CN1419423A - Apparatus and process for threshing tobacco - Google Patents
Apparatus and process for threshing tobacco Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1419423A CN1419423A CN01807128A CN01807128A CN1419423A CN 1419423 A CN1419423 A CN 1419423A CN 01807128 A CN01807128 A CN 01807128A CN 01807128 A CN01807128 A CN 01807128A CN 1419423 A CN1419423 A CN 1419423A
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- Prior art keywords
- tobacco
- rib apparatus
- leaf
- footpath
- rotatable
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B5/00—Stripping tobacco; Treatment of stems or ribs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B5/00—Stripping tobacco; Treatment of stems or ribs
- A24B5/06—Stripping tobacco; Treatment of stems or ribs by stripping leaf-parts from the stem
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B5/00—Stripping tobacco; Treatment of stems or ribs
- A24B5/10—Stripping tobacco; Treatment of stems or ribs by crushing the leaves with subsequent separating
Abstract
An apparatus for threshing tobacco comprises a housing (1) having an upper entrance (2) for charging tobacco leaves or parts thereof to the housing and a lower exit (3) for discharging threshed tobacco from the housing. Located within the housing is a rotatable stripping means (4) having a plurality of radially extending elements (5) each presenting a leaf puncturing tip (6) for puncturing the lamina of a tobacco leaf and means for rotating the rotatable stripping means. The housing and the stripping means are arranged such that, in use, the leaf puncturing tip (6) of a radially extending element (5) on the stripping means (4) as it rotates punctures the lamina of a tobacco leaf, or part thereof, entering into the housing through the upper entrance thereof and effects a slashing action on the lamina during the downward movement of the leaf, or part thereof, through the housing so as to separate at least partially the lamina from the stem of the leaf. The apparatus produces larger pieces of lamina, useful in the production of handrolling tobacco, than conventional threshing machines.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of device of leaf smoke material and method of beating the leaf smoke material with this device of beating.
In tobacco industry, well-known is that in order tobacco to be processed into suitable form for using when manufacturing a product, tobacco leaf must have the middle rib stalk of removing from the tobacco leaf remainder.
Concerning some tobacco product, it is desirable to have large stretch of tobacco leaf.
In order to obtain large stretch of tobacco leaf, separate and normally carry out with hand.
By the agency of some machine be used to obtain large stretch of tobacco leaf, as people such as Jenkins in U.S. Pat 4,237, in 909 and Da Silva at GB 2,290, disclosed those machines among the 694A.Yet these machines rely on tobacco leaf correctly are registered in the middle rib processing, and therefore, they are not suitable for handling big tobacco leaf stream in bulk.
The most common form of removing the middle rib machine that is used to handle flow of tobacco in bulk be as Allen at US 2,760,492 and people such as Bonner at US 3,141, the threshing machine of being introduced in 485.In these threshing machines, the effect of rotary part on tobacco is a kind of hammer action.The plane area of rotor arm impacts on the blade-section of tobacco leaf, and near the occasion in the zone this impact occurs in offal is sheared a slice blade from offal, has therefore removed oarse-grained blade.Impact at hammer is in the occasion away from the offal zone, and the small pieces blade will come off.In the too big occasion that consequently can not pass through the frame basket of the blade that comes off, it will be transported around threshing machine, be knocked once more when it is blocked by a stator component with box lunch.Till when this will be repeated to blade and be small enough to by the frame basket.This method will cause producing than vanelets, and the rubbing action of pasting the wall of threshing machine when being used as circumduction owing to blade produces dust.The tobacco leaf sheet that these threshing machines produce is more much smaller than the blade that goes middle rib to obtain by hand.
It is to comprise two or more rotary leaf parts of beating in a machine that various different patents are arranged, and these patents have various claims and are used to improve existing single rotor threshing machine.For example, people such as Bonner are at US 3,126,014 and US 3,696,817 in introduced a kind of threshing machine that contains two or more rotary parts, this rotary part is with some radial teeth and the rotary part engagement that constitutes disk.These threshing machines are to change according to the common type threshing machine, and do not have a kind ofly generally to use.
WO 98/26677 has introduced a kind of machine that is used for tobacco threshing, wherein not every tobacco all is forced through a gravity flow screen, but will beat the inside that leaf rotor and two feeding rotors are installed in going barrel, and tobacco can be downwards by drum, pass rotor rather than pressure is sieved.Although this threshing machine has the advantage better than current methods, be that it will produce less small size blade such as offal, it can not produce sizable blade dimensions.
At US 5,026, in 322, Tognana discloses a kind of threshing machine, and wherein some tobacco will not forced to sieve, and purpose is this tobacco sheet that generation is had larger particle size.Those types and the speed found in the type of the concassation machine of being introduced in this patent and speed and the threshing machine commonly used are identical.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of device that is used for beating the leaf smoke material, so that obtain reconstituted tobacoo, wherein most of reconstituted tobacoos all have the bulky grain size.
Therefore, the invention provides a kind of device that is used for threshing tobacco, this device comprises: a separation chamber, this separation chamber has a upper entrance and a lower part outlet, upper entrance is used for tobacco leaf or its part are installed to the separation chamber, and lower part outlet is used for discharging from the separation chamber tobacco beat behind the leaf; With rib apparatus in one first that is arranged on inside, separation chamber rotatable the going be used for rotating the rotatable device that removes rib apparatus, rib apparatus has several upwardly extending parts in footpath in this first rotatable going, each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, be used for boring a hole to tobacco sheet, separation chamber and go the middle rib machine to dispose like this, so that in use, go the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip of the upwardly extending parts in footpath on the rib apparatus when it rotates, to bore a hole to tobacco sheet, simultaneously enter the separation chamber via upper entrance, and at tobacco leaf, or its part, during passing the separation chamber and moving downward, tobacco leaf is played the chopping effect, so that separate to major general part tobacco sheet and offal.
Adopt some standards to evaluate performance of tobacco threshing apparatus.These standards comprise beats leaf efficient, and this dozen leaf definitions of efficiency is the amount of the free reconstituted tobacoo the removed ratio with available reconstituted tobacoo total amount from tobacco leaf.Another standard is from beating the particle size (or particle size distribution) of the reconstituted tobacoo that Ye Fazhong obtains, and to also have a standard be in order to reach the specific number of strokes that leaf efficient and/or particle size tobacco are stood of beating.
At the leaf device of beating commonly used, as at US 3,126,014 and US 3,696,817 devices of being introduced in, these devices are operated under conventional speeds, are provided with a frame basket and collect tobacco leaf than sheet.These large stretch of tobacco leaves stand further impact by the rotary part in the threshing machine, and have only further to impact by these and just reach the useful leaf efficient of beating.Regrettably, owing to make the tobacco sheet of frame basket dress stand further impact with rotary part, so the size of tobacco sheet product reduces, and the resulting granules Size Distribution is such, and promptly a high proportion of tobacco sheet is smaller size.In contrast, the leaf device of beating of the present invention does not need the frame basket, can enoughly radially go up the parts that extend, impact number of times by one-shot or control, obtain than the higher leaf efficient of beating, produce large-sized tobacco sheet and a kind of particle size distribution, this particle size distribution has the more undersized tobacco sheet of a high proportion of more large-sized tobacco sheet and small scale.In the device that WO 98/26677 is introduced, except guaranteeing desirable tobacco output, certain grows tobacco the military order people unfortunately, through benefiting from the bigger number of strokes of rotary part, this number of strokes is more than necessary number of times under inevitable situation as a result, so that produces than desirable much smaller reconstituted tobacoo.
We find, the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip of each upwardly extending parts in footpath moves downward the effect of shredding tobacco sheet in the process to the tobacco sheet perforation and at tobacco leaf on the rib apparatus in rotation is gone, produce an advantage that surpasses the prior art threshing machine and be, can produce large stretch of tobacco sheet.Large stretch of tobacco sheet is useful being used for the manual leaf tobacco production that rolls cigarette.According to the present invention, there is no need to reduce the size of tobacco sheet, so that they can pass through threshing machine frame basket.Compare with the threshing machine of prior art, available other benefits comprise that the amount at the offal end that is produced reduces and process in the Dust Capacity minimizing that produced.Processing can be carried out with the high smoke material of water content that has than the normal conditions of beating the leaf method and apparatus commonly used.
Device comprises that being arranged on rotatable in the separation chamber removes middle rib apparatus.The rotating shaft of rib apparatus can be inclined from the horizontal by 0 °-10 ° in rotatable the going, but preferably, will be in level basically.
Rib apparatus has several upwardly extending parts in footpath in going, and each parts all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip.The upwardly extending parts in footpath can be footpath upwardly extending plate, tooth, blade or flexing arm, and for example, continuous plate, single or multiple isolated teeth, these teeth can be straight, curved or arc, blade and spine, and they can be flexible.Yet preferably, the upwardly extending parts in footpath are blades, and according to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, these blades are to have curved L shaped of in go rib apparatus preset rotating direction.
Each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, is used for the thin slice perforation to smoke material.The tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip can comprise the projection of a parts tip place sharpening profit of extending diametrically, perhaps, alternatively, can comprise the zigzag projection at a parts tip place of extending diametrically.When with the zigzag projection, every single tooth all has usually 1: 1-2: the tooth depth in 1 scope-tooth pitch ratio, for example, if having tooth depth-tooth pitch ratio is 2: 1, have 1 inch tooth depth and about 0.5 inch tooth pitch as tooth, perhaps, alternatively, tooth depth can be dwindled in this way, so that can save the compressing a little of tooth base position, and has therefore reduced the tendency that blade stops up.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the place of the upwardly extending parts in footpath in going on the rib apparatus with tooth or blade conduct, also be provided with at least one stator component, this stator component normally is fixed to or is installed on the inwall of separation chamber, and rib apparatus is arranged in this separation chamber in going.Stator component extends in the separation chamber like this so that it be arranged on the rotatable upwardly extending parts co-operating in footpath of going on the middle rib machine.Preferably, with rotatable to go on the middle rib machine position of the relevant any stator component of the upwardly extending component locations in footpath be such, when going middle rib apparatus in the separation chamber, to rotate so that box lunch is rotatable, tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip and stator component are meshing with each other, so that improve the punching quality of each tip, and the generation shearing force, this shearing force is applied on the smoke material that is grasped between stator component and the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip.When the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip so was meshing with each other, the distance between stator component and the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip was normally less than 100mm.
Preferably get the separation chamber is the form of vertical tower basically, and it is vertical chute basically that this vertical tower is provided with one, is used for tobacco leaf is added to rib apparatus.Rib apparatus is normally got rotatable pipe form in going, this pipe tool be arranged on the separation chamber in the consistent rotating shaft of horizontal axis of drum type chamber, from the rotatable pipe of this separation chamber, the upwardly extending parts in footpath are along the length of rotatable pipe, outside inner surface direction radiation towards the drum type chamber.The drum type chamber has an internal diameter, the overall diameter of rib apparatus during this internal diameter is a bit larger tham is normally in 12-30 inch (30-70cm) scope, preferably in 18-24 inch (45-61cm) scope, and will have several inches length, normally length is about 6-7 foot (1.8-2.2m).The parts of Yan Shening have the place of the rotatable pipe of rib apparatus from go to the form of extraradial tooth that separates or the sharp blade of sharpening diametrically, they normally with each other at a distance of the distance of 2-8 inch (5-21cm), be arranged along the length branch of pipe.Yet, preferably, the blade of a tooth that separates like this or sharpening profit and next along pipe tooth or the blade of sharpening profit between along the spacing of pipe, normally 3-6 inch (7.6-15.2cm).
Alternatively, the upwardly extending parts in footpath in being arranged on the rib apparatus can be from rotatable pipe, constantly along the length of pipe to external radiation.
The overall diameter of rib apparatus in going (that is, between upwardly extending parts tip in footpath and the tip) normally in 12-30 inch (30-77cm) scope, preferably in 18-24 inch (45-61cm) scope.Rib apparatus in use will be normally to rotate (overall diameter that has about 24 inches (61cm) according to rib apparatus in going) with the rotating speed in the 400-1200rpm scope in rotatable the going.The parts of Yan Shening are the places of the tooth or the blade of sharpening profit diametrically, and then the rotating speed in the 400-600rpm scope is enough to reach the good separation of large stretch of tobacco sheet.Yet the parts of Yan Shening comprise the place of not too sharp keen blade commonly used diametrically, preferably with the higher rotation speed of a kind of about 800-1200rpm.This rotating speed that has increased has improved the piercing efficiency of leaf puncturing tip on the upwardly extending parts in footpath, to the tobacco leaf perforation and shred its thin slice, so that implement itself and the separating of tobacco stick.
Because in device of the present invention, do not resemble the sort of frame basket that in threshing machine commonly used, uses, so reduced the loss that in going, causes owing to friction on separation chamber's inner surface in the rib apparatus zone, and therefore, the used in the present invention rotating speed that removes middle rib apparatus can be than rotating speed height used in the usual means.The use of this fair speed has improved the perforation and the chopping performance of removing middle rib apparatus.In addition, use to be fine, because there is not the frame basket device, so pasty state can not stopped up or wear into to tobacco in threshing machine than the high tobacco leaf of tobacco leaf water content used in the threshing machine commonly used.This itself has significantly reduced the Dust Capacity that is produced again.
According to a preferred embodiment, be equipped with one first and rotatablely remove middle rib apparatus the separation chamber, rib apparatus and be used for making the second rotatable device that goes rib apparatus to rotate in one second rotatable the going.Rib apparatus has several upwardly extending parts in footpath in second rotatable the going, each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, is used for the thin slice perforation to smoke material, and is configured in the separation chamber like this, so that in use, it is connected and works with rib apparatus during first goes.The tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip of the upwardly extending parts in footpath in second rotatable the going on the rib apparatus, when it rotates, give the tobacco leaf or the perforation of one partial sheet that from first goes, receive in the rib apparatus, and at tobacco leaf, or its part, pass the separation chamber and move downward in the process, tobacco sheet is played a kind of chopping effect, so that separate to major general part tobacco sheet and tobacco stick.Second goes middle rib apparatus and first to go the use of connecting of middle rib apparatus, has improved the output of no tobacco stick material sheet piece.
Preferably, from first goes rib apparatus forward to second go in the smoke material of rib apparatus redirect, that is, change its aligning, so that tobacco sheet in a position is shown be more suitable in separating with offal in the rib apparatus during second goes.When tobacco leaf with situation that downward butt end is aimed under go near first in during rib apparatus, large stretch of tobacco sheet is with separated, because go the middle rib effect will be easy to work towards offal inwards.Yet, if go the middle rib effect be existing tip downwards to the tobacco leaf effect, tobacco leaf is easy to tear off outwardly and leaves offal, stays simultaneously and tears part in the tobacco leaf off, but do not remove tobacco sheet.Therefore, tobacco leaf keeps major part to remain untouched, when it is sent in the going subsequently the rib apparatus butt end downwards till.By making smoke material rib apparatus first being processed in it goes with second that rib apparatus receives from first goes stand to redirect, can increase the amount of isolated tobacco sheet from tobacco stick.Normally, the redirecting of smoke material, can by with a vibratory sieve smoke material from one is gone rib apparatus backwards with go in rib apparatus transport and reach.
Device can advantageously also contain one the 3rd with separate subsequently become series connection, become cascade, rotatablely remove middle rib apparatus, yet, preferably, arranged in series no more than 3 separate remove middle rib apparatus, because resulting plane particle size will reduce, and the ratio of resulting very small pieces and/or dust is with corresponding increase.
Therefore, according to another embodiment, device comprises in addition in one the 3rd rotatable the going rib apparatus and is used for making the 3rd to remove the device of rib apparatus rotation in separation, rib apparatus is arranged in the separation chamber the second rotatable downstream of removing middle rib apparatus as mentioned above in the above-mentioned the 3rd rotatable the going.The 3rd goes middle rib apparatus to have several upwardly extending parts in footpath, and each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, is used for the thin slice perforation to smoke material.Rib apparatus disposed like this during separation chamber and the 3rd went, with convenient device in use, the 3rd goes middle rib apparatus and second to go middle rib apparatus to connect works, wherein in the 3rd rotatable going the footpath upwardly extending parts tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip on the rib apparatus when it rotates, give the tobacco leaf that the rib apparatus reception comes from second goes, or its a part of thin slice perforation, and at tobacco leaf, or its part, passing the separation chamber moves downward in the process, tobacco sheet is applied the chopping effect, so that tobacco sheet is separated with tobacco stick.The second and/or the 3rd go the middle rib machine can with the stator component co-operating of appropriate location as mentioned above.
Between the rib apparatus, smoke material can stand aforesaid redirecting in the second and the 3rd goes.After in rib apparatus from the 3rd goes, coming out, finished smoke material can be sieved, for example use vibrating screen classifier, so that dust and granule tobacco leaf and offal and large stretch of tobacco sheet are separated.
Now, will only be used as example, with reference to description of drawings the present invention, wherein:
Fig. 1 illustrates the device cutaway view according to rib apparatus in rotatable going of the described employing of one embodiment of the present of invention;
Fig. 2 illustrates the device cutaway view according to a rib apparatus and a stator component in rotatable going of the described employing of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 illustrates the device cutaway view according to rib apparatus cascade in three rotatable going of the described employing of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 illustrates the device cutaway view according to rib apparatus cascade in three rotatable going of the described employing of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 illustrates the device cutaway view according to rib apparatus series connection in three rotatable going of the described employing of an alternative embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 illustrates the perspective view of rib apparatus in rotatable the going that is adapted at using in the device of the present invention;
Fig. 7 illustrates the perspective view for the three types of upwardly extending parts in footpath (or tooth) that use in device of the present invention; With
Fig. 8 illustrates for the upwardly extending parts plane in another kind of type footpath that uses in device of the present invention;
Fig. 9 illustrates the upwardly extending parts plane in another kind of type footpath, and this illustrates a kind of improved sawtooth and is used for reducing obstruction;
Figure 10 is illustrated in each test and the make progress type of extension component of used footpath in the table as a result.
Referring to Fig. 1, separation chamber 1 has 2 and outlets 3 of an inlet, and rib apparatus 4 in rotatable the going is housed, and rib apparatus is driven by a motor (not shown) in this rotatable going.Rib apparatus 4 has several upwardly extending parts 5 in footpath in going.Each parts 5 all comprises a L shaped blade with tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip 6.This tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip 6 in use, the direction of rotation of rib apparatus 4 in going.In use, tobacco leaf is sent into the inlet 2 of separation chamber, and fall under gravity into be installed in rotation go in upwardly extending parts 5 routes in footpath on the rib apparatus 4.The effect of 6 pairs of tobacco leaves of leaf puncturing tip causes the tobacco leaf perforation.Because in tobacco leaf each parts 5 rotation in the motion process down, so with the thin slice chopping of tobacco leaf, and slim vane is separated with offal.Finished tobacco leaf material leaves the outlet 3 of separation chamber.
Fig. 2 illustrates similarly device of device shown in a kind of and Fig. 1, exception is that middle rib apparatus 4 has several blades 7, each blade 7 all has a leaf puncturing tip 8, wherein be provided with a stator component 9, this stator component 9 is installed on separation chamber's 1 inwall, and extends to therein and blade 7 co-operatings of rotating.Blade 7 is along the length running of removing middle rib apparatus 4 as shown in Figure 6.Blade 7 can have a flat limit as shown in Figure 7, perhaps has one towards some limit that diminishes gradually, and can be from an end to narrower other end wedgewise, so that help to shear tobacco leaf.The leaf puncturing tip of blade 7 and stator component 8 are meshing with each other.In use, the tobacco leaf that enters separation chamber 1 inlet 2 vertically fall within rotation go in the blade that is just advancing 7 routes on the rib apparatus 4, and the thin slice of tobacco leaf is bored a hole by tip 8 and is shredded or part is shredded.By rotation tobacco leaf transported then and pass the separation chamber, meet until it and stator component 9, stator component 9 and rotating vane 7 are done the time spent co-operating finishing to shred herein, and the chopping effect is partly to finish in advance herein.Perhaps tobacco leaf does not have the place of chopping when entering, because the masking action of other tobacco leaf, so stator component 9 and rotating vane 7 co-operatings, so that this tobacco leaf is produced the chopping effect.Because rib apparatus rotates at a high speed in going, so the blade that links up on the rib apparatus in can utilizing is with tobacco leaf perforation and chopping.
In Fig. 3, three go in rib apparatus series connection be arranged on one and have in the separation chamber 10 of perpendicular of inlet 11 and outlet 12.First go in rib apparatus 13 drive by the motor (not shown), this first go in rib apparatus 13 have the upwardly extending parts 14 in several footpaths of getting L shaped blade shape, each upwardly extending parts 14 in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip 16.Second go in rib apparatus 16 be arranged in the separation chamber 10 first go in rib apparatus 13 below.Second goes middle rib apparatus to drive with a motor (not shown), and have upwardly extending parts 17 in several footpaths of getting L shaped blade shape, this second go in rib apparatus have and first go in the opposite direction of rotation of direction of rotation of rib apparatus, L shaped blade is towards predetermined direction of rotation.Each parts 17 all has tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip 18.
The 3rd go in rib apparatus 19 in separation chamber 10, be arranged on second go in rib apparatus below.The 3rd go in rib apparatus 19 usefulness a motor (not shown) drive, and have one and predetermined go the middle opposite direction of rotation of rib apparatus direction of rotation with second.The 3rd goes middle rib apparatus to have several parts of getting L shaped blade shape 20, and these L shaped blades are towards predetermined direction of rotation.Each L shaped blade all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip 21.
In use, tobacco leaf is sent into the inlet 11 of separation chamber 10, and drops in the route of the upwardly extending parts 14 in footpath and stand as above in the gravity effect and go the middle rib effect with reference to Fig. 1 is described.Fall into by the finished smoke material of rib apparatus in going then and be installed in second route that removes the upwardly extending parts 17 in footpath on the rib apparatus 16, second go in rib apparatus 16 towards shown in the direction rotation, and it fall into be installed in the 3rd remove on the rib apparatus 19 route of the upwardly extending parts 20 in footpath after further processing, the 3rd go in rib apparatus 19 towards shown in direction rotate.After the rib apparatus 19 last processing, the fragment of tobacco sheet and tobacco stick leaves the separation chamber at outlet 12 places in going with the 3rd.
Fig. 4 illustrates three variations of removing middle rib apparatus vertical level connection shown in Figure 3.According to Fig. 4, the lower wall 22 of separation chamber 10 between the rib apparatus in first and second go, reach the lower wall 23 of separation chamber 10 between the second and the 3rd device, each all gets the shape of sieve, such as, have the iron wire mesh in many holes or the sieve of perforation, be used for collecting so that can make dust and granule Haze blade leave the separation chamber.
Fig. 5 illustrates a kind of according to another the different embodiment of leaf device that beats of the present invention, and this dozen leaf device comprises with three and different removes middle rib apparatus.In this embodiment, in going in the outlet of rib apparatus from first goes with to second between the inlet of rib apparatus, and from second goes rib apparatus outlet and go to be provided with vibratory sieve 24,25 between the inlet of middle rib apparatus to the 3rd.Vibratory sieve is relevant with the device (not shown) that is used to sieve is vibrated.In use, the vibration of vibratory sieve 24,25 has changed the collimation of smoke material, is used for further processing in the rib apparatus going subsequently.
Below the rib apparatus, have a vibrated bed to sieve 26 vibrating devices that are used for screening machine (not shown) relevant with in the 3rd goes, in use, this screening function is separated with short grained smoke material dust with large stretch of tobacco sheet, so that can separate collection.
Experimental section Test 1-19
In utilizing the chopping test of carrying out according to device of the present invention, use the tobacco leaf of different moisture content.In these trials, adopt various dissimilar upwardly extending parts in footpath (as being arranged in rotatable the going on the rib apparatus), and to different total, that is the tobacco total degree that passes device that circulates is repeatedly tested by number.
The upwardly extending parts in footpath used in each test are as follows:
1) has the L shaped plate (generally shown among Fig. 1 5) of various different tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, A-E as shown in Figure 10.Do not use stator component.
2) L shaped several isolated teeth (generally shown among Fig. 1 5), it is 30mm (F) or tooth pitch 60mm (G) that these teeth have tooth pitch, as shown in Figure 10.Use is united in these teeth configuration wherein every kind and an intermeshing stator component, this stator component be arranged on the inwall of separation chamber (as shown in Fig. 2).
In all upwardly extending parts in proof footpath, the configuration of G class tooth is similar in appearance to threshing machine blade commonly used.
To each test, all calculate and beat leaf efficient, and resulting these Haze sheets after beating leaf are sieved into different sizes.After this manner, resulting these Haze sheets are separated into after the leaf beating: can't pass 1 inch diameter round-hole mesh, by 1 inch diameter round-hole mesh but can't pass 0.5 inch diameter round-hole mesh, by 0.5 inch diameter round-hole mesh but can't pass 0.25 inch diameter round-hole mesh, and by 0.25 inch diameter round-hole mesh.Always do not classifying by before counting up to.Determine the percentage of different size Haze sheet amount.The results are shown in the table 1.
Resulting those results in the test 14 (comparing with resulting those results in the test 10 and 11) show, by use blade D, by under the situation, obtain the high leaf efficient of beating, and the result who respectively sieves are dominant less concerning the identical leaf amount of beating.
Table 1
| Test | Unit type * | Do not pass through ** | Moisture content (%) | Beat leaf efficient ***(％) | The screening of Haze sheet | |||
| ?％＞1″ | ??％＞1/2″ | ?％＞1/4″ | ?％＜1/4″ | |||||
| ?1 | ?A | ?20 | ?27 | ??44.5 | ?52 | ??31.8 | ?10.3 | ?5.8 |
| ?2 | ?A | ?40 | ?27 | ??61.7 | ?37.9 | ??36.3 | ?16.4 | ?9.5 |
| ?3 | ?B | ?10 | ?27 | ??74.3 | ?56.7 | ??28.3 | ?10.1 | ?5 |
| ?4 | ?B | ?20 | ?27 | ??87.3 | ?39.2 | ??41.8 | ?13.7 | ?5.4 |
| ?5 | ?C | ?10 | ??69.9 | ?60 | ??28.7 | ?8.2 | ?3.1 | |
| ?6 | ?C | ?20 | ??85.4 | ?46.5 | ??38.9 | ?10.9 | ?3.7 | |
| ?7 | ?F | ?10 | ??30.6 | ?65.4 | ??23.7 | ?7.2 | ?3.7 | |
| ?8 | ?F | ?20 | ??43.2 | ?60.8 | ??28.5 | ?7.5 | ?3.1 | |
| ?9 | ?F | ?20 | ?26.5 | ??43.6 | ?54.8 | ??29.3 | ?10.3 | ?5.5 |
| ?10 | ?G | ?10 | ?26.5 | ??35 | ?64.2 | ??23.2 | ?7.8 | ?4.9 |
| ?11 | ?G | ?20 | ?26.5 | ??51.6 | ?55.9 | ??29.2 | ?9.8 | ?5.1 |
| ?12 | ?G | ?30 | ?26.5 | ??65.1 | ?51.5 | ??33.6 | ?10.6 | ?4.3 |
| ?13 | ?D | ?10 | ?26.5 | ??80.9 | ?50.1 | ??34.2 | ?11.3 | ?4.4 |
| ?14 | ?D | ?5 | ?26.5 | ??78.6 | ?58.4 | ??28 | ?9 | ?4.6 |
| ?15 | ?E | ?5 | ?22 | ??63.7 | ?24.1 | ??41.2 | ?20 | ?14.7 |
| ?16 | ?E | ?10 | ?22 | ??82.9 | ?20.5 | ??41.9 | ?21.1 | ?16.5 |
| ?17 | ?D | ?10 | ?22 | ??84.7 | ?23.9 | ??38.3 | ?21.7 | ?16.2 |
| ?18 | ?C | ?10 | ?22 | ??73.8 | ?30.5 | ??37.7 | ?17.7 | ?14.1 |
| ?19 | ?G | ?10 | ?22 | ??44.3 | ?40.3 | ??32.8 | ?14.5 | ?12.5 |
*Unit type is the upwardly extending unit type in footpath.That part of parts of pressing the tobacco effect are by discerning with reference to Figure 10.
*Before resulting tobacco sheet sieved into the different size scope, tobacco was circulated repeatedly and passes the number of times of threshing machine.The threshing machine device does not have frame basket or sieve, and the overall diameter of rib apparatus is 18 inches in going.In all cases, removing middle rib apparatus all is to rotate with the speed of 355rpm.
* *Beating leaf efficient is the amount of the free tobacco sheet of separation with respect to available total tobacco sheet.
Test 20-41
These tests are with as the upwardly extending parts of beating in the leaf device in footpath of the present invention, and the tooth of a plurality of isolated, wedge shapes, tip carries out.Used teeth size and fixed in shape are constant, but their tooth pitch, that is the distance between a tooth and the next tooth all changes in whole test.In all cases, use the intermeshing stator that is installed on the device inwall.The results are shown in the following table 2.
Table 2
| Test | Tooth pitch (mm) | Do not pass through | Moisture content (%) | Beat leaf efficient (%) | The screening of Haze sheet | |||
| ?％＞1″ | ?％＞1/2″ | ?％＞1/4″ | ?％＜1/4″ | |||||
| ?20 | ?90 | ?5 | ?18.1 | ??59.9 | ?58.8 | ?28.1 | ?8.8 | ?4.2 |
| ?21 | ?90 | ?10 | ?18.6 | ??71.9 | ?43.1 | ?40.3 | ?11.3 | ?5.3 |
| ?22 | ?70 | ?5 | ?21.9 | ??76.6 | ?49.7 | ?36.3 | ?10.3 | ?3.6 |
| ?23 | ?70 | ?10 | ?23.6 | ??85.4 | ?39.4 | ?41.8 | ?13.9 | ?5.0 |
| ?24 | ?80 | ?5 | ?20.8 | ??70.3 | ?57.3 | ?31.3 | ?8.2 | ?3.2 |
| ?25 | ?80 | ?10 | ?21.8 | ??81.8 | ?48.8 | ?35.0 | ?12.1 | ?4.1 |
| ?26 | ?90 | ?5 | ?23.9 | ??74.4 | ?50.9 | ?35.6 | ?10.2 | ?3.2 |
| ?27 | ?90 | ?10 | ?23.2 | ??79.0 | ?47.0 | ?36.2 | ?12.6 | ?4.2 |
| ?28 | ?100 | ?5 | ?25.1 | ??68.9 | ?55.0 | ?32.5 | ?9.4 | ?3.1 |
| ?29 | ?100 | ?10 | ?25.6 | ??84.4 | ?41.4 | ?38.6 | ?14.7 | ?5.4 |
| ?30 | ?110 | ?5 | ?26.2 | ??67.0 | ?61.2 | ?27.7 | ?8.2 | ?2.9 |
| ?31 | ?110 | ?10 | ?25.8 | ??82.6 | ?47.4 | ?35.1 | ?12.8 | ?4.8 |
| ?32 | ?120 | ?5 | ??64.9 | ?65.2 | ?24.6 | ?7.3 | ?3.0 | |
| ?33 | ?120 | ?10 | ??80.7 | ?47.8 | ?35.3 | ?12.0 | ?4.9 | |
| ?34 | ?80 | ?5 | ?21.2 | ??75.5 | ?47.1 | ?35.3 | ?10.9 | ?6.7 |
| ?35 | ?80 | ?10 | ?22 | ??84.3 | ?39.3 | ?42.6 | ?11.7 | ?6.4 |
| ?36 | ?120 | ?3 | ?23.2 | ??58.5 | ?57.1 | ?30.1 | ?7.8 | ?5.0 |
| ?37 | ?120 | ?6 | ?24.7 | ??73.6 | ?52.1 | ?33.8 | ?9.0 | ?5.1 |
| ?38 | ?120 | ?10 | ?22.9 | ??80.0 | ?47.1 | ?36.0 | ?11.0 | ?5.9 |
| ?39 | ?80 | ?3 | ??61.2 | ?51.6 | ?33.6 | ?9.2 | ?5.6 | |
| ?40 | ?80 | ?6 | ??76.7 | ?45.4 | ?38.1 | ?11.0 | ?5.5 | |
| ?41 | ?80 | ?10 | ??87.3 | ?40.6 | ?39.4 | ?12.7 | ?7.2 | |
Used threshing machine device is sieve or frame basket not, and the overall diameter of rib apparatus is 18 inches in going.Going middle rib apparatus to have rotary speed is 355rpm.
Test 42-50
Other tests utilize a kind of leaf device of beating to carry out, this dozen leaf device have three kinds dissimilar in rotatable going on the rib apparatus the upwardly extending parts in footpath one of them.In test 42-44, the upwardly extending parts in footpath are the flat blade formula hammer used always (Fig. 7 A and as U.S. Pat 3,696, used among 817 Fig. 3), and wherein tooth pitch is set at 80mm.These parts and the flat blade formula stator coupling (as U.S. Pat 3,696, shown in 817 Fig. 3) that is installed on the device separation chamber inwall; Flat blade formula hammer meshes (in use) with the relevant flat limit of stator to Ping Bianshi.In test 45-47, the upwardly extending parts in used footpath are Wedge blade (Fig. 7 B), and wherein tooth pitch is set at 80mm, they be installed on the device separation chamber inwall similarly vane type stator coupling.In test 48-50, the upwardly extending parts in used footpath are L shaped blades, and this L shaped blade has zigzag edge, and this jagged edge has the tooth pitch (Figure 10) of 20mm between cog.
In these trials, tip speed is the tangential velocity of the upwardly extending parts tip in footpath.In a threshing machine rotor commonly used, in first order threshing machine, have the rotary speed of typical 24 inch diameters and 450rpm, tip speed will be about 4.6ms
-1
Each test tools made has the tobacco of water content about 19% to carry out, and this 19% water content is with commonly used to beat the leaf humidity level identical.The results are shown in the following table 3.
Table 3
| Test | Tip speed (m/s) | Beat leaf efficient (%) | Amount＞1/2 " (%) | Amount＜1/4 " (%) | |
| ?42 | Hammer 80mm tooth pitch commonly used | ????4.6 | ????38.41 | ???83.46 | ???7.54 |
| ?43 | ????5.5 | ????47.05 | ???84.56 | ???6.75 | |
| ?44 | ????6.2 | ????48.63 | ???82.11 | ???7.67 | |
| ?45 | Wedge blade 80mm tooth pitch | ????4.5 | ????47.80 | ???91.26 | ???3.22 |
| ?46 | ????5.4 | ????47.89 | ???88.45 | ???4.56 | |
| ?47 | ????6.2 | ????53.05 | ???88.20 | ???4.53 | |
| ?48 | Zigzag blade 20mm tooth pitch | ????4.5 | ????48.90 | ???86.79 | ???5.03 |
| ?49 | ????5.5 | ????55.50 | ???85.41 | ???5.58 | |
| ?50 | ????6.3 | ????57.45 | ???81.98 | ???7.34 |
The result shows, flat blade formula hammer commonly used in the upwardly extending parts in footpath with tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip and the threshing machine is compared, and produces the bigger product of beating leaf efficient and large-size.
Claims (25)
1. device that is used for threshing tobacco, this device comprises: a separation chamber, this separation chamber has a upper entrance and a lower part outlet, and upper entrance is used for tobacco leaf or its part are installed to the separation chamber, and lower part outlet is used for the tobacco that beats behind the leaf is discharged from the separation chamber; In the separation chamber one first is rotatable to remove middle rib apparatus with being arranged on, rib apparatus had several upwardly extending parts in footpath and is used for rotating the rotatable device that removes rib apparatus during this went, each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, is used for boring a hole to tobacco sheet; The separation chamber and go in rib apparatus dispose like this, so that in use, the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip of the upwardly extending parts in footpath is given tobacco sheet or one chadless on the rib apparatus when rib apparatus rotates in going in going, pass its upper entrance simultaneously and enter the separation chamber, and at tobacco leaf, or its part, pass the separation chamber and move downward in the process, on tobacco sheet, produce the chopping effect, so that at least in part tobacco sheet and tobacco stick are separated.
2. according to the described device of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath in rotatable the going on the rib apparatus are selected from the upwardly extending plate in footpath, tooth, blade and flexing arm.
3. according to the described device of claim 2, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath comprise blade or tooth.
4. according to the described device of claim 3, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath comprise L shaped blade, each L shaped blade all has at least one tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, this tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip in use, the direction of rotation of rib apparatus in rotatable going basically.
5. according to the described device of claim 3, it is characterized in that: be provided with one in addition and be installed in the stator component that separates on the locular wall, this stator component extends in the separation chamber like this, so that the upwardly extending parts in footpath co-operating when it rotates on the rib apparatus in stator component and rotatable the going in use.
6. according to one of them described device of claim 1-5, it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip comprises the projection of a sharpening at extension component tip place diametrically.
7. according to one of them described device of claim 1-5, it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip comprises the zigzag projection at extension component tip place diametrically.
8. according to one of them described device of claim 1-7, comprise in addition that in the separation chamber one second is rotatablely removed middle rib apparatus, with be used for rotating above-mentioned second device that removes rib apparatus, rib apparatus is arranged on the downstream of rib apparatus in first rotatable the going in this second rotatable going in the separation chamber, above-mentioned second goes middle rib apparatus to have several upwardly extending parts in footpath, each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, be used for boring a hole to tobacco sheet, rib apparatus disposed like this during separation chamber and second went, so that in use, above-mentioned second goes middle rib apparatus and first to go middle rib apparatus to connect works, and it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip of the upwardly extending parts in footpath on the rib apparatus in second goes, when rotation, give tobacco sheet, perhaps one chadless, this tobacco leaf rib apparatus from first goes receive and tobacco leaf move downward pass the separation chamber during, thin slice is produced the chopping effect, therefore make at least a portion tobacco leaf sheet or its part apply the chopping effect, so that at least a portion tobacco sheet and offal are separated.
9. according to the described device of claim 8, it is characterized in that in second rotatable the going the upwardly extending parts in footpath on the rib apparatus, selected from the upwardly extending plate in footpath, tooth, blade and flexing arm.
10. according to the described device of claim 9, it is characterized in that: in second rotatable the going on the rib apparatus the upwardly extending parts in footpath comprise blade or tooth.
11. according to the described device of claim 10, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath in second rotatable the going on the rib apparatus, comprise some L shaped blades, each L shaped blade all has at least one leaf puncturing tip, this leaf puncturing tip in use, the direction of rotation of rib apparatus in rotatable going basically.
12. according to the described device of claim 10, it is characterized in that: be provided with one in addition and be installed in the stator component that separates on the locular wall, this stator component extends in the separation chamber like this, so that the upwardly extending parts in the footpath co-operating when it rotates on the rib apparatus in the stator component and second rotatable the going in use.
13. according to one of them described device of claim 8-12, it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip is included in the projection of a sharpening at each the upwardly extending parts tip place, footpath on the rib apparatus in second rotatable the going.
14. according to one of them described device of claim 8-12, it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip comprises a zigzag projection at tip place of each upwardly extending parts in footpath on the rib apparatus in second rotatable the going.
15., it is characterized in that: between the rib apparatus, be provided with the device of giving the tobacco orientation again in addition during rib apparatus and second goes in first goes according to one of them described device of claim 8-14.
16. according to one of them described device of claim 8-15, in the separation chamber, comprise in one the 3rd rotatable the going rib apparatus in addition and be used for rotating the 3rd rotatable device that removes rib apparatus, rib apparatus is arranged on the downstream of rib apparatus in second rotatable the going in the 3rd rotatable the going in the separation chamber, and the device that is used to rotate above-mentioned the 3rd rotatable device has several upwardly extending parts in footpath, each upwardly extending parts in footpath all has a tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, be used for boring a hole to tobacco sheet, rib apparatus disposes like this in separation chamber and the 3rd rotatable the going, so that in use, the 3rd goes middle rib apparatus and above-mentioned second to go middle rib apparatus to connect works, and it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip of the upwardly extending parts in footpath in the 3rd goes on the rib apparatus is given tobacco sheet or one chadless when rotation, this tobacco sheet or its part rib apparatus from second goes receives, and at tobacco leaf, or its part, pass the separation chamber and move downward in the process, thin slice is applied the chopping effect.
17. according to the described device of claim 16, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath in the 3rd rotatable going on the rib apparatus are selected from the upwardly extending plate in footpath, tooth, blade and flexing arm.
18. according to the described device of claim 17, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath in the 3rd rotatable going on the rib apparatus comprise blade or tooth.
19. according to the described device of claim 18, it is characterized in that: the upwardly extending parts in footpath in the 3rd rotatable going on the rib apparatus, comprise some L shaped blades, each L shaped blade all has at least one tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip, this tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip in use, the direction of rotation of rib apparatus in rotatable going basically.
20. according to the described device of claim 18, it is characterized in that: be provided with at least one in addition and be installed in the stator component that separates on the locular wall, and this stator component extends in the separation chamber like this, so that the upwardly extending parts in footpath co-operating when rotated on the rib apparatus in stator component and the 3rd rotatable the going in use.
21. according to one of them described device of claim 16-20, it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip is included in the 3rd rotatable projection that removes a sharpening at each upwardly extending parts place, footpath on the middle rib apparatus.
22. according to one of them described device of claim 16-20, it is characterized in that: the tobacco leaf leaf puncturing tip is included in the 3rd rotatable zigzag projection that goes to each upwardly extending parts tip place, footpath on the middle rib apparatus.
23., it is characterized in that: during rib apparatus and the 3rd goes in second goes between the rib apparatus, be provided with in addition and be used for the device that redirects to tobacco according to one of them described device of claim 16-20.
24. according to claim 15 or 23 described devices, it is characterized in that: the device that is used for redirecting to tobacco is selected from a kind of vibratory sieve.
25. be used for the method for threshing tobacco, be included in as handling tobacco in one of them described device of claim 1-24.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00300650 | 2000-01-28 | ||
| EP00300650.9 | 2000-01-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1419423A true CN1419423A (en) | 2003-05-21 |
Family
ID=8172669
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN01807128A Pending CN1419423A (en) | 2000-01-28 | 2001-01-26 | Apparatus and process for threshing tobacco |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1267649A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1419423A (en) |
| AP (1) | AP2002002608A0 (en) |
| AR (1) | AR027300A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2001230360A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001054520A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102370241A (en) * | 2011-11-22 | 2012-03-14 | 云南烟叶复烤有限责任公司 | Arc-shaped threshing cutter of threshing machine |
| CN102379453A (en) * | 2011-11-22 | 2012-03-21 | 云南烟叶复烤有限责任公司 | Multi-facet threshing cutter of threshing machine |
| CN103190692A (en) * | 2013-04-07 | 2013-07-10 | 湖北烟草金叶复烤有限责任公司 | Tobacco leaf threshing machine with cutting edge tool |
| CN109095017A (en) * | 2018-09-06 | 2018-12-28 | 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 | A kind of novel defoliator feed rate control device |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB0013326D0 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2000-07-26 | Imp Tobacco Co Ltd | Apparatus and process for threshing tobacco |
| EP3200633A4 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2018-05-16 | Digirettes, Inc. | Disposable tank electronic cigarette, method of manufacture and method of use |
| CN111345493B (en) * | 2020-03-05 | 2023-04-25 | 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 | Differential type roller beating device and application method thereof |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1388487A (en) * | 1918-04-25 | 1921-08-23 | Tolhurst Machine Works | Tobacco-stemming machine |
| US3696817A (en) * | 1971-06-04 | 1972-10-10 | Cardwell Mach Co | Tobacco threshing machine |
| DE4127270C2 (en) * | 1990-09-01 | 2000-12-14 | Hauni Werke Koerber & Co Kg | Device for classifying tobacco particles |
| EP0848914A1 (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 1998-06-24 | Imperial Tobacco Limited | Apparatus and process for threshing tobacco |
-
2001
- 2001-01-26 AP APAP/P/2002/002608A patent/AP2002002608A0/en unknown
- 2001-01-26 EP EP01902502A patent/EP1267649A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-01-26 CN CN01807128A patent/CN1419423A/en active Pending
- 2001-01-26 AR ARP010100353A patent/AR027300A1/en unknown
- 2001-01-26 AU AU2001230360A patent/AU2001230360A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-01-26 WO PCT/GB2001/000342 patent/WO2001054520A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102370241A (en) * | 2011-11-22 | 2012-03-14 | 云南烟叶复烤有限责任公司 | Arc-shaped threshing cutter of threshing machine |
| CN102379453A (en) * | 2011-11-22 | 2012-03-21 | 云南烟叶复烤有限责任公司 | Multi-facet threshing cutter of threshing machine |
| CN103190692A (en) * | 2013-04-07 | 2013-07-10 | 湖北烟草金叶复烤有限责任公司 | Tobacco leaf threshing machine with cutting edge tool |
| CN109095017A (en) * | 2018-09-06 | 2018-12-28 | 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 | A kind of novel defoliator feed rate control device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AR027300A1 (en) | 2003-03-19 |
| EP1267649A1 (en) | 2003-01-02 |
| AP2002002608A0 (en) | 2002-09-30 |
| WO2001054520A1 (en) | 2001-08-02 |
| AU2001230360A1 (en) | 2001-08-07 |
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