US (1) | US6950588B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1336894B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4066670B2 (en) |
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| US6466707B1 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2002-10-15 | Corning Incorporated | Phasar athermalization using a slab waveguide |
| US6542684B2 (en) * | 2001-05-01 | 2003-04-01 | Corning Incorporated | Optimized multi-layer optical waveguiding system |
-
2002
- 2002-02-19 JP JP2002042409A patent/JP4066670B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-01-24 CN CNU03201404XU patent/CN2622718Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-01-24 CN CN03102948.5A patent/CN1234028C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-10 DE DE60320330T patent/DE60320330T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-10 EP EP03100269A patent/EP1336894B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-10 AT AT03100269T patent/ATE392643T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-18 US US10/368,131 patent/US6950588B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101523264A (en) * | 2006-08-10 | 2009-09-02 | 松下电工株式会社 | Photoelectric converter |
| CN101174416B (en) * | 2006-11-02 | 2013-07-31 | 三星电子株式会社 | Bending waveguide, method of fabricating the bending waveguide, light delivery module employing the bending waveguide, and heat assisted magnetic recording head employing the bending waveguide |
| CN103336331A (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2013-10-02 | 上海理工大学 | Zigzag optical waveguide device |
| CN103336331B (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-06-17 | 上海理工大学 | Zigzag optical waveguide device |
| CN105487171A (en) * | 2014-10-08 | 2016-04-13 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Bended multi-mode optical waveguide and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN107924026A (en) * | 2015-09-09 | 2018-04-17 | 日东电工株式会社 | Fiber waveguide and the position sensor and photoelectricity base board using the fiber waveguide |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE60320330D1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
| US20030156813A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
| EP1336894A2 (en) | 2003-08-20 |
| CN2622718Y (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| EP1336894B1 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
| ATE392643T1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
| JP4066670B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 |
| DE60320330T2 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
| EP1336894A3 (en) | 2004-12-15 |
| US6950588B2 (en) | 2005-09-27 |
| JP2003240991A (en) | 2003-08-27 |
| CN1234028C (en) | 2005-12-28 |
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