CN1401049A - 测定NOx-存储催化剂再生必要性的方法和装置 - Google Patents
测定NOx-存储催化剂再生必要性的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种测定NOx-存储催化剂(18)再生必要性的装置和方法,所述NOx-存储催化剂(18)设置在机动车至少瞬时贫工作的内燃机(10)的尾气管路(12)中。其中根据内燃机(10)的发动机功率(P)和NOx-存储催化剂的剩余的NOx-存储容量确定再生的必要性。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于测定NOx-存储催化剂再生必要性的方法和装置,所述NOx-存储催化剂设置在机动车至少瞬时贫工作的内燃机的尾气管路中。
为实现油耗最佳化,现代的内燃机优选在贫条件下工作。在该条件下特定的油耗通常将达到最低值。该最低值例如对奥托发动机的空燃比约为λ=1.1(在奥托柴油机时可以取λ值达λ=4.5和在柴油机时可以取λ=8)。在特定的运行状况下,机动车的工作要求内燃机要有最大的转矩(例如降挡,加速过程)。根据经验,内燃机在空燃比在λ=0.95至0.98时可提供最大的转矩,当然伴随的缺点是,将因此必须偏离油耗最佳工作范围。
由内燃机排放的有害物质分量主要取决于在燃烧过程中占主导地位的空燃比。当在富条件(λ<1)下的空燃混合物燃烧时,将明显地增大起着还原作用的诸如一氧化碳CO和未燃烧的碳氢化合物HC等有害物质成分。而另一方面在转换成贫环境时将增多氮氧化物NOx-的生成。NOx-生成在此时将达到大致在内燃机油耗范围内的最大值。如果为了降低油耗,在此后至少瞬时使内燃机贫运行,同时势必以高的NOx-排放为代价。
另外还已知,对燃烧过程中产生的尾气进行净化并且使尾气通过设置在内燃机尾气管路内的催化剂。在富条件下至少可以瞬时成功地实现用已有的余剩的氧或存储的氧在所谓的氧化催化剂上对还原物质HC、CO几乎完全的转化。在采用还具有支持NOx-还原的催化剂部分的三元催化剂时可以在化学计算的条件下在很大程度上实现有害物质的排放的还原。其中利用还原物质HC、CO对NOx-进行转化。
在贫条件下,即特别是在λ=1.1左右的油耗最佳的范围内,所需要的还原物质物料流(HC-和CO物料流)太小,不足以完全实现对NOx-排放的还原。所以还已知为还原催化剂配备一个NOx-吸收器(NOx-存储催化剂),该吸收器对NOx进行存储,直至到可以提供充分的还原物质物料时为止。当然这种NOx-存储催化剂的存储容量是有限的,即必须定期地通过用富或化学计算的尾气加载开始再生。对这种过程的控制,一方面考虑到存储容量已经用尽应使NOx-穿透排放尽可能地小,另一方面考虑到在富或化学计算条件下的对油耗不利的工作,所以不必强制进行非必要的经常性的这种过程。
为实现对再生的控制还已知例如根据在NOx-存储催化剂下游测出的NOx-穿透排放确定再生的必要性。当该排放超过一固定的阈值时,则开始上述的措施。但在特定的工作情况下,由于这种对再生必要性的硬性的确定将会从总体上产生不必要的油料的过量消耗。例如也可以在贫和因此的油耗最佳条件下进行加速过程。在接着的几乎匀速或低负荷的行驶阶段才进行再生,意义是不大的,因为在此情况下较低的还原物质物料流将会导致再生过程的延长。另外原则上讲在低负荷时,贫工作时的油耗与相应的化学计算或富工作时的油耗之间的差大于负荷较高时的情况。
所以本发明的目的在于提出一种用于测定NOx-存储催化剂再生必要性的装置和方法,采用该装置和方法在考虑到内燃机的发动机功率的情况下对再生必要性进行适配调整。最后通过对再生必要性的适配调整实现油耗的降低。
采用具有独立权利要求所述的特征的用于测定NOx-存储催化剂的再生必要性的装置和方法可以消除所述的已有技术中存在的缺点。由于根据内燃机的发动机功率和NOx-存储催化剂的余剩的NOx-存储容量确定再生的必要性,可以例如在通常的调整后尚处于贫条件下进行的机动车的加速阶段中强制转换到再生工作。
本发明的装置为此包括相应的机构,利用所述机构可以实现再生必要性的确定。该机构包括一个控制器,在控制器内以数字形式存储有用于测定再生必要性的程序。其中控制器可以与已有的发动机控制器结成一体。
可以利用已知的模型确定对测定必要的发动机功率。其中一方面可以对瞬时发动机功率加以考虑,但也可以对有待根据预定的时间横轴调整的预测的发动机功率以及在该时间横轴上存在的发动机功率梯度加以考虑。对后两个参数尤其可以利用诸如运行状况、加速梯度、油门踏板位置和实时传动比计算出。
另外优选在测定时还对在预定的时间间隔内的加速梯度以及油门踏板位置加以考虑。同样有益的是,在此还对实时传动比以及运行状况一并加以考虑。采用此方式,对特定的运行状况或随着加速梯度的增大或油门踏板位置的抬高,再生必要性的概率将增大。同样随着实时或预测的发动机功率的增大,必须进行再生的概率将增大。
例如也可以将以标准化的吸附数量形式的NOx-存储容量也一并考虑到测定中。总体上讲,可以以如下方式进行测定,该测定提出一个参数,将此参数与一预定的阈值进行比较。当该参数超过预定的阈值时,则通过转换到化学计算或富工作时开始再生。由于该参数取决上述量值,因而可以采用状况决定的对再生必要性的测定替代通常的硬性预定。
其余的在从属权利要求中所述的特征对本发明的进一步优选的设计做了描述。
图1为具有在尾气通路中的尾气净化设备的内燃机的原理图;
图2为奥托发动机的选出的有害物质成分、转矩和特殊的油耗与空气系数的关系曲线;和
图3为测定再生必要性的流程图。
图1示出一种内燃机10,所述内燃机10在其尾气管路12中具有一尾气净化设备14。尾气净化设备14包括诸如预催化剂16和NOx-存储催化剂18等部分。另外在尾气管路14中设置有传感器,所述传感器可实现对选定的有害物质成分和/或空燃比λ和/或温度的检测。例如可考虑NOx-传感器或λ探头作为气体传感器20、22。根据该实施例温度传感器24、26输出NOx-存储催化剂18上游的尾气温度和存储催化剂18下游的尾气温度。传感器20、22、24、26的信号以已知的方式被传递给发动机控制器28。
发动机控制器28另外还包括一个控制器30,利用该控制器对NOx-存储催化剂18的再生必要性进行测定,对此在下面还将详细的说明。为此在控制器30内以数字形式存储有一相应的程序。当然也可以作为独立的单元实现控制器30。
另外利用发动机控制器28还可以以已知的方式对内燃机10的工作参数施加影响。为此在发动机控制器28内存储有相应的模型,该模型将向配属于内燃机10的调整装置输出相应的调整参数。在此举例绘制了一个尾气回流装置32,其中通过一尾气回流阀34对尾气回流量加以调整。尤其是可以以已知的方式通过尾气回流装置32和节流阀以及图中未示出的喷射系统对空燃比λ进行调整。
图2示出空燃比λ对内燃机10的转矩M、具体的油耗b和有害物质成分的生成的影响。在油耗最佳条件下,在空燃比大约为1.1时,虽然不能产生内燃机10的最大转矩M,但已有的转矩M对大多数运行状况已经足够了(油耗最佳值根据经验对奥托发动机为空燃比大致为1.1,但对奥托柴油发动机以及柴油发动机的数值达4.5或8)。只有在大负荷时(例如上山行驶或重载时)或在急剧加速过程中(例如降档时)需要转换到在大约λ=0.95至0.98的驱动最佳的范围。因此在贫条件下内燃机10工作时将增大氮氧化物NOx的排放,而诸如一氧化碳和未完全燃烧的碳氢化合物HC等起着还原作用的有害物质成分将相对减少。在这种条件下在预催化剂16以及在NOx-存储催化剂18上是不可能实现NOx的完全转化的并且NOx只能被存储在NOx-存储催化剂18的存储部分中。但由于NOx-存储催化剂18只具有有限的存储容量,所必须定期地进行向化学计算或富工作的转换,以便产生充足的还原物质物料流(HC-和CO-物料流)。
可根据图3所示的流程图测定再生必要性。原则上讲,取决于内燃机10的发动机功率和NOx-存储催化剂18的余剩的存储容量P。经证明有益的是将其它参数也一并考虑到测定中。
可以以瞬时发动机功率Pm的形式对发动机功率P加以考虑。为此可以调取已知的并且在此不再赘述的模型。
在步骤S1中通过预测模型计算出一预定时间横轴Tp上的一预测的发动机功率Pp以及一预测的发动机功率梯度λPp。在该模型中除了转矩经历外还综合有其它参数。这样一种参数例如是一种运行状况FS,利用该运行状况例如说明机动车的加速阶段,优选是原地的机动车的加速阶段。另外可以将期满的时间间隔Ta内的油门踏板位置λfp、实时传动比u以及加速梯度λa一并综合在模型中。
所述的参数,即运行状况FS、油门踏板位置λfp、传动比u、加速梯度λa、预测的发动机功率Pp和预测的发动机功率梯度λPp被综合在特性曲线组中,由此曲线组可以读出参数KWa。所以参数KWa是一个将所有驱动端的参数综合在一起的量值。
确定出的KWa的值宜应随着发动机功率P的增大、油门踏板位置λfp的抬高和加速梯度λa的增大而增大,从而在后续的步骤中测定出的再生必要性的概率将增大。
除了驱动端的参数外还必须对NOx-存储催化剂18的尚余剩的NOx-存储容量加以确定。为此可以调取已知的NOx-存储催化剂18的模型,所述模型的输入量值是传感器20、22、24、26输出的信号。例如可以将以新鲜的NOx-存储催化剂18为标准的吸附值BZ形式的NOx-存储容量提供给其它测定。
通过吸附值BZ和参数KWa的特性曲线40确定再生参数KWR。参数KWR的值随着吸附值BZ的增大和/或参数KWR的增大而增大。
在下述问询中,参数KWR与预定的阈值SWR进行比较。当参数KWR超过阈值SWR时,在下面的步骤S2采取再生措施,其中例如改变节流阀位置或尾气回流量,从而实现对空-燃-混合气的化学计算的或富条件进行的调整。当参数KWR等于或小于阈值SWR时,则不采取措施(步骤S3)。
在此还要指出的是,用上述措施可以根据运行状况影响再生的必要性。例如可以在贫加速阶段将参数KWR确定得较高。因此将增大再生必要性的概率。只要在加速过程中尾气的物料流大于在接着大大稳定的运行阶段时,则此措施就是非常有益的。因此向化学计算的或富工作的转换将随之带来与稳定的运行阶段相比增大的还原物质物料流,因而将实现总体上较短的再生时间。
Claims (15)
1.一种用于测定NOx-存储催化剂(18)再生必要性的方法,所述NOx-存储催化剂设置在机动车至少瞬时贫工作的内燃机(10)的尾气管路(12)中,其特征在于,根据内燃机(10)的发动机功率(P)和NOx-存储催化剂(18)的剩余的NOx-存储容量确定再生的必要性。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,以内燃机(10)的瞬时发动机功率(Pm)的形式对发动机功率(P)加以考虑。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在测定时还对在预定的时间间隔(Ta)内的加速梯度(δa)加以考虑。
4.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在测定时还对油门踏板位置(αfp)加以考虑。
5.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,测定时还对变速箱的传动比(u)加以考虑。
6.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在测定时还对机动车的行驶状况(FS)加以考虑。
7.按照权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,行驶状况(FS)是一种贫加速阶段,尤其是在原地位置时的贫加速阶段。
8.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在预定的时间水平轴(Tp)上以预测的发动机功率梯度(δPp)的形式对发动机功率(P)加以考虑。
9.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在预定的时间水平轴(Tp)的端点以预测的发动机功率(Pp)的形式对发动机功率(P)加以考虑。
10.按照权利要求8或9所述的方法,其特征在于,对照模型计算出预测的发动机功率(Pp)和/或预测的发动机功率梯度(δPp),所述模型包括转矩经历、行驶状况(FS)、加速梯度(δa)、油门踏板位置(αfn)和实时传动比(u)。
11.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,随着发动机功率(Pm)、预测的发动机功率(Pp)或预测的发动机功率梯度(δPp)的增大,再生必要性的概率将增大。
12.按照上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,随着加速梯度(δa)的增大或油门踏板位置的抬高(αfp),再生必要性的概率将增大。
13.一种用于测定NOx-存储催化剂(18)再生必要性的装置,所述NOx-存储催化剂(18)设置在机动车至少瞬时贫工作的内燃机(10)的尾气管路(12)中,其特征在于,具有根据内燃机(10)的发动机功率(P)和NOx-存储催化剂(18)的剩余的NOx-存储容量确定再生的必要性的机构。
14.按照权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述机构包括一个控制器(30),在控制器内以数字形式存储有测定再生必要性的程序。
15.按照权利要求14所述的装置,其特征在于,控制器(30)是发动机控制器(28)的一部分。
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DE10007048A DE10007048A1 (de) | 2000-02-17 | 2000-02-17 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Ermittlung einer Regenerationsnotwendigkeit eines NO¶x¶-Speicherkatalysators |
DE10007048.5 | 2000-02-17 |
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CN1231658C CN1231658C (zh) | 2005-12-14 |
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CN (1) | CN1231658C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE336644T1 (zh) |
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DE10056034A1 (de) | 2000-11-11 | 2002-05-16 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Steuerung eines Abgasnachbehandlungssystems |
US6586653B2 (en) | 2001-04-03 | 2003-07-01 | Mcneil-Ppc, Inc. | Discrete absorbent article |
DE102004021373A1 (de) * | 2004-04-30 | 2005-11-17 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Abgasbehandlungsvorrichtung |
US7441403B2 (en) * | 2004-12-20 | 2008-10-28 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method and system for determining temperature set points in systems having particulate filters with regeneration capabilities |
US7210286B2 (en) * | 2004-12-20 | 2007-05-01 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method and system for controlling fuel included within exhaust gases to facilitate regeneration of a particulate filter |
US7461504B2 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2008-12-09 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method and system for controlling temperatures of exhaust gases emitted from internal combustion engine to facilitate regeneration of a particulate filter |
US20060130465A1 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-06-22 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method and system for controlling exhaust gases emitted from an internal combustion engine |
US7434388B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2008-10-14 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method and system for regeneration of a particulate filter |
FR2879656B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-22 | 2007-04-13 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Systeme de declenchement d'une purge de moyens de depollution comportant un piege a nox |
US7076945B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2006-07-18 | Detroit Diesel Corporation | Method and system for controlling temperatures of exhaust gases emitted from an internal combustion engine to facilitate regeneration of a particulate filter |
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WO2014033838A1 (ja) * | 2012-08-28 | 2014-03-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 火花点火式内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
WO2014073408A1 (ja) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-15 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP6477088B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-20 | 2019-03-06 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | NOx吸蔵量推定装置 |
GB2561569B (en) * | 2017-04-18 | 2019-06-19 | Delphi Automotive Systems Lux | Method to operate a NOx catalyser |
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DE102018206559B4 (de) * | 2018-04-27 | 2021-01-07 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Abgasnachbehandlung mit Speicherkatalysator und Partikelfilter |
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DE4042563C2 (de) * | 1989-12-27 | 1997-04-03 | Nissan Motor | Abgasreinigungsanlage zur Verwendung bei einer Brennkraftmaschine |
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DE10007048A1 (de) | 2001-08-23 |
JP2003522893A (ja) | 2003-07-29 |
CN1231658C (zh) | 2005-12-14 |
WO2001061162A1 (de) | 2001-08-23 |
EP1272744B1 (de) | 2006-08-16 |
DE50110750D1 (de) | 2006-09-28 |
US7073324B2 (en) | 2006-07-11 |
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