CN1217012A - 除冰组合物及其方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明揭示了一种新颖的、改进的、环境上可接受和几乎无腐蚀的除冰组合物,包括从葡萄和其它水果及其从谷类中发酵和生产酒的副产物。本发明的活性组分是在发酵期间沉积下来的可溶物,所述的可溶物在制酒工业中被称为“葡萄酒商浓缩可溶物”、普通称为“酒底”和“酒糟”。本发明也涉及该除冰组合物以有助于减少雪和冰在路面、前和其它户外表面上堆积中的应用及使用方法。
Description
发明领域：
本发明涉及环境上可接受的其腐蚀作用可以忽略的除冰和抗结冰组合物，它包括葡萄和其它水果以及谷类发酵制酒时的副产物。本发明也涉及所述除冰和抗结冰组合物在抑制道路、桥梁、跑道、滑行道和其它户外表面上堆积雪和冰中的应用。
发明领域：
众所周知，在路面和桥上的冰和雪明显减缓交通并增加对公众的危险性。机械除雪通常能减缓一些交通问题。也已知诸如氯盐的化学品化合物，不论以固体形式或溶液或与砂和其它物质的混合物通常用来处理路面以熔化雪和冰。但大多数除冰化合物对环境有害，因此市政当局常常限制其用以控制雪和冰堆积的物质的用量和物质类型。
大多数用来处理道路的化学品由于下列理由是有害的：由于盐类使土壤碱化并被吸收到植物的根系，所以它们损伤土壤和周围的植物；它们损伤淡水溪流、河流和湖泊，常常被吸收到地下水系统；所述盐类由于其腐蚀作用，对交通工具及道路附近的水泥和金属结构有明显的损伤。众所周知，许多盐导致水泥结构破碎，这明显降低了这类结构的强度和寿命。在市政领域里，盐类也导致危险的情况。据信经人孔盖渗漏下去的盐水使人孔下的电缆腐蚀，最后引起短路，它发出火花并点燃积聚的甲醇或其它气体，导致严重和甚至致命的爆炸。由于前述理由，许多州都禁止使用盐类，而其它州则对盐类的使用进行严格的限制。
现已知道需要用非腐蚀性的物质，如醇类和多元醇类来代替腐蚀性的盐，但由于它们的易燃性、毒性和成本高，这些物质目前也没有有效和经济地加以利用。
发明综述：
本发明涉及环境上可接受的抗冰冻和除冰组合物，其活性成分是从葡萄和其它水果，以及从，诸如用来生产米酒和其它米制酒的米的谷类中生产和发酵酒的副产物。酒的加工方法包括使从所述水果或谷类萃取出液体发酵。对于米酒，淀粉在发酵前通常被转化为糖。本发明的活性组份是沉积在酒桶底部不适合饮用的可溶解物。底部液体通常被浓集到含50％可溶解物，这些溶解物在蒸发和/或干燥该液体后一般被回收用于家畜饲料的营养添加剂和/或肥料/葡萄园的覆盖料。这些可溶解物在酿酒工业上被称为“葡萄酒商浓缩的可溶解物”(″VintnersCondensed Solubles")(或更简单地称为“VCS”)。该可溶解物也被称为“酒底”和“酒糟”。该浓缩的组合物溶于水，几乎无腐蚀、成本低，可广泛大量得到。本发明也涉及用所述的除冰组合物来抑制冰和雪在道路、桥、跑道、滑行道和其它户外表面上的堆积。
一般用于除冰的物质必须有下列特征：合适的水溶解度；在溶液中凝固温度低；工业规模上制备的低成本性；无腐蚀性；环境可接受性；以及能通过一般公知和能得到的装置进行使用。
根据前述，本发明的一个主要目的是提供适合用来抑制雪和冰积聚的抗凝固和除冰组合物，该组合物是水溶的，凝固温度低，在世界范围里能便宜、容易、大工业量地得到，它基本没有腐蚀性，对环境友好，能用目前的设备由现有的人员进行使用。
本发明的相关目的是提供环境上友好、基本无腐蚀的成本-价格上具有竞争力的除冰组合物。
本发明的再一个目的是提供能与沙子、河砂砾、煤渣、锯屑和/或其它减滑的人造砂砾混合，然后用于道路、桥梁、跑道、滑行道和其它需要在所述表面上抑制雪和冰的堆积的在环境上有利、基本无腐蚀的除冰组合物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供能在雪和冰积聚前用来预处理道路、桥和其它户外表面，以防止雪和冰粘附在所述表面上的在环境上有利的除冰组合物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供对环境有利、基本无腐蚀的除冰组合物，它可与其它化学除冰剂(如氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁、乙酸钙镁和/或尿素)和/或减滑化学剂混合，并接着施用于道路、桥梁、跑道、滑行道和其它需要抑制雪和冰在所述表面上积聚的其它表面。
本发明的另一个目的是提供抑制雪和冰在道路、桥梁、跑道、滑行道和其它户外表面上积聚的方法，该方法包括将本发明的除冰组合物本身或它与化学除冰添加剂和其它减滑的添加剂混合在结冰或下雪前施用于这类表面上。
较佳的技术方案的阐述：本发明除冰组合物是从葡萄和其它水果发酵和生产酒的副产品，以及从谷物，如用来生产米酒和其它米制酒的米中发酵和生产酒的副产品。制酒方法由使从所述水果或谷类中萃取液体发酵，其糖含量约为10-14％。对于米酒，淀粉通常在发酵前被转化为糖类。本发明的活性组份是不适合饮用的可溶解物，它们沉积在酒桶的底部。底部液体通常被浓集到含50％可溶解物，在该液体被蒸发和/或干燥后，一般回收该可溶解物，用作家畜饲料的营养添加剂和/或肥料/葡萄园的覆盖材料。这些可溶解物通常在制酒工业上被称为“葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶解物”(或简称为“VCS”)。该可溶解物也被称为“酒底物”和“酒糟”。
发酵工艺的副产品被用作本发明组合物的活性物质。因此，本发明除冰组合物包括14-80重量％VCS与20-86重量％水混合的物质，该组合物可进一步与任选的添加物混合。作为任选的添加物，可以使用下列物质：沙子、河砂砾、煤渣、锯屑和/或其它减滑的人造砂砾及其它化学除冰剂(如氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁、乙酸钙镁和/或尿素)。本发明的组合物极适合用于抑制雪和冰在道路、桥梁和其它表面上的积聚。最佳的是，本发明的除冰组合物在雪和冰积聚前施用于道路表面，这样使用有助于防止雪和冰粘附在道路表面上。在雪和冰积聚后，再次使用本发明除冰组合物，但此时是施用于积聚的雪和冰。这样的两步施用使通过犁和其它机械方法能更容易地除去积聚的雪和冰。
假定市政当局通常采购大量氯化盐和其它化学抗-结冰剂，可以预见本发明组合物可与氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁、乙酸钙镁和/或尿素(但加入的氯化盐根据其浓度可能会破坏本发明的低腐蚀性和环境有利性)。一旦购买了大量其它化学品，大多数市政当局将倾向于使用这类化学品，即使它们必须只与少量更有效更可接受的本发明组合物混合，但很清楚的是，这类组合从环境前景来说不是最佳形式。
本发明的除冰组合物与腐蚀性盐混合时也可作为腐蚀抑制剂。试验显示，本发明组合物与5重量％氯化盐的混合物的腐蚀作用明显低于，如95重量％水和5重量％盐的混合物的腐蚀作用。这样，本发明组合物可有效地与少量盐混合，而对组合物的其它特征没有明显的影响。
根据本发明的再一个方面，本发明提供了用于抑制雪和冰在道路表面上积聚的方法，所述方法包括在冰和雪积聚前，将本发明组合物施用于道路表面。该组合物较好地从运动的运输工具上以20-60加仑/单行道英里(GPLM)，即200-600磅/单行道英里，也等于0.48-1.44盎司/平方码的量将组合物施加到道路表面。也可在雪和冰已积聚后施加组合物以熔化所述的雪和冰。
处理、贮存或使用VCS对人体、动物或环境没有已知或被认定的危害。VCS目前被用作低级的动物饲料添加剂和肥料/葡萄园的覆盖物。
本发明组合物也可成本上有效地用于飞机场，以防止雪和冰在跑道和滑行道上积聚。当今许多飞机场用二元醇对机翼膀和稳定器进行除冰，为此飞机场还必须为融雪水支付污水处理的费用。这类费用可高达3.00美元/加仑二元醇污染的水。进一步试验显示，本发明组合物可用来代替为达到上述目的而使用的二元醇。消除二元醇有利于环境，并避免了对被二元醇污染了的水的加工需要，而这种加工工艺需要最高级的质量控制技术。
本发明的VCS具有如下一般的组成，但实际上的组成当然会因区域、葡萄园、葡萄、水果或谷类贮存和发酵用酵母的类型而改变：
项目 干燥基础(无水分) 浓缩(48％固体/52％水分)
粗蛋白 33.0％ 16.0％
粗脂肪 0.2％ 0.1％
粗纤维 5.2％ 2.51％总碳水化合物类 50.0％ 25.0％
未发酵的糖 3.6％ 1.8％
磷 2.31％ 1.12％
硫 0.56％ 0.27％
钾 2.74％1.08％ 1.32％
镁 1.08％ 0.52％
钠 0.13％ 0.06％
铁 145ppm 70ppm
铝 22ppm 10ppm
镁 34ppm 17ppm
铜 8ppm 4ppm
锌 140ppm 68ppm
酒石酸 痕量 痕量
苹果酸 痕量 痕量
乙酸 痕量 痕量
抗坏血酸 痕量 痕量
酒石霜 1.20％ 0.60％
酵母 2.20％ 1.10％
本发明组合物的主要优点可综述如下：
1)本发明组合物既无不可接受的腐蚀性，也对环境无损害。它与损伤运输工具、道路和周围环境的已知组合物相比有显著的优点。
2)本发明组合物的凝固点低于0°F。在至少低达-10°F的温度下它为液体并能自由流动，在冬天的环境温度下可容易地进行喷雾并施加到道路表面或积聚的冰或雪上。该组合物也可在施加前进行加热以便于泵出并增加除冰效果。
3)本组合物可以相对较少的量施加，因为一旦施加到路面上，本发明的组合物会留在施加处，不易被风吹走或被经过的车辆带走，该组合物可防止雪和冰粘附在施加处的表面上。
4)本组合物可在任何温度下和/或在逼近的冰雪风暴来临前施加。
5)本组合物可用易得的设备均匀地施加到路面上，对施加人员不需任何的特殊训练。
6)本组合物可以溶液形式施加，它使得施加迅捷均匀，甚至可以35/哩小时或更高的速度用车辆进行施用。
7)本组合物是低级、低价的工业副产品，在许多位于风雪带的州中可大量得到。其在潜在的市场区域的易得性有助于降低成本，因为溶液接近于问题区域有助于降低运输费用。
8)本组合物是可补充的农业副产品，其在商业上的使用会帮助和支持美国农民和农业的发展。
9)本发明组合物是生物可降解的，对生物氧的需求量(BOD)低。物质的生物氧需求量是一个无单位的数，它代表每磅所述物质的氧的利用率(单位1bs.)。BOD实际上表示好氧微生物在富有机物中的代谢需求。大多数已知的除冰剂是非生物可降解的(因此BOD为0)…相反的是，它们积聚并毒害环境。已知的可生物降解的一种除冰剂是乙酸钙镁(CMA)，但本发明的BOD比CMA明显地低。
10)本发明组合物可成本有效地用于机场来防止雪和冰在跑道和滑行道上积聚，因此消除或进一步减少了对其它已知对环境不利的化学除冰剂的需要。
试验综述
在下列试验结果中可发现本发明的进一步细节，但这些试验不是用来限定本发明组合物特定混合物的保护范围。为了进行试验，浓集到约含50重量％干物质的普通VCS，在外部温度为14°F下被施加到3.5英寸厚、20平方码的雪地上而未加任何添加剂。作为对比，在附近的另一块3.5英寸厚、约20平方码的雪地上施加易于公认和得到的工业盐和沙的混合物。据发现，干物质含量为50重量％的本组合物的熔融效果在作用时间和活性强度方面都优于盐和沙混合物的。干物质含量为50重量％的本发明组合物的熔融效果比盐和沙子混合物的熔融效果早一个半小时出现。此外，本发明的50％浓缩物甚至在至少低达-10°F的温度下也是有活性的，而盐和沙子的混合物在约20°F下其熔融效果减慢或完全停止。
在30-60重量％干物质之间改变VCS的浓度，和在各种氛围温度来进行进一步的试验。在结冰前进行抗结冰试验，结冰后进行除冰试验。在所有情况下，VCS产品等于或优于其它已知的、目前使用的除冰剂。
进行另外的试验以评估本发明组合物在改变的温度下的腐蚀性、生物降解需求和效果。结果如下。
腐蚀性试验
将低碳钢螺钉浸在各种浓度的VCS中。浸渍4个月后，螺钉事实上没有锈蚀或氧化的痕迹。实验室腐蚀试验测得腐蚀作用为每年0.57密耳(MPY)，它远远低于其它化学除冰剂，是纯水腐蚀性的小分数。除冰工业上MPY约为13是通常可接受的，负值表示该产品与蒸馏水混合后实际上降低了蒸馏水的腐蚀性。
用各种浓度VCS有规律地喷洒在低碳钢螺钉上。有规则地喷洒4个月后，螺钉事实上没有锈蚀或氧化的痕迹。相反的是，螺钉似乎被一层干的VCS所密封，其包覆似乎起保护而不是破坏作用。
下表综述了一些试验结果：
材料 腐蚀性(每年密耳-MPY)
低碳钢 0.57
不锈钢 未检出
铝 未检出
作为比较，低碳钢螺钉在上述相似的试验条件下，但用水和5％浓度各种氯化物盐的混合物进行试验，它表现出极度的腐蚀、生锈和恶化。
环境试验
进行该试验以测量本发明组合物的各种混合物每磅的生物氧需求量(单位磅)。BOD代表好氧微生物在有机物中的代谢需求。结果如下：
浓度(重量) BOD需求量(每磅材料需要的O2磅数)
25％固体 0.13-0.15
48％固体 0.21-0.26
本发明组合物目前用作低级动物饲料添加剂和肥料/葡萄园的覆盖材料。由于它被饲养工业所广泛地接受，且不知道会在被饲养的动物身上留下任何有害物质的痕迹，所以，人们认为它对环境是完全安全的，对处理者也是安全的。
凝固、除冰和抗结冰试验
下列结果阐述了本发明在48％固体浓度下混合物的一致性：
温度(°F) 性质 粘度(SSU)
+20 自由流动液体 580
+10 自由流动液体 900
-5 自由流动液体 1300
-20 缓慢流动液体 2400
下表综述了在典型的含约50％可溶解物的普通VCS溶液的凝固点，并提供了更多定量的信息：
溶液浓度 凝固温度 粘度(SSU) BOD pH(*Brix)(*Baume) (°F) (@20°F)(@70°F)
48 29 -28 580 200 0.22 4.1
50 30 -20 600 280 0.23 3.9“Brix”是用来表明物质在溶液中的相对重量百分数的比重计测量法。“Baume”是用来表示物质比重的比重计测量法。
虽然氯化盐的熔融效果是有效的(低于约20°F无效)，但本发明组合物的熔融效果如上表所示，即使在低达-10°F下也是有活性的。
Claims (21)
1．一种用来抑制雪和冰在户外表面积聚的抗凝固和除冰组合物，其特征在于，它包括14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物(Vintners’Condensed Solubles)和20-86重量％水。
2．一种用来抑制雪和冰在户外表面积聚的抗凝固和除冰组合物，其特征在于它包括(1)减滑聚集体，和(2)14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水混合物的混合物。
3．根据权利要求2所述的抗凝固和除冰组合物，其特征在于，其中所述的减滑聚集体由沙子组成。
4．根据权利要求2所述的抗凝固和除冰冻组合物，其特征在于，其中所述减滑聚集体由河砂砾组成。
5．根据权利要求2所述的抗凝固和除冰冻组合物，其特征在于，其中所述减滑聚集体由煤渣组成。
6．根据权利要求2所述的抗凝固和除冰冻组合物，其特征在于，其中所述减滑聚集体由锯屑组成。
7．根据权利要求2所述的抗凝固和除冰冻组合物，其特征在于，其中所述减滑聚集体由人造的砂砾组成。
8．一种用来抑制雪和冰在道路上积聚的抗凝固和除冰组合物，它包括(1)选自氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁、乙酸钙镁和尿素的至少一种组份，和(2)14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水混合物的混合物。
9．根据权利要求8所述的组合物，其特征在于，其中所述的至少一种组份是氯化钠。
10．根据权利要求8所述的组合物，其特征在于，其中所述的至少一种组份是氯化钙。
11．一种抑制雪和冰在户外表面上积聚的方法，该方法包括：给户外表面或给积聚其上的雪和冰施加组合物，所述组合物含14-80重量％葡萄商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水，所述的组合物以20-60加仑/单行道英里施加。
12．根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中组合物进一步含选自氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁、乙酸钙镁和尿素的至少一种组份。
13．根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中组合物进一步含至少一种选自沙子、河砂砾、煤渣、锯屑和人造的砂砾的组份。
14．一种抑制腐蚀的组合物，它包括14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩的可溶物和20-86重量％水。
15．一种抑制氯化盐腐蚀作用的腐蚀抑制腐蚀抑制组合物，所述组合物包括14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水。
16．根据权利要求15所述的组合物，其中其腐蚀作用被抑制的盐类选自氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化钾和氯化镁。
17．一种用来抑制氯化钠腐蚀作用的腐蚀抑制组合物，所述的组合物包括14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水。
18．一种用于抑制雪和冰的积聚的抗凝固组合物，它包括14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水。
19．一种用于抑制雪和冰积聚的除冰组合物，它包括14-80重量％葡萄酒商的浓缩可溶物和20-86重量％水。
20．一种用于抑制雪和冰积聚的组合物，包括在发酵水果制酒工艺期间沉积下来的可溶物。
21．一种用于抑制雪和冰积聚的组合物，包括在发酵谷类制酒工艺期间沉积下来的可溶物。
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-
1996
- 1996-03-21 US US08/620,127 patent/US5709813A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-03-19 WO PCT/US1997/004440 patent/WO1997034960A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-19 CA CA002249329A patent/CA2249329A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-19 PL PL97328991A patent/PL328991A1/xx unknown
- 1997-03-19 CN CN97194321A patent/CN1217012A/zh active Pending
- 1997-03-19 JP JP09533684A patent/JP2000515900A/ja active Pending
- 1997-03-19 EP EP97915173A patent/EP0888413A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-03-19 KR KR1019980707482A patent/KR20000064742A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-19 CZ CZ982998A patent/CZ299898A3/cs unknown
- 1997-03-19 AU AU22182/97A patent/AU2218297A/en not_active Abandoned
-
1998
- 1998-01-20 US US09/009,174 patent/US5932135A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-09-18 NO NO984354A patent/NO984354L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101050349B (zh) * | 2007-05-24 | 2010-05-19 | 马健 | 一种除雪剂 |
| CN101338179B (zh) * | 2008-08-27 | 2010-09-08 | 吉林大学 | 一种环保型融雪剂 |
| CN110527492A (zh) * | 2019-09-20 | 2019-12-03 | 黄山九星环保科技有限公司 | 一种低碳钢腐蚀型路用长效抗冰抑尘剂及其制备方法 |
| CN111394061A (zh) * | 2020-05-06 | 2020-07-10 | 西安赛特实业有限公司 | 一种有机复合融雪液的制备方法 |
| CN111394061B (zh) * | 2020-05-06 | 2023-04-14 | 西安赛特实业有限公司 | 一种有机复合融雪液的制备方法 |
| CN113201311A (zh) * | 2021-05-14 | 2021-08-03 | 辽宁石油化工大学 | 一种有机环保除雪剂及其制备方法和应用方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20000064742A (ko) | 2000-11-06 |
| EP0888413A1 (en) | 1999-01-07 |
| NO984354L (no) | 1998-10-30 |
| US5932135A (en) | 1999-08-03 |
| CZ299898A3 (cs) | 1999-04-14 |
| JP2000515900A (ja) | 2000-11-28 |
| PL328991A1 (en) | 1999-03-01 |
| AU2218297A (en) | 1997-10-10 |
| US5709813A (en) | 1998-01-20 |
| NO984354D0 (no) | 1998-09-18 |
| CA2249329A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
| WO1997034960A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
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