CN1217759A - 具有良好顺应性的非织造织物层压品 - Google Patents

具有良好顺应性的非织造织物层压品 Download PDF

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CN1217759A
CN1217759A CN97194426A CN97194426A CN1217759A CN 1217759 A CN1217759 A CN 1217759A CN 97194426 A CN97194426 A CN 97194426A CN 97194426 A CN97194426 A CN 97194426A CN 1217759 A CN1217759 A CN 1217759A
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layer
fabric
deck
fiber
laminate
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CN1087367C (zh
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J·S·舒尔茨
S·E·肖维尔
L·W·科利尔四世
P·W·埃斯特
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
Kimberly Clark Corp
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/04Macromolecular materials
    • A61L31/048Macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/04Macromolecular materials
    • A61L31/06Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/08Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer the fibres or filaments of a layer being of different substances, e.g. conjugate fibres, mixture of different fibres
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    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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    • C08L23/08Copolymers of ethene
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    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
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    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/559Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving the fibres being within layered webs
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/56Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving in association with fibre formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion of staple fibres
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H13/00Other non-woven fabrics
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04HMAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
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    • B32B2555/02Diapers or napkins
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    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T442/608Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
    • Y10T442/614Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
    • Y10T442/621Including other strand or fiber material in a different layer not specified as having microdimensions
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659Including an additional nonwoven fabric
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  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
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  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

提供一种层压品,其中包含至少一层熔喷弹性纤维层,在该层的任一侧上粘合了一层平均直径大于7微米的柔性非弹性纤维层。该层压品的悬垂硬挺性小于用一层熔喷非弹性纤维层代替该熔喷弹性纤维层的类似织物的悬垂硬挺性的一半。

Description

具有良好顺应性的非织造织物层压品
发明背景
本发明涉及用于服装、个人护理用品和感染控制用品的非织造织物。
在穿着物品如长袍的情况下,柔软性、悬垂性和顺应性是重要的考虑因素。柔软性,至少对着穿着者一侧的柔软性对于避免刺激皮肤是一个重要的考虑因素。对于较长时间使用来说,例如在可能一穿就是数小时的外科手术长大褂的情况下,柔软性就变得更为有益了。顺应性是指织物本身适应其所覆盖的物体的形状的程度。例如,高度顺应性的织物能使其本身很好地适应穿着者的体形,因此不会感到僵硬。当然,在设计服装时,必须避免使用僵硬的织物。织物顺应性的一种度量是悬垂硬挺性。
这些用途的织物还必须具备拉伸能力及从这种拉伸或变形状态回复过来的能力,而且还必须能够透气,以致不会抑制皮肤的舒适。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种可用于服装和感染控制用品的非织造织物,这种织物可透气,同时具有柔软性、悬垂性及顺应性。
发明概述
本发明的目的是通过一种层压品来达到的,所述层压品中有至少一层熔喷弹性纤维,粘结在平均直径大于7微米的柔性非弹性纤维层的任何一侧上。如此制成的织物的悬垂硬挺性小于由熔喷非弹性纤维层代替该熔喷弹性纤维层而制得的类似织物的悬垂硬挺性的一半。所述柔性纤维可由聚乙烯和聚丙烯制造,且可以是共轭并列型、皮芯型、天星状或其它构型。
定义
这里使用的“非织造织物或纤维网”这一术语,系指一种有相互交织但不像针织织物中那样以一种可识别方式交织的个体纤维或线的结构的纤维网。非织造织物或纤维网已经从很多工艺例如熔喷工艺、纺粘工艺、粘合梳理纤维网工艺形成。非织造织物的定量(单位重量)通常用每平方码材料的盎司数(osy)或每平方米的克数(gsm)表示,而有用的纤维直径通常用微米表示。(注意,osy乘以33.91,即可从osy换算成gsm)。
这里使用的“微纤维”这一术语,系指平均直径不大于约75微米、例如平均直径为约0.5微米~约50微米的小直径纤维,或更具体地说,微纤维的平均直径可为约2微米~约40微米。另一种经常使用的纤维直径表示法是旦,这定义为一根纤维每9000米的克数,而且可以按纤维直径(微米)平方乘以密度(克/立方厘米)再乘以0.00707计算。旦数越低表明纤维越细,旦数越高表明纤维越粗或越重。例如,已知为15微米的聚丙烯纤维直径可以通过平方、将结果乘以0.89克/立方厘米再乘以0.00707而换算成旦。因此,15微米聚丙烯纤维的旦数为约1.42(152×0.89×0.00707=1.415)。在美国以外,测量单位更常见的是“特”(tex),其定义为每千米纤维的克数,可以按旦数/9来计算。
这里使用的“弹性”这一术语,当涉及纤维或织物时,系指这样的一种材料,即当施加一个附加力时,该材料可被拉伸到一个拉伸后的附加长度,该长度至少是其松弛、未拉伸长度的约150%,或1.5倍。而且当解除拉伸附加力时,该材料将回复其伸长的至少50%。弹性材料也称为“弹性体”,且有时称为“塑性体”。非弹性材料是指不符合“弹性”这一定义的材料。
这里使用的“回复”这一术语,是指当材料由于施加附加力而被拉伸之后取消该附加力时,被拉伸后的材料的收缩。例如,假若松弛无附加长度为1英寸的材料,通过拉伸至1.5英寸长而伸长50%,则该材料的拉伸长度为其松弛长度的150%。如果在解除附加拉伸力后,该举例说明的拉伸材料发生收缩,并回复到1.1英寸长,则该材料回复了其伸长的80%(0.4英寸)。
通常,“拉伸粘合”系指一种弹性组分在该弹性组分延伸时与另一种组分粘合。“拉伸粘合层压品”或SBL通常系指一种有至少两层的复合材料,其中一层是可打褶裥层(gatherable layer),另一层是弹性层。这两层在该弹性层处于延伸状态时接合在一起,使得在松弛时能将可打褶裥层打褶裥。这样的多层复合弹性材料可以拉伸到粘合位置之间打褶裥的非弹性材料能够伸长的程度。例如,Vander Wielen等人的美国专利4,720,415公开了多层复合弹性材料的一种类型,其全文列为本文参考文献,且其中使用了从一排挤出机产生的多层同种聚合物。其它复合弹性材料公开于美国专利4,789,699(Kieffer等人)、美国专利4,781,966(Taylor)、美国专利4,657,802和4,652,487(Morman)以及4,655,760和4,692,371(Morman等人)。
通常,“颈粘合”系指在非弹性组分伸展或颈缩时使弹性组分粘合到该非弹性组分上。“颈粘合层压品”或NBL通常系指一种有至少两层的复合材料,其中一层是颈缩的非弹性层而另一层是弹性层。这两层是在该非弹性层处于伸展状态时合在一起的。颈粘合层压品的实例是诸如Morman的美国专利5,226,992、4,981,747、4,965,122和5,336,545中描述的那些。
这里使用的“纺粘纤维”这一术语系指通过使熔融热缩性材料从喷丝板的多个细小、通常圆的毛细管挤出成为单丝然后使所挤出单丝的直径迅速缩小而形成的小直径纤维,例如,可参阅Appel等人的美国专利No.4,340,563,Dorschner等人的美国专利No.3,692,618,Matsuki等人的美国专利No.3,802,817,Kinney的美国专利Nos.3,338,992和3,341,394,Hartman的美国专利No.3,502,763,Levy的美国专利3,502,538,和Dobo等人的美国专利No.3,542,615。纺粘纤维一般在它们沉积到收集表面上时是不粘的。纺粘纤维是微纤维,它们一般是连续的,且平均直径(样品规模为至少10个)大于7微米,更具体地说,是在约10微米与30微米之间。
这里使用的“熔喷法纤维”这一术语,系指通过使一种熔融热塑性材料经由多个细小、通常圆的模具毛细管挤出,成为熔融线或单丝,进入集束高速气体(如空气)流中,使熔融热塑性材料的单丝变细以缩小其直径,也许要缩小到微纤维直径这样形成的纤维。然后,这些熔喷法纤维由该高速气流携带并沉积在一个收集表面上,形成一种无规分配熔喷法纤维的纤维网。这样一种工艺公开于例如Buntin的美国专利No.3,849,241中。熔喷法纤维是微纤维,它们可以是连续的也可以是不连续的,平均直径一般小于10微米,而且当沉积到收集表面上时一般是粘的。
纺粘织物和熔喷法织物可以组合成“SMS层压品”,其中各层有的是纺粘的而有的是熔喷的,例如,Brock等人的美国专利No.4,041,203、Collier等人的美国专利No.5,169,706和Bornslaeger的美国专利No.4,374,888中公开的纺粘/熔喷/纺粘(SMS)层压品。这样的层压品可以通过在一条移动成形带上按顺序先沉积一层纺粘织物层、然后沉积一层熔喷法织物层、最后沉积另一层纺粘层、然后用以下所述的一种方式使该层压品粘结来制作。替而代之的是,这些织物层可以个别地制作,收集成卷,并在一个单独的粘结步骤中组合。这样的织物的定量通常为约0.1~12 osy(6~400 gsm),尤其是约0.75~约3 osy。
这里使用的“聚合物”这一术语。一般包括但不限于均聚物,共聚物例如嵌段、接枝、无规和交替共聚,三元共聚物等,以及其共混物和改性物。此外,除非另有专门限制,否则“聚合物”这一术语要包括该材料的一切可能几何构型。这些构型包括但不限于全同立构、间同立构和无规对称。
这里使用的“共轭纤维”这一术语系指从各自独立的挤出机挤出的至少两种聚合物形成但纺在一起而形成一种纤维的纤维。共轭纤维有时也称为多组分或双组分纤维。这些聚合物通常是彼此不同的,尽管共轭纤维可以是单组分纤维。这些聚合物在该共轭纤维的横截面上排布于有基本上恒定位置的独特区域中,而且沿该共轭纤维的长度连续延伸。这样一种共轭纤维的构型可以是,例如,皮芯排布,其中一种聚合物被另一种聚合物所包围,也可以是并列排布、馅饼式(pie)排布或“天星状”排布。共轭纤维公开于Kaneko等人的美国专利No.5,108,820、Strack等人的美国专利5,336,552和Pike等人的美国专利5,382,400中。对于双组分纤维来说,这些聚合物可以以75/25、50/50、25/75的比例或任何其它所希望的比例存在。
这里使用的“热点粘合”包括使一种要粘合的织物或纤维网从一个热轧光辊与一个砧辊之间通过。该轧光辊通常(尽管并非总是)刻有某种图案,从而使整个织物不会在其整个表面上粘合。结果,为了功能上以及美学上的理由,已经开发了各种轧光辊图案。图案的一个实例有许多点,而且是像Hansen和Pennings的美国专利3,855,046中公开的那种Hansen Pennings或“H&P”图案,有约30%粘合面积且约200个粘合点/平方英寸。这种H&P图案有方点或针粘合区,其中每针的边长为0.038英寸(0.965mm),针与针之间的间隔为0.070英寸(1.778mm),粘合深度为0.023英寸(0.584mm)。所形成图案的粘合区约占29.5%。另一种典型的点粘合图案是扩大的Hansen和Pennings或“EHP”粘合图案,它产生15%粘合面积,方针的边长为0.037英寸(0.94mm),针间距为0.097英寸(2.464mm),深度为0.039英寸(0.991mm)。另一种取名为“714”的典型点粘合图案有方针粘合区,其中每针的边长为0.023英寸,针间距为0.062英寸(1.575mm),且粘合深度为0.033英寸(0.838mm)。所形成图案的粘合区约占15%。还有另一种常见图案是C-星形图案,其粘合面积约占16.9%。C-星形图案有交叉方向条纹或被流星打断的“灯芯绒”设计。其它常见图案包括一种有重复和稍微偏斜菱形的菱形图案,和一种金属丝编织图案,顾名思义,看上去就像窗纱一样。典型地说,粘合面积百分率从织物层压品纤维网面积的约10%到约30%不等。如同技术上众所周知的,这种点粘合能把层压品各层固定在一起,也能通过粘合每层内的单丝和/或纤维而赋予每一层以完整性。
这里使用的穿透空气(透气)粘合或“TAB”是指非织造双组分纤维的一种粘合工艺,其中热度足以使制造纤维网的纤维的两种聚合物中的一种熔融的热空气被强制通过该纤维网。空气速度在100-500英尺/分钟之间,停留时间可以长达6秒。聚合物的熔融和再固化就提供了这种粘合作用。穿透空气粘合限制了可变性。且由于穿透空气粘合TAB要求使至少一个组分熔融,才能完成粘合,所以这种粘合工艺只限用于含有两个组分的纤维网,如共轭纤维或含有粘合剂的纤维。在穿透空气粘合机中,温度高于一个组分的熔点而低于另一组分的熔点的空气从风柜导出,通过纤维网,进入支承该纤维网的多孔滚筒。另一种可供选择的方法是,穿透空气粘合机可以是一种扁平设备,其中空气垂直向下导入纤维网中。这两种结构的操作条件相似,主要的区别是粘合过程中纤维网的几何形状不同,热空气使熔点较低的聚合物组分熔融,从而在丝之间形成粘合,使纤维网成为整体。
这里使用的“个人护理用品”这一术语,系指尿布、训练(婴幼儿便溺用)裤、吸收性衬裤、成人失禁用品和妇女卫生用品。这类产品通常包括外覆盖层和内吸收剂层。
这里所用的“服装”这一术语,系指可以穿戴的任何类型的非医用衣服。这包括工业工作服和衣裤相连的工作服,内衣、裤子、衬衫、夹克衫、手套、袜子等。
这里使用的“感染控制用品”这一术语,系指面向医疗的物品,例如外科手术用大褂和布帘、面罩、头盖如向外鼓起的帽子、外科手术帽和头罩,脚上穿戴用品如鞋盖、靴盖和拖鞋,伤口包扎用品、绷带、灭菌包、抹布、服装如实验室外衣、罩衣、围裙和夹克,患者床上用品,担架和小孩睡床盖单等。
测试方法
水压头(Hydrohead):织物的液体抗渗性能的一种量度是水压头测试。水压头测试测定该织物在预定量液体透过之前能抵御的水压(毫巴)。水压头读数越高的织物表明它对液体渗透的抗性大于水压头较低的织物。水压头测试是按照联邦测试标准No.191A方法5514进行的。
悬垂性:悬垂硬挺性试验有时也称为悬臂弯曲试验。该试验利用织物在其自重作用下的悬臂弯曲原理来测定该织物的弯曲长度。弯曲长度是织物重量与织物硬挺性之间相互作用的一种度量。使1英寸(2.45cm)×8英寸(20.3cm)的布条以4.75英寸/分钟(12cm/分钟)的速度沿着平行于其长度的方向滑动,使得其前头边缘从一个水平表面的缘边突出。当试样端部在其自重作用下而弯下达到该织物端部与该平台边缘的连线与水平方向成41.5度时,测定伸出的长度。伸出越长,试样弯曲就越慢,表明织物较硬挺。悬垂硬挺性按0.5×弯曲长度计算。每种织物必须取5个试样。除该织物长度不同(较长)外,该试验程序符合ASTM标准试验D-1388。所用试验设备是CantileveBending(悬臂弯曲)试验仪,型号79-10,可从Testing Machines公司(400 Bayview Ave.,Amityville,纽约州11701)购得,与多数试验一样,测试之前样品必须按ASTM标准,在65±2%的相对湿度和72±2°F(22±1℃)的条件下,或按TAPPI标准,在50±2%的相对湿度和72±1.8°F的条件下进行平衡。
马伦式织物顶破试验:本试验测量织物在经受水压时的耐顶破性。顶破强力定义为用一个通过橡胶膜片以垂直角度施加到织物平面上的力使该织物扩张,达到该织物破裂所需的静水压。该方法能测量高达0.6mm厚、顶破强力高达约200磅/平方英寸的产品的顶破强力。压力是通过把一种液体(甘油)以95±5ml/分钟的速率强制压入到一个小室中而产生的。将试样固定在环形夹具之间,然后使其经受以受控速率不断增加的压力,直至试样破裂为止。顶破强力以磅表示。本试验程序符合TAPPI官方标准T-403 OS-76,所不同的是试样尺寸为5英寸(12.6cm)见方,且测试了10个试样。所用试验设备是一种马达驱动的马伦式织物顶破强力试验仪,购自B.G.Perkins & Son公司(G.P.O.366,Chicopee,马里兰州01021)或Testing Machines公司(400 Bayview Ave.,Amityville,纽约州11701)。试验之前,样品必须按ASTM标准,在65±2%的相对湿度和72±2°F(22±1℃)的条件下,或按TAPPI标准,在50±2%的相对湿度和72±1.8°F的条件下进行平衡。
压杯试验(Cup Crush):非织造织物的柔软性可按照“压杯”试验来测定。压杯试验通过测定用一个直径为4.5cm的半球形底脚来压碎一个由23cm×23cm的织物片形成的大约直径6.5cm,高6.5cm的倒置杯子所需的峰值载荷(也称“压杯载荷”或只称“压杯”)来评价织物的硬挺性,测量时杯形织物用直径约6.5cm的园筒围住,以维持该杯形织物的均匀变形。取10个读数的平均值,底脚和杯子要对准,以避免杯壁与底脚接触,因为这种接触会影响读数。当底脚以约0.25英寸/秒(380mm/分钟)的速率落下时测定该峰值,并用克表示。压杯试验也得出一个压碎试样所需的总能量(“压杯能”)值,它是从试验开始到峰值载荷点的能量,即在由一个座标轴上以克表示的载荷和另一个座标轴上以毫米表示的底脚经过的距离形成的曲线以下的面积。因此压杯能以克-毫米报告。较低的压杯值代表较柔软的层压品。测量压杯的适用仪器是FTD-G-500型载荷传感器(500克范围),可购自Schaevitz公司,Pennsauken,新译西州。
本发明的详细说明
热塑性聚合物可用于生产个人护理用品、感染控制用品、服装、防护性覆盖物等各种产品中使用的薄膜、纤维和纤维网。
大褂用材料必须有良好的强度、耐用性和抗穿刺性。人们通常也希望的是这种材料必须是薄的,以便保留最少的热量,并较好地符合易于增加舒适性的目的。过去一直通过各种局部处理和/或机械方法来研究增加柔软性、顺应性和舒适性的方法,例如Fitting等人的美国专利5,413,811所讨论的方法,该方法是采用化学和机械的方法来增加柔软性的。在Fitting的专利中也讨论了洗涤软化工艺和其它柔化工艺。
本发明者们发现,在层压品内部采用弹性熔喷织物可以令人惊奇地生产出具有较低悬垂硬挺性值,从而具有较好的顺应性和舒适性的由纺粘和熔喷织物构成的层压品。尽管人们会预期用有弹性的内部熔喷层代替无弹性的内部熔喷层对于外部织物感觉特性几乎没有影响,但情况并非如此。即使总的织物的没有弹性的,内部的弹性熔喷层也能使悬垂硬挺性显著地降低。这看起来好象与所用弹性熔喷织物的类型无关。
织物的抗渗性可以用水压头试验测定。这种试验确定该织物在预定量液体通过之前能支持的水的高度(毫巴)。水压头读数较高的织物表明它比水压头较低的织物有更大的液体渗透抗性。一种材料的水压头数值将受到这样一些因素影响,如纤维的纤度,纤维越细产生能透过液体的孔就越小,和纤维的疏水性。本发明者们相信,具有水压头数值至少10毫巴的材料在感染控制应用中是需要的。
织物强度可通过马伦式织物顶破强力试验测定。
织物的顺应性可通过悬垂硬挺性试验,或简单说悬垂性试验测定。该试验可以测定织物在弯曲前可以伸出平台边缘多远。读数越低,顺应性就越好,因而织物在穿着者身上将会更加舒适。
可用于实施本发明的高弹体热塑性聚合物可以是从嵌段共聚物如聚氨酯、共聚酯、聚酰胺聚醚嵌段共聚物、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、通式为A-B-A′或A-B的嵌段共聚物如共聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯)、苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯、苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丁烯)苯乙烯、(聚苯乙烯/聚(乙烯-丁烯)/聚苯乙烯、聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯/苯乙烯)等制成的那些。
有用的高弹体树脂,包括通式A-B-A′或A-B的嵌段共聚物,其中A和A′每个都是一个含有苯乙烯片断的热塑性聚合物末端嵌段,如聚(乙烯基芳烃),而其中B是一个高弹体聚合物中部嵌段,如共轭双烯或低级烯烃聚合物。A-B-A′型嵌段共聚物可以有不同或相同的热塑性嵌段聚合物用于A和A′嵌段,而且本嵌段共聚物有意涵盖线型、枝化和径向的嵌段共聚物。在这一方面,径向嵌段共聚物可以指定为(A-B)m-X,其中X是多官能原子或分子,且其中每个(A-B)m-都是以一种A为末端嵌段的方式从X辐射出去。在径向嵌段共聚物中,X可以是一个有机或无机多官能原子或分子,而m是一个整数,其数值与原来存在于X中的官能团相同。它通常是至少3,且往往是4或5,但不限于此。因此,在本发明中,“嵌段共聚物”、尤其“A-B-A′”和“A-B”嵌段共聚物这一表达,旨在涵盖如以上所讨论的、有这样的橡胶样嵌段和热塑性嵌段的所有嵌段共聚物,它们是可以挤出的(例如用熔喷法),而且对嵌段数目没有限制。高弹体非织造纤维网可以从诸如高弹体(聚苯乙烯/聚(乙烯-丁烯)/聚苯乙烯)嵌段共聚物形成。这样的高弹体共聚物的商业实例是,例如,可购自美国得克萨斯州休斯敦壳牌化学公司的、称为KRATON材料的那些。KRATON嵌段共聚物可以以若干种不同配方购买,其中许多是在列为本文参考文献的美国专利4,663,220和5,304,599中确认的。
由高弹体A-B-A-B四嵌段共聚物组成的聚合物也可以用来实施本发明。这样的聚合物在Taylor等人的美国专利5,332,613中有讨论。在这样的聚合物中,A是一种热塑性聚合物嵌段,而B是一种异戊二烯单体单元,它已被加氢而实质上成为一种聚(乙烯-丙烯)单体单元。这样一种四嵌段共聚物的一个实例是一种苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)或SEPSEP高弹体嵌段共聚物,可购自美国得克萨斯州休斯敦壳牌化学公司,作为KRATON聚合物族的一部分。
可以使用的其它示例性高弹体材料包括聚氨酯高弹体材料,例如,可在商品名ESTANE下购自B.F.Goodrich & Co.或在商品名MORTHANE下购自Morton Thiokol Corp.的那些,聚酯高弹体材料,例如,可在商品名HYTREL下购自E.I.DuPont DeNemous & Company的那些,和称为ARNITEL、以前可购自AkzoPlastics of Arnhem(荷兰)而目前可购自DSM of Sittard(荷兰)的那些。
另一种适用材料是一种下式所示的聚酯嵌段酰胺共聚物:
Figure A9719442600121
式中,n是一个正整数,PA代表聚酰胺聚合物链段,PE代表聚醚聚合物链段。具体地说,这种聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物的熔点按照ASTM D-789测定时为约150℃~约170℃;其熔体指数按照ASTM D-1238条件Q(235℃/1 kg负荷)测定时为约6克/10分钟~约25克/10分钟;其弯曲弹性模量按照ASTM D-790测定时为约20 Mpa~约200Mpa;其断裂抗张强度按照ASTM D-638测定时为约29 Mpa~约33Mpa,而最终断裂伸长按照ASTM D-638测定时为约500%~约700%。聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物的一个特定实施方案为:其熔点按照ASTM D-789测定时为约152℃;其熔体指数按照ASTM D-1238条件Q(235℃/1 kg负荷)测定时为约7克/10分钟;其弯曲弹性模量按照ASTM D-790测定时为约29.50 Mpa;断裂抗张强度按照ASTM D-639测定时为约29 Mpa;断裂伸长按照ASTM D-638测定时为约650%。这样的材料可以各种不同等级在商品名PEBAX下购自美国新泽西州格伦洛克市Atochem公司聚合物分公司(RILSAN)。此类聚合物的用途实例可参阅列为本文参考文献的、Killian等人的和让受给与本发明同一受让人的美国专利4,724,184、4,820,572和4,923,742。
高弹体聚合物也包括乙烯和至少一种乙烯基单体例如乙酸乙烯酯、不饱和脂族单羧酸以及此类单羧酸的酯的共聚物。高弹体共聚物和从这些高弹体共聚形成高弹体非织造纤维网的方法,已公开于诸如美国专利No.4,803,117中。
热塑性共聚酯高弹体包括如下通式所示的共聚醚酯:
Figure A9719442600131
式中,“G”选自聚(氧亚乙基)-α,ω-二醇、聚(氧亚丙基)-α,ω-二醇、聚(氧-1,4-亚丁基)-α,ω-二醇组成的一组,“a”和“b”是包括2、4和6的正整数,“m”和“n”是包括1~20的正整数。这样的材料,其断裂伸长当按照ASTM D-638测定时一般为约600%~750%,其熔点当按照ASTM D-2117测定时一般为约350°F~约400°F(176~205℃)。
此类共聚酯材料的商业性实例是,例如,称为ARNITEL、以前可购自Akzo Plastics of Arnhem(荷兰)而现在可购自DSM ofSittard(荷兰)的那些,或称为HYTREL、可购自美国特拉华州威尔明顿市E.I.duPont de Nemours的那些。从聚酯高弹体材料形成高弹体非织造纤维网的方法,公开于诸如Morman等人的美国专利No.4,741,949和Boggs的美国专利4,707,398中,这些专利列为本文参考文献。
以上提到的聚合物一般局限于熔喷法应用,尽管本发明者等人在使其中一些聚合物纺粘方面已经取得某种成功。因此,本发明者等人预期这些材料既可用于纺粘也可用于熔喷。
最近,这些材料又增加了一类新聚合物,这类聚合物当制成织物时有优异的抗渗性、透气性、弹性和令人愉快的手感。这类新聚合物称为“茂金属”聚合物,或是按照茂金属工艺生产的。已经开发了一些可以用熔喷法或纺粘法加工的茂金属聚合物。
茂金属工艺一般使用茂金属催化剂,后者是用一种助催化剂活化即离子化的。茂金属催化剂包括二氯化二(正丁基环戊二烯基)钛、二氯化二(正丁基环戊二烯基)锆、氯化二(环戊二烯基)钪、二氯化二(茚基)锆、二氯化二(甲基环戊二烯基)钛、二氯化二(甲基环戊二烯基)锆、二茂钴、三氯化环戊二烯基钛、二茂铁、二氯化二茂铪、二氯化异丙基(环戊二烯基-1-芴基)锆、二氯化二茂钼、二茂镍、二氯化二茂铌、二茂钌、二氯化二茂钛、氢·氯化二茂锆、二氯化二茂锆,及其它。一份更详尽的此类化合物清单包含在Rosen等人发明并转让给道化学公司的美国专利5,374,696中。这样的化合物在Stevens等人发明而且也转让给道化学公司的美国专利5,064,802中也有讨论。
茂金属工艺,以及尤其是催化剂和催化剂载体系统,是许多专利的主题。Kaminsky等人的美国专利4,542,199描述了一种程序,其中,向甲苯中添加甲基铝氧烷(MAO),再添加通式(环戊二烯基)2MeRHal的茂金属催化剂,式中Me是一种过渡金属、Hal是一种卤素、R是环戊二烯基或C1-C6烷基或卤素,然后添加乙烯,以期生成聚乙烯。LaPointe等人发明并转让给道化学公司的美国专利5,189,192描述了一种通过金属中心氧化制备加成聚合催化剂的工艺。埃克森(Exxon)化学专利公司的美国专利5,352,749描述了一种在流态床中使单体聚合的方法。美国专利5,349,100描述了手性茂金属化合物及其通过对映体选择性氢化物转移来创造一个手性中心进行的制备。
助催化剂是这样一些材料,如最常用的甲基铝氧烷(MAO),其它烷基铝和含硼化合物,像三(五氟苯基)硼、四(五氟苯基)硼锂、和四(五氟苯基)硼-N,N-二甲基苯铵。关于其它助催化剂体系或者因操作和产品沾污问题而最大限度减少或甚至消除烷基铝的可能性的研究还在继续。重要的一点是,茂金属催化剂要活化或离子化成一种阳离子形式才能与要聚合的单体反应。
利用茂金属催化剂生产的聚合物有分子量范围非常狭窄的独特优势。小于4、甚至小于2的多分散性数值(Mw/Mn)对于茂金属生产的聚合物来说是可能的。这些聚合物,当与其它方面类似的齐格勒-纳塔生产的类型聚合物比较时,有狭窄的短链枝化分布。
利用茂金属催化剂体系,当采用立体选择性茂金属催化剂时,也有可能十分密切地控制该聚合物的全同立构性。事实上,已经生产出有超过99%的全国立构性的聚合物。利用这种体系,也有可能生产高度间同立构的聚丙烯。
聚合物全同立构性的控制也能导致产生一种在聚合链长度上交替含有全同立构材料嵌段和无规立构材料嵌段的聚合物。这种构造借助于无规立构部分产生一种弹性聚合物。这样的聚合物合成在Science(科学)杂志第267卷(1995年1月13日)第191页上K.B.Wagner的一篇文章中有讨论。Wagner在讨论Coates和Waymouth的工作时解释说,催化剂在各立体化学形式之振荡,导致一种有全同立构立体中心运转周期与无规立构中心运转周期相连接的聚合物链。全同立构优势度降低而产生弹性。Geoffrey W.Coates和Robert M.Waymouth,在该杂志同一期第217页上一篇题为“振荡式立体控制:热塑性高弹体聚丙烯的合成战略”的文章中,讨论了他们的工作,其中他们使用了二氯化二(2-苯基茚基)锆这种茂金属化合物,在甲基铝氧烷(MAO)的存在下,和通过改变反应器中的压力和温度,使聚合物形式在全同立构与无规立构之间振荡。
茂金属聚合物的商业性生产是有点儿受限制的,但仍在增长。这样的聚合物可以在聚丙烯基聚合物的商品名ACHIEVE下和在聚乙烯基聚合物的商品名EXACT下购自美国得克萨斯州贝敦市埃克森(Exxon)化学公司。密歇根州米德兰市道化学公司和杜邦联合进行开发,称为杜邦道高弹体L.L.C,已经有在商品名ENGAGE下进行商业性销售的聚合物。这些材料相信是用非立体选择性茂金属催化剂生产的。埃克森公司一般将其茂金属催化剂技术称为“单一部位”催化剂,而道公司则在INSITE这一名称下称其为“受限几何学”催化剂,以使其区别于有多个反应部位的传统齐格勒-纳塔催化剂。其它制造商如Fina Oil、BASF、Amoco、Hoechst和Mobil等公司也活跃于这个领域,相信在今后十年中按照这种技术生产的聚合物的可得性将有实质性增长。在本发明的实施中,像聚丙烯和聚乙烯这样的弹性聚烯烃是较好的,最好的是弹性聚丙烯。
关于茂金属基高弹体聚合物,Kaminsky等人的美国专利5,204,429描述了一种工艺,该工艺可利用一种本身是甾族刚性(sterorigid)手性茂金属类过渡金属化合物的催化剂和铝氧烷从环状链烯烃和线型链烯烃产生弹性共聚物。该聚合是在一种惰性溶剂例如一种脂族或环脂族烃如甲苯中进行的。该反应也可以利用要聚合的单体作为溶剂而在气相中进行。均为Lai等人发明、转让给道化学公司且题为“弹性的、基本上线型的链烯烃聚合物”的美国专利5,278,272和5,272,236描述了有特殊弹性性能的聚合物。
适用于弹性层的聚合物可从特拉华州,Wilmington市的希蒙特化学公司购得,其商品牌号为“Catalloy”,以及聚丙烯。具体商品牌号的例子是Catalloy KS-084P和Catalloy KS-057P。这些类型的聚合物公开在欧洲专利申请EP 0444671 A3(基于申请号91103014.6)、欧洲专利申请EP 0472946 A2(基于申请号91112955.9)、欧洲专利申请EP0400333 A2(基于申请号90108051.5)、美国专利5,302,454和美国专利5,368,927。
欧洲专利申请EP 0444671 A3公开了一种组合物,其中包含:第一,10-60重量%全同指数大于90的均聚物聚丙烯,或全同指数大于85的丙烯与乙烯和/或其它α-烯烃的结晶共聚物,其中丙烯含量大于85重量%;第二,10-40重量%乙烯占优势、在室温下不溶于二甲苯的一种共聚物;及第三,30-60重量%在室温下不溶于二甲苯、含40-70重量%乙烯的无定形乙烯-丙烯共聚物,其中,该丙烯聚合物组合物中在室温下二甲苯可溶部分与二甲苯不溶部分在135℃四氢萘中的特性粘度之比为0.8-1.2。
欧洲专利申请EP 0472946 A2公开了一种包含下列组分的组合物:第一,10-50重量%全同指数大于80的均聚物聚丙烯,或丙烯与乙烯、CH2=CHRα-烯烃(其中R是2-8个碳烷基)或其组合的结晶共聚物,该共聚物含有85重量%以上的丙烯;第二,5-20重量%在室温下不溶于二甲苯的含乙烯的共聚物;及第三,40-80重量%的乙烯与丙烯或另一种CH2=CHRα-烯烃(其中R是2-8个碳烷基),或其组合,以及任选的少部分二烯的共聚物组分,该组分含40重量%以下的乙烯,在环境温度下溶于二甲苯,特性粘度为1.5-4dl/g;其中相对于该总的聚烯烃组合物而言,第二和第三组分总和的重量%是50-90%,而第二与第三组分的重量比低于0.4。
欧洲专利申请EP 0400333 A2公开了一种包含下列组分的组合物:第一,10-60重量%全同指数大于90的均聚物聚丙烯或丙烯与乙烯和/或CH2=CHR烯烃(其中R是2-8个碳烷基)的结晶共聚物,该共聚物含85重量%以上的丙烯,全同指数大于85;第二,10-40重量%含乙烯的聚合物组分,该组分在室温下不溶于二甲苯;及第三,30-60重量%任选地含小部分二烯的无定形乙烯-丙烯共聚物,该共聚物在室温下溶于二甲苯,且含有40-70重量%的乙烯;其中该组合物的挠曲模量小于700Mpa,在75%的永久变形小于60%,拉伸应力大于6Mpa,在-20和-40°的切口IZDO回弹大于600J/m。
美国专利5,302,454公开了一种包含下列组分的组合物:第一,10-60重量%全同指数大于90的均聚物聚丙烯或丙烯与乙烯与CH2=CHR烯烃(其中R是2-6个碳烷基),或其组合的结晶共聚物,含有85重量%以上丙烯,且全同指数大于85;第二,10-40重量%含乙烯和丙烯的结晶聚合物组分,其中乙烯含量为52.4%-约74.6%,该组分在室温下不溶于二甲苯;及第三,30-60重量%任选地含小部分二烯的无定形乙烯-丙烯共聚物,该共聚物在室温下溶于二甲苯,且含有40-70重量%的乙烯;其中该组合物的挠曲模量小于700Mpa,在75%的永久变形小于60%,拉伸应力大于6Mpa,在-20和-40°的切口IZDO回弹大于600J/m。
美国专利5,368,927公开了一种包含下列组分的组合物:第一,10-60重量%全同指数大于80的均聚物聚丙烯,或丙烯与乙烯和/或含4-10个碳原子的α-烯烃的结晶共聚物,该共聚物含有85重量%以上的丙烯,且全同指数大于80;第二,3-25重量%在室温下不溶于二甲苯的乙烯-丙烯共聚物;及第三,15-87重量%乙烯与丙烯和/或含4-10个碳原子的α-烯烃,及任选的二烯的共聚物,该共聚物含20-60%的乙烯,且在环境温度下完全溶于二甲苯。
另一种适用于实施本发明的弹性聚合物称为“柔性聚烯烃”或FPO,得自得克萨斯的Rexene of Odessa and Dallas公司,它具有受控的全同立构规整度。含有适当无规立构部分并符合“弹性”这一定义的其它烯烃聚合物也是适用的。
在实施本发明中重要的是,外层必须由柔性纤维制成。所谓“柔性纤维”指的是,可以做成纤维网的纤维,其中该纤维网的压杯能小于1200克-毫米,且压杯载荷小于70克,例如1 osy(34gsm)的纤维网。由于希望使用柔性织物层压品,所以本发明者们选择并列型聚乙烯-聚丙烯共轭纤维纺粘织物作为较好的外层。聚乙烯用于非织造织物中时具有柔软的手感,这在本技术中是公知的,而聚丙烯则具有较高的强度。这两种聚合物的共轭纤维能产生出强而柔软的非弹性层。适用的柔软单组分或均一长纤维可从壳牌化学公司牌号为WRD60277的聚丙烯共聚物制得。任何其它柔软的非弹性外层均可代替上述较好的柔软层,只要它可以成功地粘结到内部弹性层就行。其它柔性纤维层包括,例如各种类型的尼龙、聚酯、聚烯烃如聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚丁烯,以及聚烯烃共聚物及共聚物和/或聚烯烃的共混物的共轭或单组分纤维。
在实施本发明中,层压品可通过下述方法制造:在移动的成形带上依次沉积首先是一个纺粘织物层,其次是一个熔喷织物层,最后是另一层纺粘层,然后将该层压品粘结起来。较好是,熔喷层的定重(单位面积的重量)在0.1-2 osy(3.4和68gsm)之间,而两个纺粘层的定重各为0.2-2 osy(6.8-68gsm)之间。
各层可以采用本技术中任何已知有效的方法粘合在一起。这些方法包括热点粘合、穿透空气粘合和粘合剂粘合。
对材料的许多样品进行测试,以测定其抗渗性、透气性及弹性。下面说明这些材料,结果列于表1。表1中报告的数值是5个读数的平均值,但另有指明除外。所有样品均使用0.4 osy(14gsm)并列型聚丙烯聚乙烯共轭纺粘纤维网作为面料,该纤维网是按照Pike等人的美国专利5,382,400生产的。用于生产面料的聚合物是ESCORENEPD-3445聚丙烯和ASPUN6811A聚乙烯,分别得自得克萨斯州,Bayton市的埃克森化学公司和Midland,MI的道化学公司。面料是在430°F(221℃)的熔体温度和每孔每分钟0.7克(ghm)的条件下生产的,并在252-255°F(122-124℃)进行粘合的。
进行上述在“试验方法”中所述的马伦式织物顶破试验、悬垂硬挺性试验和水压头试验,结果列于表1,必须注意的是,发明者们认为只有实施例才是在实施其发明的范围内。
对照例1
本材料是由上述的2层面料纺粘层和1层1 osy(34gsm)熔喷层构成的一种SMS织物,其中熔喷层是从购自特拉华州Wilmington市的Montell化学公司牌号为PF-015的聚合物制成的。各层是分别单独生产的,并在280°F(138℃)的粘合温度、22 psig(1140mmHg)的轧点压力,以60英尺/分钟(18.3米/分钟)的速度进行粘合。该材料中没有任何一层弹性材料。
实例1
本材料是用2层0.4 osy共轭纺粘面料与1层1 osy(34gsm)弹性熔喷层制成的一种SMS织物,所述熔喷层是从得自Midland,MI的道化学公司商品名为ENGAGEXU58200.02弹性聚合物生产的。该材料是一种聚乙烯共聚物,密度为0.87g/cm3,在190℃和2160克负荷条件下按照ASTM试验1238-90b测得熔体流动指数为30克/10分钟。各层是分别单独生产的,并在150°F(65℃)的粘合温度、30 psig(1550mmHg)的轧点压力、以38英尺/分钟(11.6米/分钟)的速度进行粘合。
实例2
本材料是用2层0.4 osy共轭纺粘面料与1层1 osy(34gsm)弹性熔喷层制成的一种SMS织物,所述熔喷层是用从得克萨斯州,休斯顿市的埃克森化学公司得到的牌号为EXACT4014的聚乙烯聚合物生产的。各层是分别单独生产的,并在150°F(65℃)的粘合温度、30 psig(1550mmHg)的轧点压力、以38英尺/分钟(11.6米/分钟)的速度进行粘合。
实例3
本材料是用2层0.4 osy共轭纺粘面料与1层2 osy(68gsm)弹性熔喷层制成的一种SMS织物,所述熔喷层是从由95重量%得自Midland,MI的道化学公司商品名为ENGAGEXU58200.02弹性聚合物和5重量%得自壳牌化学公司商品名为KratonG-2755的聚合物组成的共混物生产的。KratonG-2755是一种苯乙烯/乙烯/丁二烯/苯乙烯聚合物(SEBS)。各层是分别单独生产的,并在150°F(65℃)的粘合温度、30 psig(1550mmHg)的轧点压力、以38英尺/分钟(116米/分钟)的速度进行粘合。
表1
样品 定重(gsm) 悬垂性横向(Cm) 悬垂性纵向(cm) 水压头(毫巴) 马伦式织物顶破强力(psi)
对照例  1.83     3.1  5.17  21.3     26.6
实施例1  1.7     na  2.08*  14     22.25
实施例2  1.82     2.27  2.5  14.3     22.3
实施例3  2.73     2.42  2.07  14.3     22.3
*2个试样
表1的结果说明本发明的材料具有良好的抗渗性和顶破强力,同时提供了改善的悬垂硬挺性。应该特别注意的是,本发明的层压品的悬垂硬挺性(纵向)小于用熔喷非弹性纤维层代替熔喷弹性纤维层的类似织物的悬垂硬挺性的一半。令人惊奇的是,即使定重较重的实施例3的纵向悬垂性也小于对照例的一半,且所有实施例的纵向悬垂性最大均为2.5cm。关于顶破强力,应该注意的是,从在织物中产生破坏性的孔这一传统意义上讲,本发明的织物没有象对照例的情况那样发生“顶破”。取而代之的是,本发明的织物给出了更加受控、缓慢方式的途径,这可能是由于弹性中心层的缘故。
本发明者们相信,本发明的高度顺应的、透气性的抗渗材料提供了一种不同于且优于目前竞争材料的综合特性。人们不会期望有这样的一种柔性层压品,其中使该层压品具有柔软性和顺应性的织物层竞是夹在内部,并被非弹性层包住。而在生产柔性层压品方面以前的研究方向一直继续集中在层压品的外层这一方法上。
虽然上面只详细描述了本发明的少数几个例示性实施方案,但本门技术的熟练人员将很容易了解,在没有实质上背离本发明的新颖公开内容和优点的情况下,可以对这些例示性实施方案做很多改动。因此,所有这样的改动都有意包括在以下权利要求书中所定义的本发明的范围内。在这些权利要求中,手段加功能权利要求有意覆盖本文中描述为执行所提到功能的结构,不仅覆盖结构性等效物,而且也覆盖等效结构。因此,尽管钉子和螺钉可能不是结构性等效物,因为钉子采用圆柱形表面把木质部件固定在一起,而螺丝则采用螺旋表面,但在使木质部件紧固的环境中,钉子和螺丝可以是等效结构。

Claims (24)

1.一种层压品,其中包含至少一层熔喷弹性纤维层,在该熔喷弹性纤维层的至少一侧上粘合了一层平均直径大于7微米的柔性非弹性纤维层。
2.权利要求1的层压品,其中该层压品的悬垂硬挺性小于用一层熔喷非弹性纤维层代替所述熔喷弹性纤维层的类似织物的悬垂硬挺性的一半。
3.权利要求2的织物,其中所述柔性纤维层是用纺粘工艺制造的。
4.权利要求3的织物,其中所述柔性纤维是皮/芯型聚丙烯/聚乙烯纤维。
5.权利要求3的织物,其中所述柔性纤维是并列型聚丙烯/聚乙烯纤维。
6.权利要求1的织物,其中所述弹性纤维是用选自下列一组中的弹性聚合物制造的:聚烯烃、聚氨酯、共聚酯、聚酰胺聚醚嵌段共聚物、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、共聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯)、聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯)、聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯/苯乙烯)、它们的A-B-A-B四嵌段共聚物和共混物。
7.权利要注6的织物,其中所述弹性纤维是用弹性聚烯烃制造的。
8.权利要求6的织物,其中所述至少一层弹性纤维层包含一层弹性聚烯烃层和另外一层弹性层。
9.权利要求1的织物,其中所述各层是采用选自下列工艺中的一种工艺接合的:热粘合、超声粘合和粘合剂粘合。
10.权利要求1的织物,其中所述至少1层弹性层的定重(单位面积的重量)是0.1-2 osy。
11.权利要求1的织物,其中所述非弹性层的定重是0.2-2 osy。
12.一种含有权利要求1织物的感染控制用品。
13.一种含有权利要求1的织物的个人护理用品用的外覆盖层。
14.含有权利要求13的外覆盖层的尿布。
15.含有权利要求13的外覆盖层的妇女卫生用品。
16.一种层压品,其中包含至少一层熔喷弹性纤维层,在该熔喷弹性纤维层的任一侧上粘合了一层平均直径大于7微米的柔性非弹性纤维层。
17.权利要求16的层压品,其中该层压品的悬垂硬挺性小于用一层熔喷非弹性纤维层代替所述熔喷弹性纤维层的类似织物的悬垂硬挺性的一半。
18.包含权利要求17的织物并选自下述一组的一种服装:工业工作服和衣裤相连的工作服、内衣、裤子、裙子、夹克衫,手套和袜子。
19.权利要求16的织物,其中所述柔性纤维层是用纺粘工艺制造的。
20.权利要求16的织物,其中所述柔性纤维是皮/芯型聚丙烯/聚乙烯纤维。
21.权利要求16的织物,其中所述柔性纤维是并列型聚丙烯/聚乙烯纤维。
22.一种感染控制用品,其中包含至少一层弹性熔喷纤维层,在该弹性熔喷纤维层的任一侧上粘合了一层共轭非弹性纺粘纤维层,其中所述层压品的悬垂硬挺性最大是2.5cm。
23.权利要求22的感染控制用品,该用品是一种医用大褂。
24.权利要求22的感染控制用品,该用品是手术室用的帷帘。
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CA2247169C (en) 2005-09-20
EP0886690A1 (en) 1998-12-30
KR19990087750A (ko) 1999-12-27
AU2128897A (en) 1997-10-01
BR9707985A (pt) 1999-07-27
WO1997034037A1 (en) 1997-09-18
US6103647A (en) 2000-08-15
AR006097A1 (es) 1999-08-11
KR100419276B1 (ko) 2004-04-17
DE69723820D1 (de) 2003-09-04
EP0886690B1 (en) 2003-07-30
CO4820421A1 (es) 1999-07-28
DE69723820T2 (de) 2004-05-19
CA2247169A1 (en) 1997-09-18
ZA97726B (en) 1997-08-01
MX9807113A (es) 1998-12-31
CN1087367C (zh) 2002-07-10

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