CN1321848C - High speed rail vehicle capable of adjusting pressure on ground - Google Patents

High speed rail vehicle capable of adjusting pressure on ground Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1321848C
CN1321848C CNB031591116A CN03159111A CN1321848C CN 1321848 C CN1321848 C CN 1321848C CN B031591116 A CNB031591116 A CN B031591116A CN 03159111 A CN03159111 A CN 03159111A CN 1321848 C CN1321848 C CN 1321848C
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China
Prior art keywords
vehicle
guide frame
suspension
track girder
track
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Expired - Fee Related
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CNB031591116A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1522912A (en
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李孝龙
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Individual
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Abstract

The present invention relates to high-speed track traffic which is composed of a high-speed track car and a track girder. The present invention is characterized in that a car runs on an elevated track girder at high speed; driving friction pressure required by drive wheels in the car can be provided by a spring and a hydraulic device which are arranged in the car, and the hydraulic device can adjust pressure; an electromagnetic suspension electromagnet arranged in the car and a suspension supporting rail on the track girder mutually act, a carriage can be suspended on the track girder and driven by the drive wheels in the car to run at the high speed. The present invention has the advantages of simple car structure, low cost, high speed and safety; the running pressure of the car to the ground can be adjusted, the carriage can run in a suspension mode, and people comfortably take the car.

Description

The high-speed track vehicle that ground pressure is adjustable
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of high-speed track vehicle, is a kind of self set hydraulic efficiency gear increase and the wheel of adjusting high-speed track vehicle and adjustable high-speed track vehicle of ground pressure of the friction pressure between the rail of utilizing specifically.
Background technology
Present high-speed track vehicle wheel under steam relies on the deadweight of traction headstock to produce to the friction pressure between the rail (binding force) is main, the speed of a motor vehicle with train improves, friction pressure between wheel and the rail also descends thereupon, cause the speed of a motor vehicle to be restricted, simultaneously also because the decline of friction pressure makes the driving safety of vehicle be subjected to very big influence, application number be 01141380.8 " intercity high-speed light railway traffic " though in wheel and the friction pressure between the rail obtained bigger improvement, but owing to the setting of door frame on its track girder and head track has objectively caused vehicle to be not easy to carry out goods transport, door frame and head track have also increased the investment of circuit in addition; And application number is in 03110070.8 " high speed straddle-type guideway vehicle ", the driving friction pressure of vehicle is provided by the pressure apparatus that is installed in the conductive casters below in the vehicle, because the less pressure apparatus that makes in space of conductive casters below is also less, its friction pressure that offers drive wheel in the vehicle is also less, required bigger friction pressure when being difficult to guarantee the vehicle high-speed cruising; Simultaneously, in present applicable magnetic suspension train,,, can not be used widely so the investment of its circuit is big because it adopts linear motor driving.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of simple in structure, safe in operation high speed, the hydraulic efficiency gear that utilizes vehicle self to dispose is realized the increase and the adjusting of the friction pressure over the ground of wheel in the vehicle, vehicle and circuit not only can satisfy high speed passenger transportation, also can satisfy the requirement of high speed shipping, simultaneously can in vehicle, increase magnetic levitation device, make the compartment high-speed track vehicle of suspension operation in orbit.
The objective of the invention is to realize by following technical scheme.
The present invention mainly is made up of hot-short and aerial conveyor circuit.The conductive casters roof pressure of power supply guide frame two side bottoms that operates in the under-vehicle on the track girder is the vehicle power supply on the conductor rail on the track girder and by rolling touch with it, vehicle is by the motor-driven drive wheel operation of installing on its below base plate, and provide guiding for advancing of vehicle by track adjusting wheel set on the vehicle and the mutual action between the guided way on the track girder, when vehicle starts, quicken, utilize hydraulic actuating cylinder on the compartment lower shoe jacking power supply guide frame that makes progress during climbing, make the upwards conductor rail on the roof pressure track girder further of conductive casters, the downward antagonistic force that hydraulic actuating cylinder on the while base plate produces, the drive wheel of its below is pressed on the rail on the track girder, thereby make the friction of rolling pressure between drive wheel and the rail significantly improve, thereby the speed drive vehicle that drive wheel can be high is advanced at utmost speed, simultaneously in the vehicle that has installed the electromagnetic type levitation device additional, the compartment can be by suspending on the track girder, thereby eliminated the pressure load of compartment for drive wheel, high speed is comfortable more to make the operation of vehicle.
Outstanding advantage of the present invention is, track investment is built soon less, vehicle structure very simply is convenient to safeguard and make, high speed railway and magnetic suspension train that the manufacturing cost of its vehicle and circuit and difficulty are existing far below present various countries, running velocity and energy consumption also are much better than the high speed railway and the magnetic suspension train of present various countries, and safe in operation safeguards that operation cost is low, and be environment friendly and pollution-free, both can guarantee high speed passenger transportation, also can satisfy the goods transport of high speed.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 1-1 is for using the application scheme drawing of side track adjusting wheel vehicle bottom.
Fig. 1-2 is the application scheme drawing of guiding roller vehicle bottom in the middle of using.
Fig. 1-3 is the side cross-sectional schematic of Fig. 1.
Fig. 1-4 is the operation scheme drawing of hot-short on track girder among Fig. 1.
Fig. 2 is the operation scheme drawing of magnetic suspension hot-short on track girder.
Fig. 2-1 is the structural representation of vehicle among Fig. 2.
Fig. 2-2 is the structural representation that vehicle uses the lateral suspension guiding electromagnet among Fig. 2.
Fig. 2-3 uses the structural representation of suspension and guiding electromagnet respectively for vehicle among Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 is the application scheme drawing that the compartment suspends on the vehicle back plate and rises among Fig. 2-1.
Fig. 3-1 is the application scheme drawing that the compartment suspends on the vehicle back plate and rises among Fig. 2-2.
Fig. 3-2 is the application scheme drawing that the compartment suspends on the vehicle back plate and rises among Fig. 2-3.
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of vehicle in setting up the track girder of side girders.
Fig. 4-1 is the application scheme drawing that uses levitating electromagnet among Fig. 4 in the vehicle below the compartment.
Fig. 4-2 is the application scheme drawing of vehicle in track girder among Fig. 4 or the 4-1.
Shown in the figure:
1, compartment 2, axis hole 3, rotating shaft 4, back plate 5, reel 6, guide rod 7, hydraulic actuating cylinder 8, air bellow 9, guiding wheel carrier 10, base plate 11, spring 12, rubber cushion 13, drive wheel carrier 14, track adjusting wheel 15, motor 16, drive wheel 17, power supply guide frame 18, guided way 19, track girder 20, rail 21, conductor rail 22, conductive casters 23, conduction wheel carrier 24, rubber cushion 25, guided way 26, wheel carrier 27, track adjusting wheel 28, rubber cushion 29, upright rail 30, track adjusting wheel 31, upright beam 32, suspension guide frame 33, guide rod 34, axis hole 35, rubber cushion 36, axis hole 37, rotating shaft 38, reel 39, suspension support rail 40, insulation tank 41, coil 42, suspension guiding electromagnet 43, fixed mount 44, guiding electromagnet 45, levitating electromagnet
The specific embodiment
Below the invention will be further described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings by example.
Embodiment 1:
Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 1-3, the rotating shaft 3 that is provided with on the back plate 4 below compartment 1 is inserted in the axis hole 2 that is installed in the bottom, compartment, between back plate 4 and bottom, compartment reel 5 and extension spring is housed; Between base plate 10 and the power supply guide frame 17 above it hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 and spring 11 are housed, the pressure in the hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 is provided by the hydraulic efficiency gear in the car and controls, and air bellow 8 passes the perforate on the power supply guide frame 17, is installed between base plate 10 and the back plate 4; Be fixed on guide rod 6 upper ends on the base plate 10 and pass guide rod hole on power supply guide frame 17 and the back plate 4, and round platform is established on the top of guide rod 6, between round platform and back plate spring is housed, the effect that is arranged in the guide rod 6 of guide rod hole is to play the guiding role when doing up and down perpendicular movement when the power supply guide frame 17 of base plate 10 tops and back plate 4.Drive wheel carrier 13 and be installed on the base plate 10 by rubber cushion 12 with guiding wheel carrier 9, the drive wheels 16 that drive in the wheel carrier 13 are driven on the rail 20 that operates on the track girder 19 by motor 15; Track adjusting wheel 14 in the guiding wheel carrier 9 is inserted and is operated in the inside groove of the guided way of laying on track girder 19 center lines 18.Be arranged in the conductive casters 22 of the conduction wheel carrier 23 of power supply guide frame 17 2 side-lowers, because the spring 11 on the base plate 10 is roof pressure power supply guide frame 17 upwards, so conductive casters 22 is also simultaneously under the effect of spring 11, the roof pressure rolling-operation is on the conductor rail 21 that track girder 19 2 side-lowers are installed, and vehicle is powered by conductor rail by conductive casters simultaneously.Because the rotating shaft of installing between the back plate 4 of compartment and its below and the relation of reel, make devices such as all kinds of driving guiding of back plate and below thereof and damping power supply, all can rotate simultaneously in the bottom, compartment with back plate, and lead by the inside groove of the track adjusting wheel under the base plate 14 by guided way 18, vehicle can be passed through smoothly at the bend place.
In the application, conductive casters 22 is delivered to electrical source of power in the car by conductor rail 21, drive drive wheel 16 high-speed cruising on rail 20 by motor 15, thereby vehicle is run at high speed on track girder, lead by inserting the track adjusting wheel 14 that operates in guided way 18 inside grooves at the bottom of the car in the vehicle operating, guarantee vehicle trouble-free operation on the bend track girder, with safety and the directivity of guaranteeing vehicle, because the effect of base plate 10 and the spring 11 of power supply between the guide frame 17, make between drive wheel 16 and the rail 20 and conductive casters 22 and conductor rail 21 between the closed contact vehicle safety of running at high speed with assurance is derailed under pressure.Pressure in the hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 that vehicle passes through to install between increase base plate 10 and the power supply guide frame 17 when climbing is quickened in starting, increase the friction pressure between drive wheel and the rail, and increase rolling pressure between conductive casters and the conductor rail simultaneously, because the friction force between drive wheel and rail significantly increases, slip between the two is reduced, thereby increased the drive efficiency and the actuating speed of drive wheel, thus make vehicle can be on track girder the operation of safety high speed.In the application, on conductive casters 22, drive motor can be installed, make its not only as conductive casters simultaneously but also as drive wheel to increase the propulsive effort of vehicle, reduce that simple conductive casters is in operation and conductor rail between the rolling frictional resistance that produces.
Referring to Fig. 1-1, in the application, can guided way 25 be set in two sides of track girder 19, track adjusting wheel 27 is established in two inboards at power supply guide frame 17, track adjusting wheel 27 is positioned at a side of guided way 25 simultaneously, thereby substitute aforesaid track adjusting wheel 14 and guided way 18 for vehicle provides guiding, guarantee the directivity and the safety of vehicle operating.
Referring to Fig. 1-2, two track adjusting wheels 30 about also can in the guiding wheel carrier 9 of under-vehicle, installing in the application, and be located at two sides of the upright rail 29 of upright beam 31 2 sides set on the track girder center line, for vehicle leads, replace aforementioned means.
Embodiment 2:
Referring to Fig. 2 and Fig. 2-1, vehicle is by conductive casters 22 power supplies of the roof pressure in the power supply guide frame 17 of below, compartment on conductor rail 21, the drive wheel 16 that is driven in the wheel carrier 13 by the below, compartment drives, operate on the rail 20 on the track girder 19, the suspension suction of generation between the suspension support rail 39 that the suspension guiding electromagnet 42 that compartment 1 is provided with by its below suspension guide frame 32 lower ends simultaneously and track girder two side-lowers are provided with, be suspended on the track girder, the weight in compartment self is directly transferred on the track girder by suspension support rail 39, eliminate drive wheel 16 and driven the compartment load that wheel carrier 13 is born, make 16 need of drive wheel and drive the weight of wheel carrier 13 load driving compartments with lower member, driving simultaneously suspends does not produce the compartment of pressure, high-speed cruising on track girder above it to it.Owing to eliminated the weight in compartment, but the very little propulsive effort of 16 need of drive wheel powered vehicle high-speed cruising just, and vibrations that vehicle produced simultaneously and noise also reduce significantly.
Shown in the figure, rotating shaft 3 on the power supply guide frame 17 is inserted and is installed in the axis hole 2 of back plate 4 belows, also be provided with reel 5 and extension spring between back plate 4 and the power supply guide frame 17, the base part seat in compartment 1 drops on the rubber cushion 35 on the back plate 4, the set guide rod 33 in compartment bottom is passed down through in the axis hole 34 on the back plate 4, end at guide rod 33 is provided with round platform simultaneously, and spring also is housed between round platform and back plate; Base plate 10 is positioned at power supply guide frame 17, be provided with spring 11 and hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 between the two, be positioned at guide rod 6 on the base plate 10 and be upward through guide rod hole on the power supply guide frame 17, the top of guide rod 6 is provided with round platform simultaneously, is provided with spring between round platform and power supply guide frame 17.Drive wheel carrier 13 is installed in base plate 10 by rubber cushion below, drive wheel 16 is arranged in and drives wheel carrier 13, and operate on the rail on the track girder 19 by motor-driven, in the set track adjusting wheel 27 of power supply guide frame 17 2 side-lowers, be positioned at two sides of the set guided way 25 of track girder 19 2 sides, two side-lowers at power supply guide frame 17 are equipped with conductive casters 22 simultaneously, suspension support rail 39 is fixedly mounted on the below of track girder two sides, upwards roof pressure is on the conductor rail 21 that is arranged in suspension support rail 39 inside groove insulation tanks 40 for conductive casters 22, and wherein conductor rail 21 and conductive casters 22 are by the non-magnetic material manufacture.The axis hole 36 that is installed in the bottom, compartment is inserted in rotating shaft 37 on the suspension guide frame 32 that is arranged in power supply guide frame 17 rear portions below the compartment, between bottom, compartment and suspension guide frame 32, extension spring and reel 38 are housed also, wherein the effect of extension spring is to prevent that the compartment from separating with the suspension guide frame, the effect of rotating shaft 37 and reel 38 all is to guarantee that suspension guide frame 32 can rotate in the bottom, compartment, makes suspension guide frame 32 adjust its direction in the bottom, compartment with bend in vehicle is advanced.By fixed mount 43 suspension guiding electromagnet 42 is installed below suspension guide frame two sides, fixed mount 43 is made by nonferromugnetic material, and suspension guiding electromagnet 42 is positioned at the below of the suspension support rail 39 of track girder two side-lowers simultaneously.
In the application, when the power supply of connecting coil 41 on the suspension guiding electromagnet 42, the suspension guiding electromagnet produces the magnetic field suction attraction potential suspension support rail 39 of track girder two side-lowers of side thereon that makes progress, the suspension guide frame rises under the effect of suction, the suspension guiding electromagnet is near the suspension support rail, and the distance between the two is guaranteed by the exciting current of the control of the control setup in car levitating electromagnet.The compartment jack-up (referring to Fig. 3) that makes progress with its top when the suspension guide frame rises is suspended on the track girder it, the compartment bottom that is positioned at back plate 4 tops simultaneously also come-up breaks away from rubber cushion on the back plate 4, and the guide rod 33 that only is inserted in the back plate upper shaft hole 34 bottom the compartment between compartment and the back plate 4 flexibly connects; Because the compartment come-up has broken away from back plate 4, make the drive wheel 16 of back plate 4 belows lose the weight in compartment, open motor 15 this moment, the drive wheel operation, bogie 13 drives the power supply guide frame by the guide rod of installing on its top base plate 10 6 that is inserted in the power supply guide frame 17, the power supply guide frame by and the rotating shaft 3 of 4 installations of back plate and axis hole 2 and reel 5 drive back plates 4, back plate 4 is inserted in the guide rod 33 in back plate 4 axis holes 34 bottom the compartment, drive the compartment with high speed operation.
In the practical application, also can be provided with suspension support rail 39 is installed in two sides of track girder, and the suspension guiding electromagnet 42 in the suspension guide frame 32 also correspondingly is positioned at two sides (referring to Fig. 2-2) of suspension support rail, and the guided way 25 that non-magnet material is made is housed in the inside groove of suspension support rail, and the track adjusting wheel 27 that guide frame 17 inboards that power are simultaneously made by non-magnet material also is positioned at a side of guided way 25.Suspension guiding electromagnet 42 in the suspension guide frame 32 is positioned at the side on the lower side of suspension support rail 39 1 sides of track girder two sides when not working, coil 41 energized on the suspension guiding electromagnet, the suspension guiding electromagnet produces suction, rise to and its level attitude by suspension support rail one side-lower, also guide frame 32 jacking compartment upwards, compartment this moment because the rising of suspension guiding electromagnet causes suspending, make the compartment by suspend (referring to the Fig. 3-1) that rise on the rubber cushion on the back plate 4 35, this moment, drive wheel just can lose under the condition of carriage weight powered vehicle high-speed cruising (as previously mentioned).
In the practical application (referring to Fig. 2-3), also can below two sides of suspension guide frame 32 and two sides, guiding electromagnet 44 and levitating electromagnet 45 be installed respectively, wherein guiding electromagnet 44 is positioned at the outside of the guided way 25 of track girder two sides installation, levitating electromagnet 45 is positioned at the below of the conductor rail 21 of track girder two side-lowers, and guided way and conductor rail are by magnet conductivity material manufacture preferably; And track adjusting wheel 27 and conductive casters 22 on the power supply guide frame 17 also can adopt the non-magnet material manufacturing.The electromagnetic attraction that produces between guiding electromagnet 44 and the guided way 25 in the application guiding of guide frame 32 on bend that can guarantee to suspend, the electromagnetic attraction that produces between levitating electromagnet 45 and the conductor rail 21 upwards raises the compartment by suspension guide frame 32, the compartment is risen on the rubber cushion 35 of back plate 4 be suspended state (referring to Fig. 3-2), vehicle is simultaneously by drive wheel operation (as previously mentioned).
Embodiment 3:
Referring to Fig. 4, below compartment 1, be provided with power supply guide frame 17 and back plate 4 and base plate 10, compartment and three relation each other is with identical described in the embodiment 1, and power supply guide frame 17 2 outer side-lowers are equipped with conductive casters 22 and track adjusting wheel 27 respectively; Above two sides of track girder 19, be provided with side bar 46, in side bar 46, be respectively equipped with conductor rail 21 and guided way 25, roof pressure is on conductor rail 21 under the effect of spring of installing on the base plate below the power supply guide frame 11 or hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 for conductive casters 22 on the power supply guide frame 17, and track adjusting wheel 27 also is positioned at a side of guided way 25 simultaneously.When high vehicle speeds, spring 11 and hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 be the conductive casters of roof pressure power supply guide frame two sides upwards, the drive wheel 16 that conductive casters roof pressure conductor rail 21 is provided with spring and hydraulic actuating cylinder 7 below base plates for 10 times obtains downward antagonistic force, driving friction pressure between drive wheel 16 and the rail 20 below it is significantly increased, and assurance drive wheel 16 high-speed secure ground powered vehicle are advanced.
Referring to Fig. 4-1, conductor rail 21 can be installed in the suspension support rail 39 that is arranged in side bar 46 by insulation tank 40 in the application, the structure of suspension support rail 39 and with the conductive casters of power supply on the bracing frame 17 between relation and embodiment 2 in Fig. 2-1 routine described identical, the track adjusting wheel 27 of power supply on the guide frame 17 is positioned at a side of the guided way 25 of side bar 46, reach between the power supply guide frame 17 that is positioned at the below, compartment and back plate 4 and base plate 10 threes and compartment each other relation and embodiment 2 described in identical.Below the compartment, also be provided with suspension guide frame 32 simultaneously, the suspension guiding electromagnet 42 of suspension guide frame 32 2 side settings is positioned at the below of suspension support rail 39, and is identical described in Fig. 2-1 example among relation between work relationship between the two and compartment and the suspension guide frame 32 and the embodiment 2.When suspension guiding electromagnet 42 upwards attracted suspension support rail 39, the compartment also rose on track girder thereupon and suspends.
Also guided way 25 can be installed in the suspension support rail 39 that is arranged in side bar 46 1 sides in the application, the track adjusting wheel 27 of power supply on the guide frame 17 is positioned at the one side, and conductive casters 22 roof pressures on the guide frame 17 of powering simultaneously are on the conductor rail 21 that is positioned at above the side bar 46; And the side that the suspension guiding electromagnet 42 that compartment below is provided with is arranged in suspension guided way 39 is identical with Fig. 2-2, and is identical described in Fig. 2-2 example among the relation of work relationship between the two and compartment and 32 of suspension guide frames and the embodiment 2.
In application, also levitating electromagnet 45 and guiding electromagnet 44 can be set simultaneously on the suspension guide frame 32 below the compartment, the two lays respectively at the below of the conductor rail 21 in the side bar 46 and a side of guided way 25, and the relation between relation that levitating electromagnet 45 and conductor rail are 21 and guided way 25 and the guiding electromagnet 44 is referring among the embodiment 2 described in Fig. 2-3 example.
In sum, each drive wheel in the high-speed track vehicle that ground pressure is adjustable (comprise guiding drive wheel) is in operation and removes the friction pressure that pressure that the deadweight that relies on vehicle and its load produced provides, also the hydraulic actuating cylinder by spring and adjustable seamless power provides required friction pressure for it simultaneously, make vehicle each drive wheel that is in operation to obtain higher driving friction pressure, thereby the drive efficiency of each drive wheel is significantly improved, owing to guaranteed drive wheel and interorbital closed contact, prevented the slip between drive wheel and the rail, also made the moving velocity of vehicle and safety obtain significantly to improve.And in actual applications, power supply guide frame 17 2 sides also can install the track adjusting wheel 27 that guiding electromagnet 44 replaces among Fig. 1-1 additional, make it to be positioned at simultaneously two sides (or side of side bar 46 guided ways 25) of the guided way 25 of track girder two sides, make under the directional tagging of generation between the guiding electromagnet 44 of vehicle in power supply guide frame 17 and the guided way 25 on the track girder to advance at utmost speed.

Claims (5)

1, the adjustable high-speed track vehicle of ground pressure, mainly form by vehicle and track girder, it is characterized in that: described under-vehicle is established power supply guide frame (17), between the base plate (10) on power supply guide frame (17) and the below driving wheel carrier, be provided with hydraulic actuating cylinder (7) and spring, to the power conductive casters (22) of guide frame (17) two side-lowers of hydraulic actuating cylinder (7) and spring, roof pressure is on the conductor rail (21) of track girder two side-lowers, for the drive wheel that drives in the wheel carrier provides downward friction pressure.
2, the adjustable high-speed track vehicle of ground pressure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described under-vehicle is established suspension guide frame (32), establishes suspension guiding electromagnet (42) at two side-lowers of suspension guide frame.
3, the adjustable high-speed track vehicle of ground pressure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: two side-lowers of described track girder are established suspension support rail (39).
4, the adjustable high-speed track vehicle of ground pressure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: establish conductor rail in the described track girder dual side-edge beam (46), the conductive casters roof pressure is on conductor rail.
5, the adjustable high-speed track vehicle of ground pressure according to claim 1 is characterized in that: establish suspension support rail (39) in the described track girder dual side-edge beam (46).
CNB031591116A 2003-09-07 2003-09-07 High speed rail vehicle capable of adjusting pressure on ground Expired - Fee Related CN1321848C (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CNB031591116A CN1321848C (en) 2003-09-07 2003-09-07 High speed rail vehicle capable of adjusting pressure on ground

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CNB031591116A CN1321848C (en) 2003-09-07 2003-09-07 High speed rail vehicle capable of adjusting pressure on ground

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CN1522912A CN1522912A (en) 2004-08-25
CN1321848C true CN1321848C (en) 2007-06-20

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CN105398452A (en) * 2015-11-30 2016-03-16 北京康华源科技发展有限公司 Wheel driving device for suspension transportation tool
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CN108657012B (en) * 2018-06-12 2023-12-29 胡铁林 High-speed magnetic suspension train and suspension mechanism
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CN1413857A (en) * 2001-10-23 2003-04-30 李孝龙 Intercity high-speed light railway traffic

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