CN1406269A - 组合物 - Google Patents

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CN1406269A
CN1406269A CN01805562A CN01805562A CN1406269A CN 1406269 A CN1406269 A CN 1406269A CN 01805562 A CN01805562 A CN 01805562A CN 01805562 A CN01805562 A CN 01805562A CN 1406269 A CN1406269 A CN 1406269A
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fuel composition
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A·雷
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O2Diesel Europe Ltd
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Abstract

描述了一种包含生物柴油和表面活性剂的燃料组合物,其特征在于该表面活性剂包含一种链烷醇酰胺、烷氧基化的醇和烷氧基化的脂肪酸或其衍生物的混合物。更具体地说描述了一种燃料组合物,其中柴油组分是一种生物柴油和石油柴油的混合物,例如最高20%v/v生物柴油。还描述了一种使内燃发动机运转的方法,包括采用根据权利要求1的燃料。

Description

组合物
本发明涉及一种新型的燃料组合物及其制备和使用方法。
柴油是一种重要的石油产品并且用于为轮船、火车、卡车等的发动机提供动力。因为石油是一种不可再生的资源,而且由于在内燃机中柴油的燃烧会产生大量污染物,特别是粉尘,因此已经进行了许多努力来开发不可再生资源的替代燃料。
从二十世纪三十年代开始,生物柴油已经被认为是石油基柴油的替代品。在一些情况下已经尝试将蔬菜油加入到石油柴油中,并且至少缓和了石油柴油的一些问题。这些蔬菜油可以源自各种来源,如大豆油、油菜籽油、棕榈油和葵花籽油。
但是,使用生物柴油或石油柴油/生物柴油混合物存在着许多困难。生物柴油具有比石油柴油高得多的浊点(约0℃),并且还具有非常高的倾点(约-2℃)。因此,广泛使用生物柴油还不现实,特别是提出了燃料的低温粘度问题。还已知生物柴油会导致发动机的极大磨损和破裂,并且比传统的石油柴油有更高的粉尘散发率。
已经进行了尝试以通过使用醇和蔬菜油的乳液,通常包括采用一种表面活性剂来克服这些缺点。然而,这些乳液在低温下并不特别稳定,并且醇有吸水的倾向。
现在我们已经惊奇地发现一种克服或缓解现有技术燃料的问题的燃料组合物。
因此根据本发明,我们提供一种包含生物柴油和表面活性剂的燃料组合物,其特征在于该表面活性剂包含一种链烷醇酰胺、烷氧基化的醇和烷氧基化的脂肪酸或其衍生物的混合物。
该燃料组合物的柴油组分可以包含最高100%v/v的生物柴油。然而,优选柴油组分是一种石油柴油和生物柴油的混合物,这种混合物可以包含最高20%v/v的生物柴油,例如1~20%v/v,优选5~20%v/v,更优选10~20%v/v。
在一个优选实施方案中,该燃料组合物还包含一种醇,例如链烷醇如乙醇。当存在醇时,该醇例如乙醇的含量可以是1~10%v/v,优选5~10%v/v,更优选1~3%v/v。
在表面活性剂组合物中,优选链烷醇酰胺是乙醇酰胺,更优选是二乙醇酰胺。尤其优选的是二乙醇酰胺,并且特别是超二乙醇酰胺。至于术语“超二乙醇酰胺”,我们是指这样一种二乙醇酰胺,其中氮被烷基取代基所取代,例如C5~C20的烷基,优选C8~C18,更优选C10~C18。最优选的二乙醇酰胺是C18取代基即油基二乙醇酰胺。术语“超酰胺”通常是指由基本上等化学计量比例的二乙醇胺和脂肪酯,典型地是甲基或甘油酯的反应衍生而来的一种酰胺。
有三条得到链烷醇酰胺的商业化途径:
酸+链烷醇胺=链烷醇酰胺+水,
植物或动物油(三甘油酯)+链烷醇胺=链烷醇酰胺+甘油,
甲基酯+链烷醇胺=链烷醇酰胺+甲醇。
这是以产品质量增加的顺序列举的。通过酸的路线通常使用过量的链烷醇胺来生产比如果采用等化学计量比率由酸得到的产品酰胺含量更高的产品;这些产品有时被称之为Kritchevsky酰胺。
优选烷氧基化的醇是一种乙氧基化的醇。乙氧基化的醇必需是一种可溶于油的醇。因此,优选链烷醇,并且可以是伯、仲或叔链烷醇,特别是伯链烷醇。由于醇的油溶性可能随乙氧基化链烷醇的碳链长度而变化,因此优选链烷醇是一种C5~C22链烷醇,更优选C5~C15链烷醇。乙氧基化的醇可以包含链烷醇的混合物或其中一种链烷醇占主要地位的混合物。因此,最优选的链烷醇主要是C9~C11链烷醇。除了醇的乙氧基化程度可能改变之外,通常油溶性将随乙氧基化程度的增加而减小。优选的是醇的乙氧基化比例大于2。更优选醇的乙氧基化比例介于1~10,优选介于1~5,更优选介于1~3,特别是介于2~3。特别优选的一种商品乙氧基化醇中醇的乙氧基化比例为2.75。这种乙氧基化醇的商品名为NEODOL91/2.5。
乙氧基化脂肪酸可以包含任何传统已知的乙氧基化脂肪酸或其衍生物。因此该乙氧基化脂肪酸可以衍生自含有8~20个碳原子的脂肪酸,优选10~18个。该脂肪酸可以是一种饱和或不饱和脂肪酸。至于术语“烷氧基化的脂肪酸或其衍生物”,我们是指该酸的一种衍生物,例如酯,如烷基酯。最优选的脂肪酸是一种不饱和脂肪酸,并且特别是C18油酸或其衍生物,如一种油酸酯,例如一种C1~C10烷基油酸酯。可以提及的衍生物包括油酸乙酯或油酸甲酯,在本发明的一个实施方案中,当乙醇存在时,脂肪酸是大于C15的脂肪酸并特别是油酸。
选择乙氧基化的程度以使在和其它两种选择的表面活性剂的共混物中的性能最佳,并且可以是1~20,但更优选5~18。在此范围内的一种合适产品会是,例如衍生自将7摩尔环氧乙烷加入到1摩尔油酸中得到的产品。
本发明优选的添加剂是一种非离子表面活性剂,并优选表面活性剂的混合物。本发明的一个优选特点是以表面活性剂的本质和该添加剂溶解在燃料中的浓度(以及存在的任何水或其它非燃料液体)来选择表面活性剂。出于此目的,可以方便地考虑表面活性剂的亲水-亲脂平衡(HLB),该数值按照下列公式计算:
         HLB=亲水链的摩尔重量×20/总摩尔重量
该数值将取决于亲水链的长度,通常是乙氧基化链。由于较大的增溶能力,该链的长度将增加溶解的程度。
至于WO98/17745中所描述的组合物,优选表面活性剂的混合物,优选一种HLB值与燃料相适合的混合物,即对于烃类燃料为10~18,最优选13。在有醇的情况下表面活性剂的HLB值介于3~7,最优选约4。
本发明有能力使任何液体燃料的HLB值要求一致,这又反过来允许在任何C5以上碳链的燃料中使用一个剂量。优点是处理量与共溶能力直接相关。
优选乙氧基化的脂肪酸占添加剂的约25体积%,进一步优选乙氧基化的醇占添加剂的50体积%。
本发明的添加剂可以加入到烃类燃料中,例如柴油、汽油或醇,如可能或不可能被水污染的乙醇。当加入到基于低馏分油的合成燃料中时,本发明表现出特别好的效果。
本发明添加剂的存在确保了燃料组合物形成一种持续稳定的均匀组合物,并同时建立了一个单层,其结果是导致更好的完全燃烧,这减少了污染并增加每加仑的英里数。
燃料中添加剂的浓度可以非常低,典型的添加剂与燃料比例可以是0.5~50∶1200的数量级,优选约0.5~50∶1000,更优选1~30∶1000,最优选30∶1000。加入更多看上去并没有技术或经济上的利益,除非是当优先选择剂量而非性能时需要共溶剂双重作用的情况。在前述比例中,燃料被认为是包含了该组合物中存在的任何石油柴油、生物柴油和醇的总和。
我们还提供了一种使适合使用柴油基燃料的发动机运转的方法,包括向石油柴油和生物柴油混合物中加入一种可混溶的添加剂,选择该添加剂以增溶燃料,并且该添加剂可以消除在燃料燃烧期间形成的副产物的沉积。

Claims (41)

1.一种燃料组合物,包含生物柴油和一种表面活性剂,其特征在于该表面活性剂包含一种链烷醇酰胺、烷氧基化的醇和烷氧基化的脂肪酸或其衍生物的混合物。
2.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于柴油组分是一种生物柴油和石油柴油的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该燃料组合物包含最高20%v/v的生物柴油。
4.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于还存在一种非烷氧基化的醇。
5.根据权利要求4的燃料组合物,其特征在于该醇是一种链烷醇。
6.根据权利要求5的燃料组合物,其特征在于该链烷醇是乙醇。
7.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该燃料组合物包含1~20%v/v的非烷氧基化醇。
8.根据权利要求4的燃料组合物,其特征在于醇的含量为1~10%v/v。
9.根据权利要求8的燃料组合物,其特征在于醇的含量为5~10%v/v。
10.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该链烷醇酰胺为乙醇酰胺。
11.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该链烷醇酰胺为二乙醇酰胺。
12.根据权利要求11的燃料组合物,其特征在于二乙醇酰胺为超二乙醇酰胺。
13.根据权利要求11的燃料组合物,其特征在于二乙醇酰胺中的氮被一个C5~C20烷基取代基所取代。
14.根据权利要求13的燃料组合物,其特征在于二乙醇酰胺被一个C8~C18烷基取代基所取代。
15.根据权利要求14的燃料组合物,其特征在于二乙醇酰胺被一个C10~C18烷基取代基所取代。
16.根据权利要求15的燃料组合物,其特征在于二乙醇酰胺是十二烷基二乙醇酰胺。
17.根据权利要求15的燃料组合物,其特征在于烷基取代基是不饱和取代基。
18.根据权利要求17的燃料组合物,其特征在于二乙醇酰胺是油基二乙醇酰胺。
19.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该烷氧基化的醇是一种乙氧基化的醇。
20.根据权利要求19的燃料组合物,其特征在于该乙氧基化的醇是一种可溶于油的醇。
21.根据权利要求19的燃料组合物,其特征在于该乙氧基化的醇是一种乙氧基化的链烷醇。
22.根据权利要求21的燃料组合物,其特征在于该乙氧基化的醇是一种伯链烷醇。
23.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该链烷醇是C5~C22链烷醇。
24.根据权利要求21的燃料组合物,其特征在于该乙氧基化的醇包含链烷醇的混合物,其中一种链烷醇占主要地位。
25.根据权利要求21的燃料组合物,其特征在于占主要地位的链烷醇是C9~C11链烷醇。
26.根据权利要求25的燃料组合物,其特征在于醇的乙氧基化比例介于1~10。
27.根据权利要求26的燃料组合物,其特征在于醇的乙氧基化比例介于1~5。
28.根据权利要求27的燃料组合物,其特征在于醇的乙氧基化比例介于2~3。
29.根据权利要求28的燃料组合物,其特征在于醇的乙氧基化比例为2.75。
30.根据权利要求29的燃料组合物,其特征在于该乙氧基化的醇是NEODOL91/2.5。
31.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该脂肪酸基团是C8~C20脂肪酸或其衍生物。
32.根据权利要求31的燃料组合物,其特征在于该脂肪酸基团是C10~C18脂肪酸或其衍生物。
33.根据权利要求32的燃料组合物,其特征在于该脂肪酸基团是C14脂肪酸(肉豆蔻酸)或其衍生物。
34.根据权利要求31的燃料组合物,其特征在于该脂肪酸是一种不饱和脂肪酸或其衍生物。
35.根据权利要求4的燃料组合物,其特征在于该脂肪酸是油酸或其衍生物。
36.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该组合物包含25%v/v的乙氧基化脂肪酸或其衍生物。
37.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该组合物包含50%v/v的乙氧基化醇。
38.根据权利要求1的燃料组合物,其特征在于该表面活性剂添加到燃料中的比例为0.5∶1200~50∶1000。
39.一种使内燃发动机运转的方法,包括采用根据权利要求1的燃料。
40.一种基本上如参照所附实施例描述的燃料组合物。
41.油酸或其衍生物在生产根据权利要求1的燃料组合物中的用途。
CN01805562A 2000-02-26 2001-02-22 组合物 Pending CN1406269A (zh)

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US7279018B2 (en) 2002-09-06 2007-10-09 Fortum Oyj Fuel composition for a diesel engine
US8022258B2 (en) 2005-07-05 2011-09-20 Neste Oil Oyj Process for the manufacture of diesel range hydrocarbons
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