CN1304332C - 电弧管的成形方法和电弧管 - Google Patents

电弧管的成形方法和电弧管 Download PDF

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CN1304332C
CN1304332C CNB01822668XA CN01822668A CN1304332C CN 1304332 C CN1304332 C CN 1304332C CN B01822668X A CNB01822668X A CN B01822668XA CN 01822668 A CN01822668 A CN 01822668A CN 1304332 C CN1304332 C CN 1304332C
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C·E·斯科特
D·G·塞雷迪希
D·波利斯
V·高里
K·西瓦拉曼
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Abstract

提供一种用于形成单件电弧管的方法。这种方法包括使用与陶瓷成形工艺结合的清除发泡物工艺。首先,使聚合材料(20)成形,以限定内部尺寸。用外模(40)建立外部尺寸,随后,在对该模具充填一种随后可硬化的悬浮液(60)。除去该外模,并且对于该部件进行清除粘结剂,以便熔化并去除内部的发泡成形物,随后烧结该部件从而形成一基本上透明的陶瓷电弧管(70)。

Description

电弧管的成形方法和电弧管
本申请要求于2000年12月19日提交的序列号为60/256,655的美国临时申请的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及陶瓷制品和形成陶瓷制品的方法,尤其涉及用于陶瓷金属卤化物(CMH)灯的陶瓷电弧管。
背景技术
通过使用经两个电极间的电弧以使诸如金属卤化物和汞的混合物的充填材料电离,从而使放电灯产生光。该电极和充填材料被密封在一半透明或透明的放电室或电弧管内,该电弧管保持该受激励的充填材料的压力并容许所发射的光由此通过。也被称为“剂量”的该充填材料由于电弧的激励而发射一所希望的光谱能量分布。例如,卤化物提供了可供广泛选择的光特性的光谱能量分布。
为了获得改进的颜色温度、显色性和发光功效,曾经研制过若干种陶瓷放电灯室,使其在更高的温度下即950℃以上工作,同时显著减少了与充填材料的反应。通常,陶瓷放电室是由陶瓷粉末挤压或模压的多个部件构造成的。共同拥有的且共同未决的、于1998年4月28日提交的序列号为09/067,816的美国专利和于1999年2月16日提交的序列号为09/250,634的美国专利描述了一种将在形成放电室过程中所用的接合处的数目减到最少的常规陶瓷放电室。例如,在先前的实践中,使用了一种五个部件的结构,其包括在两端处由第一和第二端部塞子封闭的一个中央圆柱体。分离的第一和第二支杆被分别连接到各自的端部塞子上。涉及该组件的该引入申请只使用了少达两个部件,便形成了放电室。共同拥有且共同未决的、于1999年12月23日提交的序列号为09/0471,551美国专利通过在一个主体部件中整体地形成该支杆从而限制了在电弧室中的部件的数目。此外,使一透镜与另一主体部件一体地形成,因为没有支杆干扰发自放电室的照射,从而增加了光通量分布。
正如上文提及的共同未决的申请中所述,限制电弧管中部件的数目,因而也限制了接合处的数目,以便可获得所期望的效率并降低了制造成本。因此,减少制造步骤、减少部件数目以及以更高的灯功效在传导和辐射热损失方面实现改进均是所希望的特征。类似地,对电弧间隙长度更好的控制能够实现无闪烁的运行、更可靠的启动、更稳定的工作,并增加灯的功效和颜色特性。
虽然这些方法和制造工艺被用来有效地控制电弧管的外形或外表面形状,但是它们不能适当地解决将成为下一代放电灯所需要的内部尺寸。可以预见,这些放电灯将具有更为复杂的形状和构造,并且需要更先进的制造技术才能适应这些形状。因此,虽然在减少陶瓷金属卤化物(CMH)灯的部件的数目方面已经取得了实质性的进展,但是在形成复杂形状的能力方面仍然没有得到改进。因此,期望研制出一种用于形成复杂单件陶瓷电弧管的方法,特别是增强对该电弧管的内部结构的控制。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供了一种形成用于陶瓷金属卤化物灯的单件电弧管的方法,其包括下列步骤:设置一内成形件,该内成形件具有的外部构造与电弧管的所希望的内部尺寸相配;在该内成形件周围设置一外成形件,并在其间限定一空腔;使用随后硬化的悬浮液充填所述空腔;和去除所述内成形件和外成形件。
本发明涉及一种用于形成单件陶瓷电弧管的方法。首先,制成一优选为由碳质成形件形成的成形件,该成形件具有一限定该电弧管的所希望的内部尺寸的外部轮廓。或者,这种成形件可以是金属的。把一外侧模或外模设置在该成形件的周围,以便建立该电弧管的外部尺寸,然后使用随后可硬化的悬浮液来充填该外模。最后,取下该外模,并且对于该部件清除粘结剂,从而除去该内成形件。
根据本发明,还提供了一种由包括以下步骤的方法形成的陶瓷电弧管,该步骤包括:设置一由碳质材料制成的内芯,该内芯具有的外部构造与所述电弧管的所希望的内部尺寸相配;在所述芯的周围凝胶模制氧化铝悬浮液;将该氧化铝悬浮液硬化;对于所述硬化的氧化铝悬浮液进行清除粘结剂;在升高的温度下使所述内芯降解;和烧结所述电弧管。
本发明的一个优点是能够形成复杂的单件电弧管。
本发明的另一个优点是可实现对该陶瓷电弧管的内部形状进行更好的控制。
附图说明
图1到图4为说明本发明的方法的连续成形步骤的示意图。
图5为本发明的一种可能的电弧管结构的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种用于形成单件复杂的陶瓷电弧管的方法,下文将其称为“电弧管”。本发明的电弧管是通过“清除发泡物工艺”和陶瓷成形工艺的独特组合的工艺而形成的。
如图1所示,制成一个成形件20。该成形件优选为一种多孔的聚合材料,但是本发明不限于用来制造该成形件的特定材料。例如,该成形件可以是石墨、石墨/聚合物复合材料、或非聚合物的其它低分子量固体。此外,这种成形件也可以是金属的,例如是熔点低于100℃的铋基合金。该成形件20由易燃或能够以不留任何残留物或明显残留物的方式熔化的合适材料制成,但是这类材料却比常规类型的材料更快捷地成形。这种成形件可以通过常规的手工或机械成形从而采用最希望获得的结构,而且更方便的是,随时可以用简单的胶粘、销接或用金属丝栓结容易地把若干分离的部件相互固定在一起而制成这种成形件。最好,采用便宜的例如聚苯乙烯或聚乙烯的多孔塑料来制造该成形件20。本发明构想出在清除发泡物工艺的领域中可用的任何已知的成形件。
该成形件其形状通常有第一支杆22和第二支杆24,这两个支杆从通常是椭球形的中心体26延伸。在优选实施例中,该成形件的支杆是由具有插入中心体部分的内端的实心销钉来限定的。下文还要说明,作为内成形件清除步骤的一部分,销钉/支杆将以机械方式从中心体上除去。或者,使这两个支杆与中心体形成一个整体,之后以同样的方式作为该内成形件20的残留物被去除。然而,应该理解,根据本发明提供的优点,该本体和支杆的构形可以采用各种各样的结构。
在制成该成形件之后,把它放置在一外侧模或外模40内(见图2)。这种外模与用于常规电弧管成形的模具类似,常规电弧管成形例如为凝胶模制、凝聚模制或注塑模制。该外模40用于控制电弧管的外表面的形状。优选的是,这种外模40由多个配合的部件形成,该部件例如为可选择性地打开以便插入该内成形件20的第一和第二半部。此外,外模40采用具有中空的第一支杆42和第二支杆44的通常构形,该支杆的尺寸确定成能够接纳该成形件的相应支杆22和24。同样地,中心部分46以间隔开的关系设置在成形件的本体26的周围。以这种方式,一旦外模的配合件围绕成形件20封装,那么在成形件20和本体40之间便限定出一空腔50。
在形成外模40和内模20并且把它们装配在一起之后,如图3所示,便把氧化物悬浮液60引入它们之间。最好,如凝胶模制或按照注塑模制的注入那样把氧化物悬浮液60灌入该模具。此悬浮液60填充该空腔,并且分别符合与该成形件的外轮廓和外模的内轮廓。使用溶胶凝胶和注塑模制技术中众所周知的方法,使悬浮液60硬化或固化,从而形成一陶瓷电弧管。如图4中所示,随后取下外模40。
在取下外模之后,该陶瓷电弧管70和内成形件20进行清除粘结剂以及预烧结的处理。这个处理步骤是通过熔化或溶解内成形件20来除去该内成形件20(请比较图4和图5)。该内成形件和所有其它有机材料和处理中的材料都被有利地从内部清除。新成形的电弧管70和内成形件20在4-8小时中在空气中从室温升高到约900到1100℃的最高温度,以便清除粘结剂和预烧结,然后保持最高温度约1-5小时,随后冷却。应当理解,电弧管70具有两个从中心本体76的相对端部延伸的第一和第二中空支杆72和74。整体的电弧管的各个部件的取向和形状可以采用各种各样的结构。
或者,可以在新成形的电弧管70进行清除粘结剂之前除去内成形件20。在这种方法中,可以通过各种已知的清除发泡物的技术,除去该内成形件20,随后新成形的电弧管70在4-8小时中在空气中从室温升高到约900到1100℃的最高温度从而清除粘结剂。
还构想出,例如,可以在室温下进行大部分成形件的粘结剂清除,随后再通过一个热循环来除去型芯。这种首先为外模清除粘结剂、随后除去内芯的相反程序在某些情况下具有独特的优点。
在清除粘结剂和预烧结之后,图5所示的陶瓷电弧管70优选地在温度高于1500℃的氢气环境中进行烧结,根据该优选实施例,该温度在1600和2000℃之间,最好在1800和1900℃之间。经过这一烧结步骤,使得陶瓷电弧管至少是大致透明的。
所获得的电弧管是一种具有复杂的内、外轮廓的中空陶瓷电弧管,其应用于高压放电灯中。这种电弧管优选包括具有纯度约99.98%、烧结前的表面积约2-10m2/g的氧化铝(Al2O3)。为了抑制晶粒生长,可以在这种氧化铝粉末中搀入氧化镁,氧化镁的掺入量例如等于氧化铝重量的约0.03-0.2%,最好是约0.05%。其它可以使用的陶瓷材料包括不易反应性的耐熔的氧化物和氧氮化物,例如氧化钇、氧化镥和氧化铪,以及它们的固溶体,以及诸如钇-铝-石榴石和氧氮化铝之类的带氧化铝的化合物。可以单独或组合使用的粘结剂包括有机聚合物,例如多元醇、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸酯、纤维素和聚脂。
按照一种示例性的构造方法,通过将一种包括按体积百分比约45-60%的陶瓷材料和约55-40%的粘结剂的混合物注塑模制到一由内成形件20和外模40组合成的模具中,从而形成该放电室的部件。这种电弧管包含表面积约1.5到约30m2/g、典型地为约3-5m2/g之间的氧化铝粉末。按照一个实施例,这种氧化铝粉末具有至少99.98%的纯度。为了抑制晶粒生长,可以在这种氧化铝粉末中搀入氧化镁,氧化镁的掺入量例如可以是氧化铝重量的约0.03-0.2%,最好是0.05%。
这种粘结剂优选包含蜡的混合物或聚合物的混合物。按照一个例子,该粘结剂包括:
按重量为331/3份的石蜡,其熔点为52-58℃;
按重量为331/3份的石蜡,其熔点为59-63℃;和
按重量为331/3份的石蜡,其熔点为73-80℃。
在按重量为100份的石蜡中加入下列物质:
按重量为4份白蜂蜡;
按重量为8份油酸;和
按重量为3份硬脂酸铝。
以上石蜡制品可以从Aldrich Chemical公司购买,它们的产品号分别为317659、327212和411671,虽然,应该理解,只要不偏离本发明的范围和意图,还可以使用其它适合的粘结剂。
在注塑模制的过程中,对陶瓷材料和粘结剂的混合物进行加热,以便形成高黏度的混合物。然后,将此混合物注入合适形状的模具中,随后冷却以便形成一模制的成形件。在注塑模制之后,通常通过热处理,从该模制件上除去粘结剂和内成形件20,从而形成粘结剂清除了的部件。按照优选的布置,这种热处理是这样进行的:即在空气中或在例如真空、氮气、稀有气体的受控制的环境中将该模制件加热的最高温度。例如,以每小时约2-3℃的速率缓慢地把温度从室温增加到160℃。随后,以每小时约100℃的速率把温度增加到约900-1100℃的最高温度。最后,在约900-1100℃保持该温度约1-5小时。随后,使该热处理件冷却。在热处理步骤之后,孔隙率约为40-50%。
所得到的陶瓷电弧管70是具有复杂形状的单件电弧管。所希望的是,应该减少组成该放电室的部件的数目,从而减少这些部件之间粘结处的数目。这样做的优点在于,有利于放电室的装配,并减少了在制造期间可能在粘结处出现的缺陷的数目,而且还减少了操作时放电室在粘结区出现损坏的可能性。本发明消除了为形成复杂的形状把分离的陶瓷部件粘结在一起的必要性。因此,上述的清除发泡物工艺与陶瓷制品成形工艺的组合消除了费用高的工序以及在电弧管中对额外材料的需求。
本发明的电弧管可以应用于高压放电照明。高压放电灯通常包括一陶瓷壳体(电弧管),其有一适合于接纳密封灌装在放电室中的充填物的小室。第一和第二电极以间隔开的方式设置在该小室中,根据在这两个电极之间所施加的电位产生电弧。这两个电极被连接到导体上,以本技术领域熟知的方法在这两个电极之间施加电位差。在工作中,这两个电极产生使充填材料电离的电弧,从而在放电室中产生等离子区。就陶瓷金属卤化物灯而言,这种充填材料典型地包括Hg、诸如Ar或Xe之类的稀有气体以及诸如NaI、TlI或DyI3之类的金属卤化物的混合物。在本技术领域中,充填材料的其它例子是公知的。
已经参照示例性的实施例对本发明进行了描述。基于阅读和理解本说明书,还可作出另外一些变型和变更。在一个优选实例中,使用了一种机械加工的石墨型芯,把一种具有类似于5,145,908号美国专利中披露的配方的氧化铝悬浮液通过凝胶模制在型芯的周围,对于氧化铝在室温下进行清除粘结剂的处理,在温度升高到大约600℃的情况下使型芯降解,然后烧结封壳,从而生成一透明的封壳。本发明不限制于任何一个实例,而是包括属于本发明披露范围内的变型和变更。

Claims (23)

1.一种形成用于陶瓷金属卤化物灯的单件电弧管(70)的方法,其包括下列步骤:
设置一内成形件(20),该内成形件具有的外部构造与电弧管的所希望的内部尺寸相配;
在该内成形件周围设置一外成形件(40),并在其间限定一空腔(50);
使用随后硬化的悬浮液(60)充填所述空腔;和
去除所述内成形件和外成形件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述去除步骤包括对于该硬化的悬浮液进行清除粘结剂的步骤。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使用一用于所述内成形件的石墨材料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使用一用于所述内成形件的石墨/聚合物复合材料。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使用一用于所述内成形件的非聚合物的低分子量固体材料。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使用一用于所述内成形件的金属材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使用一用于所述内成形件的铋基合金材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使用一用于所述成形件的熔点低于100℃的铋基合金材料。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的设置步骤包括使内成形件(20)成形,以使其包括从具有大致椭球形构形的本体(26)延伸的第一和第二支杆(22,24)。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述外成形件的设置步骤包括使用用于所述外成形件的装配的外成形件部件。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述空腔填充步骤包括将氧化物悬浮液(60)引入所述的空腔中。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括在所述去除步骤之前使所述悬浮液固化的步骤。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括清除粘结剂并随后进行预烧结的步骤。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述预烧结和清除粘结剂步骤在所述外成形件去除步骤之后进行。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括在所述预烧结和清除粘结剂步骤之后烧结所述硬化的悬浮液的步骤。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括在除去所述内成形件之前对所述硬化的悬浮液进行清除粘结剂,然后预烧结所述硬化的悬浮液。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括在对所述硬化的悬浮液进行清除粘结剂之前除去所述内成形件,然后预烧结所述硬化的悬浮液。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述内成形件的去除步骤包括从所述硬化的悬浮液上溶解所述内成形件的步骤。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述空腔充填步骤包括将陶瓷材料/粘结剂注塑模制到所述空腔中。
20.一种由包括以下步骤的方法形成的陶瓷电弧管,该步骤包括:
设置一由碳质材料制成的内芯,该内芯具有的外部构造与所述电弧管的所希望的内部尺寸相配;
在所述芯的周围凝胶模制氧化铝悬浮液;
将该氧化铝悬浮液硬化;
对于所述硬化的氧化铝悬浮液进行清除粘结剂;
在升高的温度下使所述内芯降解;和
烧结所述电弧管。
21.根据权利要求20所述的陶瓷电弧管,其特征在于,其还包括在所述烧结步骤之前对所述硬化的氧化铝悬浮液预烧结的步骤。
22.根据权利要求20所述的陶瓷电弧管,其特征在于,所述内芯降解步骤在所述清除粘结剂步骤之后实施。
23.根据权利要求20所述的陶瓷电弧管,其特征在于,所述内芯降解步骤在所述清除粘结剂步骤之前实施。
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CN1489558A (zh) 2004-04-14
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EP1363863A2 (en) 2003-11-26
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