CN1235570C - 肠定向释药的微球制剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
肠定向释药的微球制剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种肠定向释药的微球制剂及其制备方法,模型药物主要包括多肽蛋白质,及任何需肠定向释放的药物。本发明采用两步法制备微球制剂,首先用天然高分子为载体,通过乳化共凝聚法或乳化冷冻法制备微球核,其次利用肠溶性高分子包衣材料、乳化剂和包衣增塑剂在不同pH缓冲液中溶解性的差异完成包衣过程。本发明制备方法操作简便,条件温和,完全避免有机溶剂、高温、有机交联剂的使用,有利于药物活性的保持。通过该方法制得的微球形态圆整,大小较均匀,包封率高,可实现多肽蛋白质药物的肠定向释放,对于其它在胃肠道中不稳定并需在肠部释放和吸收的药物同样适用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属医药技术领域,涉及一种微球制剂,尤其涉及含多肽蛋白质药物及任何需肠定向释放的药物的微球制剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
近年来生物技术开发的多肽蛋白质药物不断涌现,由于该类药物口服易受胃酸破坏、消化酶降解和黏膜通透性低的影响导致极低的生物利用度,因此目前临床用剂型主要为注射溶液剂和冻干粉针剂。但是口服给药具有用药方便、安全、患者易接受等优点,尤其适应长期频繁用药的激素替代治疗患者的需要。与传统口服片剂或胶囊剂相比,微球制剂可有效提高多肽蛋白质药物口服生物利用度。微球制剂的制备方法主要分为以下两类:第一类以疏水性合成高分子(乳酸或乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物1,2、聚氰基丙烯酸树酯3,4等)或肠溶性合成高分子(邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素5、聚丙烯酸树脂6,7,8等)为载体,将药物分散或乳化在聚合物有机溶液中,采用溶剂挥发法、相分离法、乳液共聚、界面聚合等方法制备微球,所得微球将保护药物免受胃酸和消化酶的破坏,但制备过程中使用的有机溶剂、高温将影响药物的生物活性;第二类将药物溶解于亲水性天然高分子(壳聚糖、海藻酸钠等)9-11的水溶液中,以共凝聚法制备微球,方法简便,有利于药物活性的保持,但在胃肠道转运过程中,药物容易在胃中扩散,并且胃肠液渗透入微球后胃酸和消化酶与药物接触而降低药物到达吸收部位的有效浓度。针对这一问题,Alonso等人12制备了一种壳聚糖/Eudragit L100核壳状微球用于小分子消炎药的肠部释放,但是在微球制备过程中仍然使用丙酮、乙醇、正己烷等有机溶剂,因此该法用于多肽蛋白质药物的微球制备仍显不足。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服上述现有技术存在的不足,提供一种制备工艺简单、制备条件温和、无需有机溶剂和高温处理的包封率高的可包含多肽蛋白质药物的肠定向释药微球制剂及其制备方法。
本发明微球制剂主要包括:模型药物、亲水性天然高分子、交联剂、乳化剂、包衣材料、包衣增塑剂、pH缓冲液,模型药物主要包括多肽蛋白质,及任何需肠定向释放的药物,多肽蛋白质主要包括牛血清白蛋白、肌红蛋白、胰岛素,需肠定向释放的药物主要包括多糖(荧光葡聚糖、肝素)、小分子水溶性药物(考马斯亮蓝)以及小分子水难溶性药物(吲哚美辛)等。亲水性天然高分子主要包括壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、明胶,在制剂中作为载体;交联剂主要包括氯化钙、柠檬酸钠、硫酸钠、三聚磷酸钠;乳化剂主要包括司盘80、十二烷基硫酸钠;包衣材料主要包括丙烯酸树脂II号、丙烯酸树脂III号;包衣增塑剂主要包括邻苯二甲酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸乙酯、邻苯二甲酸丁酯、癸二酸二乙酯、癸二酸二丙酯、癸二酸二丁酯。
本发明主要采用两步法制备微球制剂,首先是以亲水性天然高分子为载体,通过乳化共凝聚法或乳化冷冻固化法制备微球核;其次利用肠溶性高分子包衣材料、乳化剂和包衣增塑剂在不同pH缓冲液中溶解性的差异完成包衣过程。
本发明微球的制备方法主要由以下步骤实现:
(1)制备微球核:将模型药物溶解或分散在亲水性天然高分子载体的水溶液中,植物油中乳化,搅拌,调节体系温度为0-30℃,加入5-20ml多价离子交联剂,乳化冷冻固化法不加交联剂,继续搅拌,离心水洗,收集微球核;
(2)包衣:将一定量的微球核均匀分散在温度为0-25℃含pH7.0-8.0的pH缓冲液、2-5%包衣材料、0.1%乳化剂和0.3-1.0%包衣增塑剂中,混匀,将此混悬液缓慢滴加到温度为0-25℃,pH6.0-6.5的pH缓冲液中,搅拌,用稀醋酸调节pH3-4,继续搅拌,离心分离,蒸馏水洗,室温下抽真空干燥,即得本发明微球制剂。
本发明的技术特点:是用一种独特的两步法制备了含多肽蛋白质药物的肠定向释药微球制剂,整个制备方法操作简便,条件温和,完全避免有机溶剂、高温、有机交联剂的使用,有利于药物活性的保持。通过本方法制得的微球形态圆整,大小较均匀,粒径为1~40μm,包封率达到80%以上,在人工胃液中药物不释放,释放介质pH≥5.0或≥6.0或≥7.0时药物释放,且药物释放速度受微球制备条件(微球核基质性质,包衣量,搅拌器转速等)调控,可实现多肽蛋白质药物的肠定向释放,对于其它在胃肠道中不稳定并需在肠部释放和吸收的药物同样适用。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1:
5ml2.5%海藻酸钠水溶液(含10%考马斯亮蓝)乳化于20℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,0.5h后,加入10ml5%氯化钙,继续搅拌2.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在2.5ml25℃pH7.0磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含5%丙烯酸树脂II号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.5%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到25℃pH6.0磷酸缓冲液,搅拌1h,用稀醋酸调节pH3.5,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球10-25μm,药物包封率超过90%,释放介质pH<5.0药物不释放,pH5.0、6.0、7.4时药物2小时累计释放百分比分别为18%、87%、100%。
实施例2:
5ml2.5%海藻酸钠水溶液(含5%肝素)乳化于植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,0.5h后,调节温度10℃,加入10ml10%氯化钙,继续搅拌1.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在2.5ml20℃ pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含5%丙烯酸树脂III号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.3%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到25℃pH6.5磷酸缓冲液,搅拌1h,用稀醋酸调节pH3.0,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球8-25μm,药物包封率超过95%,释放介质pH<7.0药物不释放,pH7.4时药物2小时累计释放百分比为92%。
实施例3:
5ml2%海藻酸钠水溶液(含10%胰岛素)乳化于植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,0.5h后,调节温度10℃,加入10ml10%氯化钙,继续搅拌2.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在2.5ml20℃pH7.6硼酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含5%丙烯酸树脂III号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.8%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到25℃pH6.5硼酸缓冲液,搅拌1h,用稀醋酸调节pH3.5,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球10-22μm,药物包封率超过95%,释放介质pH<7.0药物不释放,pH7.4时药物2小时累计释放百分比为100%。
实施例4:
5ml2.5%海藻酸钠水溶液(含15%荧光葡聚糖)乳化于25℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为1000rpm,1h后,调节温度5℃,加入10ml10%氯化钙,继续搅拌2.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。用5ml5%丙烯酸树脂II号按实施例1包衣步骤操作,离心干燥。制得微球2-15μm,药物包封率超过92%,释放介质pH<5.0药物不释放,pH5.0、6.0、7.4时药物2小时累计释放百分比分别为3%、98%、96%。
实施例5:
4%壳聚糖水溶液(含10%牛血清白蛋白)乳化于5℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,1h后,加入10ml3%三聚磷酸钠,继续搅拌2.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在2.5ml25℃pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含3%丙烯酸树脂II号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.5%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到15℃pH6.0磷酸缓冲液,搅拌1h,用稀醋酸调节pH4.0,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球15-40μm,药物包封率超过90%,释放介质pH<5.0药物不释放,pH5.0、6.0、7.4时药物20小时累计释放百分比分别为15%、42%、55%。
实施列6:
5ml4%壳聚糖水溶液(含10%考马斯亮蓝)乳化于植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,0.5h后,调节温度5℃,加入10ml3%柠檬酸钠,继续搅拌2.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。用2.5ml5%丙烯酸树脂II号按实施例1包衣步骤操作,离心干燥。制得微球10-30μm,药物包封率超过80%,释放介质pH<5.0药物不释放,pH5.0、6.0、7.4时药物20小时累计释放百分比分别为3%、38%、53%。
实施例7:
4%壳聚糖水溶液(含10%肌红蛋白)乳化于20℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,1h后,加入10ml3%硫酸钠,继续搅拌2.0h,离心水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在5ml25℃pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含3%丙烯酸树脂III号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.5%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到5℃pH6.0磷酸缓冲液,搅拌1h,用稀醋酸调节pH4.0,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球5-30μm,药物包封率超过90%,释放介质pH<6.5药物不释放,pH6.5、7.4时药物20小时累计释放百分比分别为8%、51%。
实施例8:
5ml4%明胶水溶液(含10%肌红蛋白)乳化于30℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为1000rpm,0.5h后,调节体系温度8℃,继续搅拌0.5h,离心用冰水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在5ml0℃pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含5%丙烯酸树脂III号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.4%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到0℃pH6.5磷酸缓冲液,搅拌0.5h,用稀醋酸调节pH3.5,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球6-20μm,药物包封率超过85%,释放介质pH<7.0药物不释放,pH7.4时药物0.5小时累计释放百分比达100%。
实施例9:
5ml5%明胶水溶液(含10%考马斯亮蓝)乳化于30℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,0.5h后,调节体系温度4℃,继续搅拌0.5h,离心用冰水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在2.5ml4℃pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含5%丙烯酸树脂II号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.3%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到4℃pH6.0磷酸缓冲液,搅拌1h,用稀醋酸调节pH3.2,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球10-36μm,药物包封率超过83%,释放介质pH<5.0药物不释放,pH5.0、6.0、7.4时药物2小时累计释放百分比分别为28%、100%、100%。
实施例10:
10%引哚美辛均匀分散在5ml3%明胶水溶液中,乳化于25℃植物油中,搅拌器转速为500rpm,1.0h后,调节体系温度0℃,继续搅拌0.5h,离心用冰水洗,收集微球核。将微球核均匀分散在5ml0℃pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中,缓冲液含5%丙烯酸树脂III号、0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠和0.3%包衣增塑剂。将此混悬液缓慢滴加到0℃pH6.0磷酸缓冲液,搅拌0.5h,用稀醋酸调节pH3.5,继续搅拌1h,离心分离干燥。制得微球5-28μm,药物包封率超过95%,释放介质pH<7.0药物不释放,pH7.4时药物1小时累计释放百分比达100%。
本发明涉及的部分参考文献:
1.张志清,康英等,聚乳酸纳米粒给药系统研究进展,中国医院药学杂志,2002,22(9):555-557
2.任建敏,王缚鲲等。聚乙二醇改性聚乳酸幽门螺杆菌微球疫苗的制备与体外控释,中国生物制品学杂志,2001,14(3):143-145
3.Ramtoola Z;Clarke N;et al.Insulin-loaded polyalkylcyanoacrylatenanoparticles:preparation and investigation of bioactivity by parenteral and oraladministration,1997,46(1-2):191
4.张强,丁继军。口服胰岛素毫微球的体外释药及对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用,药学学报,1998,33(2):152-156
5.张海松,陈阳述等。口服胸腺肽微球的研究,中国药房,1999,10(2):58-59
6.陈小平。口服蛋白酶抑制剂的胰岛素微球及其降血糖作用,国外医学药学分册,1993,20(1):46-47
7.刘敏,杨继虞。胰岛素肠溶口服的实验研究,中国生化药物杂志,2000,21(5):227-229
8.王正梅,李新松等。口服胰岛素缓释微球的制备,东南大学学报:自然科学版,2002,32(3):371-373
9.Win P P;Shin-ya Y;et al.Formulation and characterization of pH sensitive drug carrier basedon p hosphorylated chitosan(PCS),Carbohydrate Polymers,2003,53(3):305-310
10.Kikuchi A;Kawabuchi M1;Watanabe A;et at.Effect of Ca2+-alginate geldissolution on release of dextran with different molecular weights,Journal ofControlled Release,1999,58(1):21-28
11.曹海辉,王亦农等。肽类药物口服剂型材料及控制释放性能研究(II含有添加剂的壳聚糖-海藻酸盐微囊对胰岛素的控释作用),离子交换与吸附,1999,15(6):496-503
12.Lorenzo-Lamosa M L;Remunan-Lopez C;et al.Design of microencapsulatedchitosan microspheres for colonic drug delivery,Journal of Controlled Release,1998,52:109-118
在本发明提及的所有文献都在本申请中引用作为参考,就如同每一篇文献被单独引用作为参考那样。无需进一步详细阐述,相信采用前面所公开的内容,本领域技术人员可最大限度地应用,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。此外,前面的优选具体实施方案应被理解为仅是举例说明,而非以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
Claims (4)
1.肠定向释药的微球制剂,由模型药物、亲水性天然高分子、交联剂、乳化剂、包衣材料、包衣增塑剂、pH缓冲剂组成,其特征是:模型药物选用多肽蛋白质,或需肠定向释放的药物,亲水性天然高分子选用壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、明胶、琼脂,交联剂选用氯化钙、柠檬酸钠、硫酸钠、三聚磷酸钠,乳化剂选用司盘80、十二烷基硫酸钠,包衣材料选用丙烯酸树脂II号、丙烯酸树脂III号,包衣增塑剂选用邻苯二甲酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸乙酯、邻苯二甲酸丁酯、癸二酸二乙酯、癸二酸二丙酯、癸二酸二丁酯,pH6.0-6.5和pH7.0-8.0的缓冲剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肠定向释药的微球制剂,其特征是:多肽蛋白质选用牛血清白蛋白、肌红蛋白、胰岛素中任一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的肠定向释药的微球制剂,其特征是:需肠定向释放的药物选用多糖、小分子水溶性药物或小分子水难溶性药物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的肠定向释药的微球制剂的制备方法,其特征是由以下步骤实现:
(1)制备微球核:将模型药物溶解或分散在亲水性天然高分子载体的水溶液中,植物油中乳化,搅拌,调节体系温度为0-30℃,加入5-20ml多价离子交联剂,乳化冷冻固化法不加交联剂,继续搅拌,离心水洗,收集微球核;
(2)包衣:将一定量的微球核均匀分散在含0-25℃pH7.0-8.0的pH缓冲液、2-5%包衣材料、0.1%乳化剂和0.3-1.0%包衣增塑剂中,混匀,将此混悬液缓慢滴加到0-25℃pH6.0-6.5的缓冲液中,搅拌,用稀醋酸调节pH3-4,继续搅拌,离心分离,蒸馏水洗,室温下抽真空干燥,即得本发明微球制剂。
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