CN1269099A - 水印检测 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明描述了一个用于检测嵌入在一个信号S中的水印的方法,其中该信号S的多个帧{F1,F2,…}被组合为一个用于一个检测事务的检测集合Dj。根据本发明,水印检测的可靠性通过使用非—连续帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}构成一个检测集合Dj而得以增强。本发明还涉及一个用于记录和/或回放一个信号的装置(2),和涉及一个包括这种水印检测器的用于广播监测的系统(24)。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于检测嵌入在一个信号中的一个水印的方法和设备,在该方法中,该信号的多个帧被组合为一个用于一个检测事务的检测集合。
本发明还涉及一种用于记录和/或回放一个信号的装置和一个用于监测一个广播信号的系统。
水印是嵌入在一个诸如声音,静止画面,动画,视频等信号中的不可感知或几乎很难感知的标志。它们以一种方式嵌入信号中,使得它们很难被移动。一个水印可以不可诸如,例如关于文档或音视频节目的来源或版权状况的信息的附加信息。水印允许跟踪隐私和支持对知识产权的保护。
一种用于检测一个水印的公知方法包括一个用于将该信号与局部保存的水印相关的相关步骤。随后对这一相关的结果估值。当该信号与一个给定水印的相关例如大于一个给定阈值时,该水印被认为是嵌入在该信号中的水印。还可以实施与许多不同水印的相关,其中具有最高相关值的水印被认为是所使用的水印。
因为该信号可能经过诸如MPEG压缩,DA/AD变换,NTSC/PAL转换,以及剪裁和缩放的各种信号处理,所以在这一方面说基于单个帧的检测经常是不可靠的,它导致许多不可实现的检测。A.A.C.Kalker,G.F.C.Depovere和J.P.M.Linnartz所著,发表于Proceedings ofEusipco 1998(Rhodes,Greece)的标题为“关于检测在数字图象中的电子水印的可靠性(On the Reliability of Detecting ElectronicWatermarks in Digital Images)”中给出了一个对于将多个,例如n个帧组合为一个检测集合会以
为因子地增强检测可靠性的事实的似乎合理的解释。然而,该解释只适用于n个不相关帧。实际中通常是组合连续的帧。然而,它们是高度相关的。
本发明的一个目的是增强检测一个水印的可靠性。
为此,本发明的特征在于,为形成一个检测集合,至少使用一个不是紧跟在该信号中另一个帧后面的一个帧。将所述帧用于一个检测集合而不是仅仅使用连续帧的优点是可以增强检测一个水印的可靠性。原因是所述相互分离的帧之间具有较低的相关性。当使用具有较低相关性的帧时,可靠性的增强,如同适用于非相关帧,也即以
为因子地增强的检测过程的可靠性,被更好地近似。使用所述帧,而不是全部使用在该信号中连续产生的帧的方式被称为交叉。
在一个实施例中,本方法的特征在于将一个预定数目的帧用于该检测集合,其中所述帧以一个相应于一个整数帧的相互之间的预定间距出现在该信号中。为一个检测集合选择帧的一个统一模式是一个易于应用的方法。
在另一个实施例中,这样选择该预定数目的帧和该预定间距使得它们的最大公因子等于1。在此,对于一个MPEG信号实现了一个在各个检测集合中的I,B和P帧的均匀分布。
权利要求4所限定的实施例是对于MPEG信号最为重要的。在此,对于一个MPEG信号也实现了一个在各个检测集合中的I,B和P帧的均匀分布。
另一个实施例涉及一个用于记录和/或回放一个信号的装置,不可一个用于根据本发明检测一个水印的设备,和涉及一个用于监测一个广播信号的包括这样一个设备的系统。
本发明的这些和其他方面将参照下面所述的实施例,以非限制性实例的方式被阐述而变得更清楚。
在附图中:
图1显示了一个根据本发明的设备的实施例;
图2显示了一个根据本发明的包括一个用于检测一个水印的装置的实施例;
上述两幅图只显示为理解本发明所必需的该设备的元件。
图1显示了一个根据本发明的用于检测一个水印的设备1,包括用于将信号S的多个帧{F1,F2,…}组合为一个用于一个检测事务的检测集合Dj的装置10。
根据本发明,使用至少一个帧Fi+d用以形成该检测集合,该帧在信号S中不是紧跟在另一个帧Fi之后,另一个帧Fi也用于该检测集合。一个或更多的帧被以此方式跳过,并被用于例如另一个检测集合。使用帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}而不是所有连续的帧的优点在于所述帧相互之间具有较低的相关性,从而增强了检测一个水印的可靠性。
假定所述n个帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}被用于一个检测集合Dj。如果已知所有连续帧{F1,F2,…}被使用,则在n个帧之后发生第一个判决时刻。一个使用n个帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}而不是所有连续帧的原因是该判决在一个较后时刻发生。
帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}而不是所有在信号S中连续出现的帧的组合,当然可以许多中不同方式实现。下面以示例方式讨论两种交叉方案。在本发明的范围内,可以使用产生可比较结果的不同方案。
所讨论的第一种方案是均匀交叉。在这种交叉形式中,在用于该检测集合Dj的两个帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}之间的最短间距等于在信号中的一个常数值d,相应于该信号的帧的整数目。这可以表示如下
Fi∈Dji≡j(modd)
总数等于d乘以n的帧{F1,F2,…}分配给d个检测集合Dj。例如,下面显示了一个帧数n=12而相互间距d=5的检测集合Dj
D1={F1,F6,F11,F16,F21,F26,F31,F36,F41,F46,F51,F56}
D2={F2,F7,F12,F17,F22,F27,F32,F37,F42,F47,F52,F57}
D3={F3,F8,F13,F18,F23,F28,F33,F38,F43,F48,F53,F58}
D4={F4,F9,F14,F19,F24,F29,F34,F39,F44,F49,F54,F59}
D1={F5,F10,F15,F20,F25,F30,F35,F40,F45,F50,F55,F60}
为了简洁起见,该分布参见表I。表I显示了在信号S中连续产生的多个帧{F1,F2,…}
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13
14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23
24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36
37 38
39 40 41 42 43
44 45 46 47 4849 50 51 52 53
54 55 56 57 58
59 60
表I:均匀交叉,n=12,d=5
信号S的连续帧{F1,F2,…}显示为一个d个系列的n个帧。这不需要是信号的帧{F1,F2,…}的物理分隔,虽然这是可能的,担也可以看为是为阐述本发明的一个概念性示例。使用了不同的字体表示该帧{F1,F2,…}用于不同检测集合Dj中。一个检测集合Dj包括具有在表I中用相同字体表示的数字的帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}。利用这种交叉形式,第一判决在d(n-1)+1之后发生。该过程在dn帧后重复。
对于许多应用而言,重要的是,水印经受住了一个诸如,例如MPEG的压缩处理。在MPEG信号中的不同帧:I,B和P帧相对于水印的残存可能表现不同。当使用均匀交叉时,对于一些n和d值可能有一个问题。为了图示说明的目的,下面给出一个n=12的例子,在此例子中n=12还是一个MPEG图象S的图象组大小。在各帧之间的间距为d=4。所述帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}的分布如表II所示。
I B B P B B P B B P B B
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
12
13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23
24
25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35
36
37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44
45 46 47
48
表II:在MPEG中的均匀交叉,n=12,d=4
如表II所示的,不同的检测集合Dj包括MPEG帧的一个非均匀分布。例如,所有I帧出现在一个检测集合Dj。对于一个在检测集合Dj中的一个I,B和P帧的更均匀分布可能有在本发明范围内的解决方案。
当使用均匀交叉时,例如可以这样选择n和d使得它们的公因子等于1。也即,如上所述的n=12和d=5的情况。见表III。
I B B P B B P B B P B B
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13
14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23
24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36
37 38
39 40 41 42 43
44 45 46 47 4849 50 51 52 53
54 55 56 57 58
59 60
表III:在MPEG中的n=12,d=5的均匀交叉。
可以很清楚地看到每一检测集合Dj包括一个来自每一列的帧。这意味着每一种类型的帧出现在每一检测集合Dj中。
进一步可能,例如,使得均匀交叉更灵活。这,例如可以通过对角线交叉来实现。通过使得n为一个MPEG信号S的GOP大小的整数倍,可以用一个均匀交叉的表达式来实现I,B和P帧的均匀分布,这可以如下所限定:
Fi∈Dji≡1+(j-1)n+m(n+1)(moddn) voor m∈{0,1,...,n-1
对于n=12和d=5,获得如下检测集合Dj。
D1={F1,F6,F11,F14,F19,F24,F27,F32,F40,F45,F53,F58}
D2={F5,F10,F13,F18,F23,F26,F31,F36,F44,F47,F52,F57}
D3={F4,F9,F17,F22,F25,F30,F35,F38,F43,F48,F51,F56}
D4={F3,F8,F16,F21,F29,F34,F37,F42,F47,F50,F55,F60}
D1={F2,F7,F12,F15,F20,F28,F33,F41,F46,F49,F54,F59}
帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}的分布如表IV所示。
I B B P B B P B B P B B
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21
22 23 2425 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33 34
35 36
37
38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47
48
49 50
51 52 53 54 55
56 57 58 59 60
表III:在MPEG中的n=12,d=5的对角线交叉。
如上所述,信号S的连续帧{F1,F2,…}显示为d个系列的n帧。每一系列的帧数等于在检测集合中的帧数,称为n。在此情形中,该数目进一步等于一个MPEG信号S的GOP大小的整数倍。由表IV可以清楚地看到,在一个检测集合Dj中使用的一个帧Fi在信号S中的位置在每一个后续系列中相对这些系列的开始处移动了一个位置。相对于这一帧Fi,这里为了简单起见将该帧称为参考帧,用于相同检测集合Dj中的另一帧Fi+d以一个等于系列数d的整数被的间距出现在相同系列中。可以注意到,在检测集合Dj中的帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}之间平均和最频繁出现的间距等于d=5,在此实例中与诸如3和8的间距交替。
图2显示了一个装置,例如一个DVD播放器2,包括一个用于读取一个DVD盘以获取一个DVD信号S的装置21。该DVD信号S是一个保存在该DVD盘中的MPEG比特流。该DVD信号S是由DVD播放器2的示出23经由开关22提供。输出端23连接在一个外部MPEG解码器和一个画面显示设备(未示出)上。例如,对于版权保护,假定该DVD播放器2不能播放具有预定水印的视频信号S,除非满足其他对于本发明而言不重要的条件。水印信号S只能在,例如,该盘包括一个给定“摇摆式”密钥时才可以回放。为了能检测一个水印,该DVD播放器2包括一个如参照图1所述的被采用的水印检测器24。该水印检测器24接收所保存的信号S并根据所检测的水印控制该开关22。
本发明还可以在系统中和其他设备一起用于广播监测。广播可以在水印标识符之前进行编码。对具有包括一个水印检测器24的一个系统的电视广播进行监测提供了一种用于智能保护和统计数据收集的机制。
应注意的是,上述实施例不是为了限制本发明。本技术领域的技术人员将可以在不背离所附权利要求的范围的前提下构思另外的实施例。
权利要求中括号内的参考数字是为了阐述这些权利要求而不是为了限制它们。单词“包括”及其衍生词不排除与权利要求中所限定的那些元件或步骤不同的其他元件或步骤。本发明可以通过分离的元件或一个正确编程的计算机来实现。在与一个产品相关的权利要求中,其中提到了几个装置,这些装置中的几个可以用一个相同的硬件来实现。
总之,本发明描述了一个用于检测嵌入在一个信号S中的水印的方法,其中该信号S的多个帧{F1,F2,…}被组合为一个用于一个检测事务的检测集合Dj。根据本发明,水印检测的可靠性通过使用非-连续帧{Fi,Fi+d,…}构成一个检测集合Dj而得以增强。本发明还涉及一个用于记录和/或回放一个信号的装置,和涉及一个包括这种水印检测器的用于广播监测的系统。
Claims (7)
1.一种用于检测嵌入在一个信号(S)中的水印的方法,其中该信号(S)的多个帧{F1,F2,…}被组合为一个用于一个检测事务的检测集合(Dj),
其特征在于,为了形成一个检测集合(Dj),使用至少一个不紧跟在另一帧(Fi)后的一个帧(Fi+d),其中另一帧(Fi)也用于该检测集合(Dj)。
2.权利要求1所述的一种方法,
其特征在于,一个预定数目的帧({Fi,Fi+d,…})被用于该检测集合(Dj),该帧({Fi,Fi+d,…})以一个相应于帧({F1,F2,…})的整数的一个相互之间预定间距出现在信号(S)中。
3.权利要求2所述的一种方法,
其特征在于,该预定数目的帧({Fi,Fi+d,…})和该预定间距这样选择,使得它们的公因子等于1。
4.权利要求1所述的一种方法,
其特征在于,一个预定数目的帧({Fi,Fi+d,…})被用于每一检测集合(Dj),该帧({Fi,Fi+d,…})的数目对应于一个MPEG信号(S)的GOP大小的一个整数倍,
在信号(S)中的连续帧({F1,F2,…})被分为一定数目的帧({F1,F2,…})的多个系列,其中该帧({F1,F2,…})的数目等于在检测集合(Dj)中的帧({Fi,Fi+d,…})的数目,
和一个参考帧(Fi)由每一系列中选取,该参考帧(Fi)由这些系列的开始处计算起,在相邻帧之间移动一个位置,
和该参考帧(Fi)以及距该参考帧(Fi)一个间距出现的帧(Fi+d)被用于该检测集合(Dj),所述间距对应于所述系列数目的一个整数倍。
5.用于检测嵌入在一个信号(S)中的水印的一种设备(1),该设备(1)包括:
用于接收该信号(S)的装置;和用于将该信号(S)的多个帧({F1,F2,…})组合为一个用于一个检测事务的检测集合(Dj)的装置(10),
其特征在于,该装置(10)适用于使用至少一个不紧跟在另一帧(Fi)后的一个帧(Fi+d),其中另一帧(Fi)也用于该检测集合(Dj)。
6.一种用于记录和/或回放一个信号(S)的装置(2),包括用于接收该信号(S)的装置(2):
其特征在于,该装置(2)还包括一个如权利要求5所述的用于检测嵌入在该信号(S)中的一个水印的设备(24)。
7.用于监测一个广播信号(S)的系统,包括用于接收该信号(S)的装置:
其特征在于,该系统还包括一个如权利要求5所述的用于检测嵌入在该广播信号(S)中的一个水印的设备(24)。
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98200656 | 1998-03-04 | ||
EP98200656.1 | 1998-03-04 |
Publications (2)
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CN1269099A true CN1269099A (zh) | 2000-10-04 |
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CNB998006904A Expired - Lifetime CN1166187C (zh) | 1998-03-04 | 1999-03-02 | 水印检测方法和系统 |
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CNB998006904A Expired - Lifetime CN1166187C (zh) | 1998-03-04 | 1999-03-02 | 水印检测方法和系统 |
CNB998006548A Expired - Lifetime CN1227899C (zh) | 1998-03-04 | 1999-03-02 | 在信号中嵌入辅助数据的方法和装置 |
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