CN1381704A - 具有应急功能的分离气体混合物的方法和装置 - Google Patents

具有应急功能的分离气体混合物的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1381704A
CN1381704A CN02106916A CN02106916A CN1381704A CN 1381704 A CN1381704 A CN 1381704A CN 02106916 A CN02106916 A CN 02106916A CN 02106916 A CN02106916 A CN 02106916A CN 1381704 A CN1381704 A CN 1381704A
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secondary air
air
feed gas
separator
compressed
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CN1279325C (zh
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格哈德·察普
克里斯蒂安·孔茨
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • F25J3/04769—Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
    • F25J3/04812—Different modes, i.e. "runs" of operation
    • F25J3/04824—Stopping of the process, e.g. defrosting or deriming; Back-up procedures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C9/00—Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C9/26—Control of fuel supply
    • F02C9/38—Control of fuel supply characterised by throttling and returning of fuel to sump
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04006—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit
    • F25J3/04078—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit providing pressurized products by liquid compression and vaporisation with cold recovery, i.e. so-called internal compression
    • F25J3/0409—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit providing pressurized products by liquid compression and vaporisation with cold recovery, i.e. so-called internal compression of oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04157—Afterstage cooling and so-called "pre-cooling" of the feed air upstream the air purification unit and main heat exchange line
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    • F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187—Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04218—Parallel arrangement of the main heat exchange line in cores having different functions, e.g. in low pressure and high pressure cores
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    • F25J3/04248—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion
    • F25J3/04284—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams
    • F25J3/0429—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams of feed air, e.g. used as waste or product air or expanded into an auxiliary column
    • F25J3/04296—Claude expansion, i.e. expanded into the main or high pressure column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
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    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04248—Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion
    • F25J3/04375—Details relating to the work expansion, e.g. process parameter etc.
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04406—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system
    • F25J3/04412—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system in a classical double column flowsheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04527—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general
    • F25J3/04539—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels
    • F25J3/04545—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels for the gasification of solid or heavy liquid fuels, e.g. integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC]
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04563—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04563—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating
    • F25J3/04575—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating for a gas expansion plant, e.g. dilution of the combustion gas in a gas turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J3/04593—The air gas consuming unit is also fed by an air stream
    • F25J3/04606—Partially integrated air feed compression, i.e. independent MAC for the air fractionation unit plus additional air feed from the air gas consuming unit
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • F25J3/04866—Construction and layout of air fractionation equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J3/04872—Vertical layout of cold equipments within in the cold box, e.g. columns, heat exchangers etc.
    • F25J3/04878—Side by side arrangement of multiple vessels in a main column system, wherein the vessels are normally mounted one upon the other or forming different sections of the same column
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J2205/32—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using a washing, e.g. "scrubbing" or bubble column for purification purposes as direct contact cooling tower to produce a cooled gas stream, e.g. direct contact after cooler [DCAC]
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    • F25J2240/44—Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval the fluid being nitrogen
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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Abstract

本发明涉及到一种用来在分离装置中分离气体混合物的方法和装置。进料气体(18)被导入压缩机系统(6,16)接着被导入分离装置。在第一进料气体压缩机(6)的压缩机系统(6,16)发生故障或部分发生故障时,第一辅助气流(91,92)被压缩(78,89)至少至大约第一压力而循环回分离装置,第一辅助气流具有第一产物物流的相近的成分或进料气体的相近的成分。

Description

具有应急功能的分离气体混合物的方法和装置
技术领域
一般而言，本发明涉及如权利要求1上位概念所述的分离气体混合物的方法。
背景技术
在这样的系统中可应用各种不同的压缩机系统压缩加入的气体：
·单个压缩机，例如具有连续多级的压缩机
·二个或多个串联联接的独立压缩机
·二个或多个并联联接的独立压缩机
·搭接的气体压缩系统，该系统不仅能用于分离装置，而且能用于其他的大型的装置中(例如压缩气体系统，特别是具有压缩机-汇流排的压缩空气网)。
本发明的优选的应用领域是用于联合发电过程(IGCC-联合燃气发生器联合循环系统)的低温空气分离方法中。在此气体涡轮机系统作为能源产生装置，该气体涡轮机系统具有气体涡轮机(气体涡轮机-膨胀机)、由气体涡轮机驱动的气体涡轮机-压缩机和燃烧室。分离空气所得的一种或多种产品可以加入到能量产生系统中。例如空气分离装置中产生的氧气可以作为燃烧气体，输送到燃烧室；在此氧气特别地作为气化煤或气化重油的氧化剂。另外，由空气分离装置流出的氮可以输入到气体涡轮机中，这样氮就被注入到燃烧室或气体涡轮机中，或与在燃烧室和燃烧室的气体涡轮机之间的气体涡轮机的废气混合。在有些情况下氮也能被应用于输送煤到合成气装置中。
气体涡轮机-压缩机一方面提供了燃烧过程所必需的空气，另一面还提供一部分用于空气分离装置的进料空气(“第一进料空气流”)；所以其在本发明中被称为“第一进料气体压缩机”。在本发明的方法中，另一部分用于空气分离的进料空气(“第二进料气体流”)通过另一个单独的空气压缩机(“第二进料气体压缩机”)而被压缩，该压缩机不是由气体涡轮机系统驱动，而是例如用电动机或汽轮机驱动。第一和第二进料空气流之间的比例原则上可以是任意值。实际工作时一般为30∶70至70∶30，优选为40∶60至60∶40。
假如由于操作事故而导致气体涡轮机停止工作，那么在很短的时间内缺少了相应量的用于空气分离装置的进料空气。随着空气量的减少和空气压力的减小，空气分离装置的分馏塔的负载也随之下降，液体(塔内储液)从塔底流落或更确切地说从塔中向下流出，整个产品纯度受到不利的影响。迄今为止没有一个已知方法可用来维持在发生这种故障后的空气分离装置中的分离过程。空气分离装置的工作装置例如气化装置的继续工作，只可能在短时间内采用系统外的昂贵的压力罐和液态产品的气化的紧急供应来予以维持。
发明内容
所以本发明的任务是给出本申请开头提出的那种用来分离气体的方法，该方法在两个进料气体压缩机中的一个发生故障时还能继续工作。
上述任务可按如下解决，即在压缩机系统发生故障或部分发生故障时，与第一产物物流成分相近或与进料气体成分相近的第一辅助气流被压缩到大约第一压力，并返循环回分离装置中。
在本发明中，由于压缩机系统的故障而缺少的进料气体量至少可以部分地从另一来源的辅助气流中加以补充。采用这种方式，进料气体量的减少至少部分地得到补充，而使得分离过程(例如分馏)能维持下去。接着将分离装置控制到部分负载工作状态，并且逐渐减少辅助气流量，任选直至为零。
上面所说的“相近”是指第一辅助气的每种组分的最大相差含量为5摩尔％，优选为最大相差1摩尔％。对于压力来说，上述的“大约”是指在管道损耗和其他的流量损耗的数量级上所允许的偏离范围内。
辅助气流的另外来源可以例如是分离装置本身；在这种情况下，在发生故障时至少分离装置的第一产物物流循环回分离装置，尤其是当第一产物物流或产物本来是在加压下生成的，回流的产物物流可在现有的产物压缩机的下游或从产物压缩机的中间级抽出，任选减压到进料气体压力(“第一压力”)，再送入分离装置，例如空气分离装置的分馏塔。
这样虽然产物量减少了(在整个压缩机系统发生故障时，分离装置可能暂时完全不能分离出产物)，然而这个缺点通过分离装置的实际上的无故障继续工作而得到更多的补偿。在产品输出减少或下降的时间内，消耗装置所相应的消耗需求量可通过应急供应系统(后备系统)予以供给。一个这样的系统例如具有至少一个液体罐和/或一个气体储存装置。可以利用分离装置的外部(例如采用罐运输工具或管道)和/或正常工作着的分离装置所产生的产物，注满储存装置。假如储存装置一直处于一定的压力，那么该压力至少大约与“第一压力”(压缩机系统的出口压力)一致，这在分离装置中对于相应的辅助气流循环回自身的增压系统是必需的。
假如有一个这样的应急供应系统，那么在此所产生的应急供应气流将循环回分离装置中，而不是进入消耗装置，或者全部或部分地循环回由分离装置流出一个或多个产物物流中。
在压缩机系统发生故障或部分发生故障时，优选二种不同成分的产物物流循环回分离装置中，例如在分离空气时为氮气流和氧气流。利用现代的工艺传导技术，有可能使回流物流的成分与进料气体的成分进一步相匹配一致。在最佳情况下，不仅回流的产物物流的总量，而且其相对量，均可被调节到与缺少的加入量尽可能地完全一致。这样，第一进料气体压缩机的故障对分离过程没有直接的影响，分离装置实际上对进料气体压缩时的重大工作故障感觉不到。当然，二种回流的气流(“辅助气流”)也可以部分地或全部地由应急供应气流构成。
对于第一和第二进料气体压缩机并联连接的压缩机系统，特别当二个进料气体压缩机中的一个完全或部分地发生故障时，就应使用根据本发明的应急联接。为此，二个进料气体压缩机或者通过公共管道抽取进料气体的二个分支气流，这个公共管道例如具有一个过滤器；或者二个进料气体压缩机的各自进口与各自的抽取管道相联接，即这二个进料气体压缩机的抽取管道是互相独立的。
原则上，回流的辅助气流可能分开导入分离装置，例如分馏塔。然而更有利的是，当这个回流的产物物流或这些回流的产物物流与被压缩了的进料气体的第二分支物流混合，并且将该混合气一起导入分离装置，例如分离空气的冷箱中。混合可以在进料气体的净化装置上游或下游进行。例如回流的产物物流可以直接导入进料空气的冷却装置，例如直接接触冷却器。
对于回流的产物物流的压缩，优选使用没有发生故障时所用来产生必需的产物压力的装置。在此涉及到例如多级气体压缩机(外压缩机)和/或用于内压缩的装置，该装置包括液体泵和用来将液体气化到产物物流压力的装置。在外压缩的情况下，回流的产物从气体压缩机下游被抽取，或从它的中间的出口被抽取。对于纯粹的内压缩过程，从热交换器下游而获取热量以气化产物，例如在主热交换器的热端。当然，对于其本身的产物物流，也可以联合使用内压缩过程和外压缩过程。在分离空气时，常常氮被外压缩，而氧被内压缩。
本发明的一个重要应用就是如上所述的空气分离装置，特别是低温空气分离装置。在此，进料气体为空气，分离装置为空气分离装置，回流的产物物流为从应急供给系统中流出的氮产物物流和/或氧产物物流和/或相应的气流。在低温空气分离装置的情况下，“分离装置”包括带有氮-氧分离分馏塔的整个冷箱和主热交换器，优选为经典的Linde双塔装置。本发明也可采用其他的二塔方法、单塔方法或具有三塔及更多塔的方法。本发明的特别优越之处在于空气分离过程能与IGCC-装置联合，如请参阅DE 2434238；DE 2503193；Linde科学技术报道，51/1982，55-65页(Springmann)；气化煤发电厂的氧供给(联合循环过程)(Rottmann和Schoenpflug)；BMFT研究报告T82-018(Beysel和Sommerfeld)；VGB-会议“煤气化1991”，1991年5月16-17日，Dortmund，D1会场；EP 758733B1；DE 19818308 A1；尚未公开的德国专利申请10052180和与其相关的专利申请，如尚未公开的德国专利申请10103968和10103957和与其相关的专利申请。
对于具有至少二个并联工作的进料气体压缩机的每个气体分离过程，特别是对于具有至少二个并联空气压缩机的每个空气分离过程，原则上可应用根据本发明的产物回流。此外，对于具有一个单一压缩机的分离过程，这种产物回流也是适用的。当该压缩机完全发生故障时，那么首先全部产物必须回流，这就是说没有最终产物供消耗装置使用。然而这也许是富有意义的，以便有控制地检修分离装置或保持分离装置处于工作状态(所谓的空转)。
本发明还涉及到如权利要求13的分离气体、特别是分离空气的低温分离装置。
本发明及本发明的进一步细节在下面图示的实施例中予以更清楚地解释。
附图说明
附图是对IGCC过程进行供给的低温空气分离装置的示意图。
具体实施方式
进料空气通过公共管道1、过滤器2和公共管道3后，接着分成第一部分4和第二部分5。第一部分4在第一空气压缩机6中被压缩到第一压力，例如10巴。该空气压缩机是气体涡轮机系统10的一部分，该系统另外还具有燃烧室11、发电机12和气体涡轮机-膨胀机13，该气体涡轮机-膨胀机通过机械耦合而驱动发电机13和第一空气压缩机(气体涡轮机-压缩机)6。
被压缩了的空气的第一部分7只有一部分8作为用于空气分离装置的进料空气而形成“进料气体的第一分支物流”；其余部分9流入燃烧室11，作为燃烧气体14在燃烧时的氧化剂。燃烧的废气15在气体涡轮机-膨胀机13中被有效地减压。
空气的第二部分5构成“进料气体的第二分支物流”，并且在第二空气压缩机16中被压缩到第一压力。二股被压缩了的进料空气的分支物流8、17通过公共管道18而被导入直接接触冷却器19中。在本实施例中，第一分支物流和第二分支物流各占通过管道18的总空气量的大约50％。在这个计算中不考虑燃烧空气量。
在直接接触冷却器19中，进料空气与水20进行直接热交换。被加热了的水21从直接接触冷却器底部抽出，被冷却了的空气22则从其上部流出。后者被输入到净化装置23，在本实施例中净化装置由一对可换向的分子筛吸附器构成。被净化了的空气24的一小部分25作为仪器空气或压力空气被抽入检验器(Cust-Air)，其余部分则送入管道26和27而流入分离装置的冷箱(没有图示出)，更确切地说是流入主热交换器系统的热端。在本实施例中，该系统由三个热交换器28a、28b、28c构成。空气流26在大约第一压力(减去管道损失)下被送入热交换器28b和28c的热端(管道29b、29c、30b、30c)。一部分31b、31c流过主热交换器至冷端，随后通过管道32被气态的导入分馏系统高压塔33中，该分馏系统还具有低压塔34和冷凝器-蒸发器(主冷凝器)35。另一部分36b、36c在冷端上方的中间温度下从主热交换器28b或28c抽出(36b、36c)，作为平衡气流36a在一个相应的中间位置输送入另一个热交换器28a，由此处至冷端而被冷却，最后通过管道37和32也被注入高压塔33。
空气流27在具有后冷却器39的第一后压缩机38中被压缩至第二压力，该压力高于第一压力，例如为87巴。被压缩至第二压力的空气的一部分29a在主热交换器系统的热交换器28a中被冷却至中间温度，并且通过膨张涡轮机41的管道40而被有效地减压到大约第一压力。从涡轮机41流出的二相混合物流入相分离器43。气态部分通过管道44和32流入高压塔33，液体45、46直接导入低压塔34中。
被压缩到第二压力的空气的另一部分47在具有后冷却器49的第二后压缩机48中被压缩至更高的第三压力，例如87巴，也被输送入(30a)热交换器28a。它作为气化液态的由压力所输送来的氧产物，并且以超临界的或液态的状态从主热交换器的冷端流出，在高压塔33中减压(51)。
在高压塔33塔顶抽取气态纯氮52，并且至少第一部分53在主冷凝器35中被液化。在此生成的冷凝物54作为回流液55循环回高压塔33，或者通过管道56、底部冷却-对流器57、管道58、节流阀59、分离器(相分离装置)60和管道61而获得液态产物(LIN)。高压塔33塔顶气态氮52的一部分可通过管道62、主热交换器的段块28C和管道63抽取，直接作为中压产物(LPGAN)。
在本实施例中，用于低压塔34的回流液64从高压塔33的中间位置抽取，通过管道65和节流阀66的底部冷却57而加入到低压塔的顶部。此外，至少一部分在51中间减压了的液化了的空气通过管道67又从高压塔33中抽取，底部冷却(57)并通过管道68和节流阀69而从低压塔34的中间位置加入；从涡轮机41流出的液态空气46也从该处导入。高压塔3 3底槽的液态原料氧70进行底部冷却57后，通过管道71和节流阀72从稍低的中间位置注入低压塔。
从低压塔34塔顶流出的不纯塔顶氮73，在底部冷却-对流器57中加热，通过管道75a或75b而输送入主热交换器系统的热交换器28a或28b。在加热至大约室温后，低压塔氮的一部分76作为净化装置23的再生气77，或者排出到大气中(78)。低压塔氮的另一部分，任选通过从反向压缩机96输送来的湿润的再生气94、95进行补充，在产品压缩机78中压缩至必需的产物压力，例如24巴，并通过管道79抽走作为高压产物(HPGAN)。
低压塔34的液态氧产物80用于许多不同的目的。第一部分82用泵81输送到主冷凝器35，在此与高压塔33的正在冷凝的塔顶氮53发生热交换而部分被气化。在主冷凝器35的气化室中形成的二相混合物83循环回低压塔34中。其气态成分作为低压塔34中的上升蒸汽。
第二和第三部分84、86也用泵输送，接着在57中底部冷却后通过管道85抽走作为液态产物(LOX)，或者导入主热交换器28a，在此气化和加热，随后通过管道87抽走作为气态低压产物(LPGOX)。
第四部分通过内压缩而压缩到非常高的产物压力，如81巴，因此在另一个泵89中要产生相应高的压力，这种超临界的氧90被输送入主热交换系统的热交热器28a并且在此在高压下加热。内压缩了的氧在加热以后通过管道93抽走作为高压产物。
在装置的正常工作状态下，所有的压力产物将全部继续导入相应的消耗装置，例如高压氧93导入一个或多个制取煤气的装置，在该装置中产生燃烧气体14，高压氮导入燃烧室14或作为废气15(没图示出)排出。现在假如气体涡轮机发生故障，在极短的时间内空气分离装置缺少大约50％的进料空气18。这时，根据本发明，立即将相应的压力产物79、80的经虚线图示的管道91或92导入直接接触冷却器19，补充所缺的空气量。因为在产物管道79、93中的压力高于空气压力(直接接触冷却器的工作压力)，所以在此不需要用任何机器。只是管道91和92必须装备合适的减压装置，该装置可阻止对直接接触冷却器19和其后的净化装置23的压力冲击。回流的产物物流91、92的流量可通过压力控制器来限制调节。这个应急联接可由控制技术的程序控制来实现，程序控制系统因气体涡轮机-膨胀机的转速下降而启动。表1：正常工作(设计状态)空气量                     HP-GOX                HP-GAN380,000Nm3/h，10巴    ＞＞81,000Nm3/h，81巴   285,000Nm3/h，24巴表2：气体涡轮机-压缩机故障(GT-故障)空气量          HP-GOX                        HP-GAN190,000Nm3/h   ＞＞81,000Nm3/h             285,000Nm3/h190,000Nm3/h   ＜＜回流的＜＜41,900Nm3/h   150,900Nm3/h-------------   -------------                 -------------380,000Nm3/h   ＞＞39,100 Nm3/h            134,100Nm3/h
回流的产物物流也可选择在冷却装置19和净化装置23之间注入进料空气管道中。假如气流是干的，那么也可以考虑与净化装置23下游的进料空气混合，其基本通入管道24。
当然回流的产物量不能再被消耗装置使用。对于氮气不会产生另外的后果，因为在正常工作状下导入气体涡轮机的氮气总是不被消耗的。而对于氧气消耗装置，通常是制取煤气的装置，则必须返回一半的负载。例如对于两个连续的制取煤气的装置可以至少有一个继续工作。这使得相对于完全停止工作后再启动气体涡轮机容易得多了。
IGCC-过程在本发明的实施例中作为空气分离装置的产物的消耗装置，当采用本发明的方法时，其故障可能性明显减少。这样，附加投资费用相对较低，从而降低了生产成本。这可能有助于人们更好地接受这有利于环境的、但易出故障的IGCC-技术。

Claims (13)

1、一种用来在分离装置中分离气体混合物的方法，在该法中，进料气体(18)在压缩机系统(6，16)中被压缩至第一压力，接着至少部分地导入分离装置，该分离装置在正常工作下生成第一产物物流(91，92)，其特征在于，在压缩机系统(6，16)发生故障或部分发生故障时，第一辅助气流至少达到大约第一压力(78，89)并且循环回分离装置，该第一辅助气流具有与第一产物物流相近的成分，或具有进料气体相近的成分。
2、根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，所述的辅助气流至少部分地由第一产物物流(91，92)构成。
3、根据权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于，所述的辅助气流至少部分地由第一应急供给气流构成，该应急供给气流是从储存装置中抽取的。
4、根据权利要求1至3之一的方法，其特征在于，在压缩机系统(6，16)发生故障或部分发生故障时，第二辅助气流至少被压缩(89)到大约第一压力并循环回分离装置，该第二辅助气流由从分离装置流出的第二产物物流(92)和/或由从储存装置流出的第二应急供给气流构成，且该第二辅助气流具有不同于第一辅助气流(91)的成分。
5、根据权利要求4的方法，其特征在于，对所述的回流的辅助气流(91，92)的相对含量进行调节，使其混合物大约相当于进料气体(18)的成分含量。
6、根据权利要求1至5之一的方法，其特征在于，对所述的一种回流的辅助气流或多种回流的辅助气流(91，92)的绝对量进行调节，使其大约相当于由于压缩机系统(6，16)的发生故障或部分发生故障时而减少了的第一分支物流(8)的进料空气量。
7、根据权利要求1至6之一的方法，其特征在于，在压缩机系统中，进料气体的第一分支物流在第一进料气体压缩机(6)中被压缩，进料气体的第二分支物流在第二进料气体压缩机(16)中被压缩，不仅被压缩了的第一分支物流(8)而且被压缩了的第二分支物流(17)至少部分地被导入分离装置，在第一进料气体压缩机(6)发生故障时，一种辅助气流或多种辅助气流至少被压缩(78，89)到大约第一压力并且循环回分离装置。
8、根据权利要求7的方法，其特征在于，所述的一种回流的辅助气流或多种回流的辅助气流(91，92)与被压缩了的进料气体的第二分支物流相混合。
9、根据权利要求8的方法，其特征在于，在进料气体净化装置的上游或下游，使至少一部分所述的回流的辅助气流与被压缩了的进料气体的第二分支物流进行混合。
10、根据权利要求8或9的方法，其特征在于，在进料气体冷却装置(18)的上游或下游，或者在该冷却装置里，使至少一部分所述的回流的辅助气流与被压缩了的进料气体的第二分支物流进行混合。
11、根据权利要求1至10之一的方法，其特征在于，所述的回流的辅助气流的压缩以内压缩或外压缩进行。
12、根据权利要求1至11之一的方法，其特征在于，进料气体为空气(1，18)，分离装置为具有冷箱的低温空气分离装置，所述的回流的辅助气流为氮气流(73，74，77，91)和/或氧气流(80，88，89，90，93，92)，且所述的回流的辅助气流是作为产物物流从空气分离装置输出和/或从一个或多个储存装置中抽取。
13、一种具有压缩机系统和分离装置的用来分离气体混合物的装置，该装置具有进料气体管道，其联接压缩机系统的出口和分离装置的入口；还具有用来导入辅助气流的辅助管道，辅助气流具有与分离装置的第一产物物流相近的成分或与进料气体相近的成分；并且还具有在正常工作状态下用来关闭辅助管道、而在压缩机系统(6，16)发生故障或部分发生故障时用来开启辅助管道(91，92)的控制装置。
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