CN1214008A - 全弹性的非织造织物层压品 - Google Patents

全弹性的非织造织物层压品 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1214008A
CN1214008A CN97192401A CN97192401A CN1214008A CN 1214008 A CN1214008 A CN 1214008A CN 97192401 A CN97192401 A CN 97192401A CN 97192401 A CN97192401 A CN 97192401A CN 1214008 A CN1214008 A CN 1214008A
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China
Prior art keywords
fabric
layer
microns
polymer
fiber
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Granted
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CN97192401A
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CN1225353C (zh
Inventor
S·E·肖维尔
L·W·科利尔四世
P·W·埃斯特
S·C·鲍尔
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
Kimberly Clark Corp
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
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    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
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    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/022Non-woven fabric
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    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/08Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer the fibres or filaments of a layer being of different substances, e.g. conjugate fibres, mixture of different fibres
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    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
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Abstract

提供的是一种全弹性、可透气、抗渗的织物,包含一个有平均直径小于40微米的纤维的非织造纤维网层,其中该纤维网有至少10毫巴的水压头、至少100CFM的Frazier透气性、小于68gsm的定量而且是从弹性聚合物制成的。如果该织物是一种层压品,则它可以是SMS、SBL或NBL层压品。这种织物特别适合于用作个人护理用品如尿布、失禁用品和妇女卫生用品的防侧漏挡片以及感染控制用品。

Description

全弹性的非织造织物层压品
发明背景
本发明涉及用于各种个人护理用品例如尿布、训练(婴儿便溺用)裤、成人失禁用品、妇女卫生用品、感染控制用和用来容纳体液的任何其它类型物品的非织造织物。更具体地说,个人护理用品一般包括用来保持所接纳的体液不从该物品中逸出和沾污穿戴者的服装或卧具的防侧漏挡片(containment flaps)。这些防侧漏挡片是所公开的发明的一种特别合适的用途。
为了使防侧漏物品高效率地发挥作用,织物必须有充分的抗渗性来执行其容纳体液的基本功能,但也必须是透气性的,从而不抑制皮肤舒适感。在个人护理和感染控制用品中,织物理想地应当是有弹性的,以使穿戴者的身体感到舒适和从因穿戴者的移动而伸展中回复,从而在整个这一段时间继续执行其作为抗渗层的功能。过去,防侧漏挡片(例如)一直是用能提供各种所希望功能的材料另行制作的。使弹力线(例如)与非弹性材料掺合在一起,以提供必要的弹性。也已采用其它方法来使弹性组分与非弹性组分附着在一起,以满足防侧漏挡片的要求。虽然这些解决透气性和弹性组分的抗渗性能的问题的尝试已经取得了部分成功,但仍需要一种材料,它有所需要的抗渗层和透气性而且是全弹性的,即该材料的所有组成部分都是弹性的。
在感染控制用途上,例如在医用大褂中,为了产生一种更合身从而更舒适的大褂而在高伸展区域中没有多余织物,伸展性能和回复性能是重要的。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种全弹性的、可透气的、抗渗的非织造织物,它可用于感染控制和个人护理用品,而且是一种把体液遏制在该物品内的舒适、有效手段。
发明概要
本发明的目的是通过一种全弹性的、可透气的、抗渗层织物来达到的,该织物包含非织造纤维网的至少一个网层,其中,该织物有至少10毫巴(mbar)的水压头、至少100CFM的Frazier渗透性,而且是弹性的。如果该织物是一种层压品,则它可以是一种SMS。也有可能该织物是一种SBL或NBL层压品,其中各层都是弹性的。这种织物特别适合用于感染控制用品和作为尿布、失禁用品和妇女卫生用品等个人护理用品的一种防侧漏挡片。
附图简要说明
图1是一种可以用来实施本发明方法和生产本发明非织造纤维网的装置的示意性说明。
定义
这里使用的“非织造织物或纤维网”这一术语,系指一种有相互交织但不像针织织物中那样以一种可识别方式交织的个体纤维或线的结构的纤维网。非织造织物或纤维网已经从很多工艺例如熔喷工艺、纺粘工艺、粘合梳理纤维网工艺形成。非织造织物的定量(单位重量)通常用每平方码材料的盎司数(osy)或每平方米的克数(gsm)表示,而有用的纤维直径通常用微米表示。(注意,osy乘以33.91,即可从osy换算成gsm)。
这里使用的“微纤维”这一术语,系指平均直径不大于约75微米、例如平均直径为约0.5微米~约50微米的小直径纤维,或更具体地说,微纤维的平均直径可为约2微米~约40微米。另一种经常使用的纤维直径表示法是旦,这定义为一根纤维每9000米的克数,而且可以按纤维直径(微米)平方乘以密度(克/立方厘米)再乘以0.00707计算。旦数越低表明纤维越细,旦数越高表明纤维越粗或越重。例如,已知为15微米的聚丙烯纤维直径可以通过平方、将结果乘以0.89克/立方厘米再乘以0.00707而换算成旦。因此,15微米聚丙烯纤维的旦数为约1.42(152×0.89×0.00707=1.415)。在美国以外,测量单位更常见的是“特”(tex),其定义为每千米纤维的克数,可以按旦数/9来计算。
这里使用的“复合弹性材料”这一术语,系指一种可以是多组分材料或其中一层有弹性的多层材料的弹性材料。这类材料可以是诸如“拉伸粘合”层压品(SBL)和“颈粘合”层压品(NBL)。
通常,“拉伸粘合”系指一种弹性组分在该弹性组分延伸时与另一种组分粘合。“拉伸粘合层压品”或SBL通常系指一种有至少两层的复合材料,其中一层是可打褶裥层(gatherable layer),另一层是弹性层。这两层在该弹性层呈延伸状态时合在一起,使得在松弛时能将可打褶裥层打褶裥。这样的多层复合弹性材料可以拉伸到粘合位置之间打褶裥的非弹性材料能够伸长的程度。例如,Vander Wielen等人的美国专利4,720,415公开了多层复合弹性材料的一种类型,其全文列为本文参考文献,且其中使用了从一排挤出机产生的多层同种聚合物。其它复合弹性材料公开于美国专利4,789,699(Kieffer等人)、美国专利4,781,966(Taylor)、美国专利4,657,802和4,652,487(Morman)以及4,655,760和4,692,371(Morman等人)。
通常,“颈粘合”系指在非弹性组分伸展或颈缩时使弹性组分粘合到该非弹性组分上。“颈粘合层压品”或NBL通常系指一种有至少两层的复合材料,其中一层是颈缩的非弹性层而另一层是弹性层。这两层是在该非弹性层处于伸展状态时合在一起的。颈粘合层压品的实例是诸如Morman的美国专利5,226,992、4,981,747、4,965,122和5,336,545中描述的那些。
这里使用的“纺粘纤维”这一术语系指通过使熔融热缩性材料从喷丝板的多个细小、通常圆的毛细管挤出成为单丝然后使所挤出单丝的直径迅速缩小而形成的小直径纤维,例如,可参阅Appel等人的美国专利No.4,340,563,Dorschner等人的美国专利No.3,692,618,Matsuki等人的美国专利No.3,802,817,Kinney的美国专利Nos.3,338,992和3,341,394,Hartman的美国专利No.3,502,763,Levy的美国专利3,502,538,和Dobo等人的美国专利No.3,542,615。纺粘纤维一般在它们沉积到收集表面上时是不粘的。纺粘纤维是微纤维,它们一般是连续的,且平均直径(样品规模为至少10个)大于7微米,更具体地说,是在约10微米与30微米之间。
这里使用的“熔喷法纤维”这一术语,系指通过使一种熔融热塑性材料经由多个细小、通常圆的模具毛细管挤出,成为熔融线或单丝,进入集束高速气体(如空气)流中,使熔融热塑性材料的单丝变细以缩小其直径,也许要缩小到微纤维直径这样形成的纤维。然后,这些熔喷法纤维由该高速气流携带并沉积在一个收集表面上,形成一种无规分配熔喷法纤维的纤维网。这样一种工艺公开于例如Buntin的美国专利No.3,849,241中。熔喷法纤维是微纤维,它们可以是连续的也可以是不连续的,平均直径一般小于10微米,而且当沉积到收集表面上时一般是粘的。
纺粘织物和熔喷法织物可以组合成“SMS层压品”,其中各层有的是纺粘的而有的是熔喷的,例如,Brock等人的美国专利No.4,041,203、Collier等人的美国专利No.5,169,706和Bornslaeger的美国专利No.4,374,888中公开的纺粘/熔喷/纺粘(SMS)层压品。这样的层压品可以通过在一条移动成形带上按顺序先沉积一层纺粘织物层、然后沉积一层熔喷法织物层、最后沉积另一层纺粘层、然后用以下所述的一种方式使该层压品粘结来制作。替而代之的是,这些织物层可以个别地制作,收集成卷,并在一个单独的粘结步骤中组合。这样的织物的定量通常为约0.1~12 osy(6~400gsm),尤其是约0.75~约3osy。
这里使用的“聚合物”这一术语。一般包括但不限于均聚物,共聚物例如嵌段、接枝、无规和交替共聚,三元共聚物等,以及其共混物和改性物。此外,除非另有专门限制,否则“聚合物”这一术语要包括该材料的一切可能几何构型。这些构型包括但不限于全同立构、间同立构和无规对称。
这里使用的“共轭纤维”这一术语系指从各自独立的挤出机挤出的至少两种聚合物形成但纺在一起而形成一种纤维的纤维。共轭纤维有时也称为多组分或双组分纤维。这些聚合物通常是彼此不同的,尽管共轭纤维可以是单组分纤维。这些聚合物在该共轭纤维的横截面上排布于有基本上恒定位置的独特区域中,而且沿该共轭纤维的长度连续延伸。这样一种共轭纤维的构型可以是,例如,皮芯排布,其中一种聚合物被另一种聚合物所包围,也可以是并列排布、馅饼式(pie)排布或“天星状”排布。共轭纤维公开于Kaneko等人的美国专利No.5,108,820、Strack等人的美国专利5,336,552和Pike等人的美国专利5,382,400中。对于双组分纤维来说,这些聚合物可以以75/25、50/50、25/75的比例或任何其它所希望的比例存在。
这里使用的“双组分纤维”这一术语,系指从同一台挤出机挤出而成为一种掺合物的至少两种聚合物形成的纤维。双组分纤维没有把不同聚合物组分排布于横跨该纤维横截面上相对恒定位置的独特区域中,而且这些不同聚合物在该纤维的整个长度上通常不是连续的,而是通常形成起止无规的原纤维或原生原纤(原微纤)。双组分纤维有时也称为多组分纤维。这种通用类型的纤维在诸如Gessner的美国专利5,108,827中有讨论。双组分和双组分纤维的讨论也可参阅教科书 Polymer Blends and Composites(聚合物掺合物和复合材料),John A.Manson和Leslie H.Sperling著,1976年版权,Plenum出版社(纽约Plenum出版公司的一个分部)出版,IBSN 0-306-30831-2,第273~277页。
这里使用的“机器方向”或MD这一术语,系指一种织物在其被生产时的方向上的长度。“正交机器方向”或CD这一术语,系指织物的宽度,即总体上垂直于MD的方向。
这里使用的“单组分”纤维这一术语,系指只用一种聚合物从一台或多台挤出机形成的一种纤维。这并不意味着排除从一种为了着色、抗静电性能、润滑、亲水性等而向其中添加了少量添加剂的聚合物形成的纤维。这些添加剂,例如着色用二氧化钛,一般是以小于5%(重量)、更典型的是约2%(重量)的数量存在的。
这里使用的“超声粘合”系指一种诸如借助于像Bornslaeger的美国专利4,374,888中所说明的那样让织物通过超声头与砧辊之间来执行的工艺。
这里使用的“热点粘合”包括使一种要粘合的织物或纤维网从一个热轧光辊与一个砧辊之间通过。该轧光辊通常(尽管并非总是)刻有某种图案,从而使整个织物不会在其整个表面上粘合。结果,为了功能上以及美学上的理由,已经开发了各种轧光辊图案。图案的一个实例有许多点,而且是像Hansen和Pennings的美国专利3,855,046中公开的那种Hansen Pennings或“H&P”图案,有约30%粘合面积且约200个粘合点/平方英寸。这种H&P图案有方点或针粘合区,其中每针的边长为0.038英寸(0.965mm),针与针之间的间隔为0.070英寸(1.778mm),粘合深度为0.023英寸(0.584mm)。所形成图案的粘合区约占29.5%。另一种典型的点粘合图案是扩大的Hansen和Pennings或“EHP”粘合图案,它产生15%粘合面积,方针的边长为0.037英寸(0.94mm),针间距为0.097英寸(2.464mm),深度为0.039英寸(0.991mm)。另一种取名为“714”的典型点粘合图案有方针粘合区,其中每针的边长为0.023英寸,针间距为0.062英寸(1.575mm),且粘合深度为0.033英寸(0.838mm)。所形成图案的粘合区约占15%。还有另一种常见图案是C-星形图案,其粘合面积约占16.9%。C-星形图案有交叉方向条纹或被流星打断的“灯芯绒”设计。其它常见图案包括一种有重复和稍微偏斜菱形的菱形图案,和一种金属丝编织图案,顾名思义,看上去就像窗纱一样。典型地说,粘合面积百分率从织物层压品纤维网面积的约10%到约30%不等。如同技术上众所周知的,这种点粘合能把层压品各层固定在一起,也能通过粘合每层内的单丝和/或纤维而赋予每一层以完整性。
这里使用的“个人护理用品”这一术语,系指尿布、训练(婴幼儿便溺用)裤、吸收性衬裤、成人失禁用品和妇女卫生用品。
这里使用的“感染控制用品”这一术语,系指面向医疗的物品,例如外科手术用大褂和布帘、面罩、头盖如向外鼓起的帽子、外科手术帽和头罩,脚上穿戴用品如鞋盖、靴盖和拖鞋,伤口包扎用品、绷带、灭菌包、抹布、服装如实验室外衣、罩衣、围裙和夹克,患者床上用品,担架和小孩睡床盖单等。
测试方法
水压头(Hydrohead):织物的液体抗渗性能的一种量度是水压头测试。水压头测试测定该织物在预定量液体透过之前能抵御的水压(毫巴)。水压头读数越高的织物表明它对液体渗透的抗性大于水压头较低的织物。水压头测试是按照联邦测试标准No.191A方法5514进行的。
Frazier渗透性:织物或纤维网对空气的渗透性的一种量度是Frazier渗透性,这是按照联邦测试标准No.191A方法5450(1978年7月20日)进行的,并以3个样品读数的平均值形式报告。Frazier渗透性测定通过纤维网的空气流量率,单位为立方英尺空气/平方英尺纤维网/分钟或CFM。CFM乘以304.8,就能把CFM换算成升/平方米/分钟(LMM)。
周期试验:周期试验是用Sintech 2计算机化材料试验系统进行的,该系统可购自Sintech公司(美国明尼苏达州斯陶顿)。
在停止伸长或伸展试验中,把一个3英寸×6英寸(76mm×152mm)样品,以较大尺寸为机器方向,置于Sintech 2机器的夹具上,使用50mm的夹具间距。然后,以约500mm/分钟的十字头速度拉样品,至停止负荷为2000克。此时相对于未伸展长度而言的伸长百分率就是停止伸展值。
停止伸长试验也得到截止伸长值。截止伸长是在材料的弹性终止而样品的抗张强度取而代之的情况下以克表示的负荷。截止伸长的75%的数值用来确定在随后的周期试验中该样品将被拉伸的最大百分率。
在周期试验中,把一种材料拉到对应于截止伸长的75%的一个固定伸长,进行5次,而且只要能回到原尺寸就让它回到它的原尺寸。测定的是伸长负荷、滞后损耗和返回负荷。这用来开展结果的绘图显示,以y轴表示负荷,x轴表示伸长。这种图产生一条曲线,曲线下的面积称为吸收的总能量或“TEA”。一个样品在不同周期中的TEA曲线的比值是一个可以与其它样品比较的、独立于材料、定量和样品宽度的数值。
附图简要说明
图1显示一种适用于复合弹性材料生产的在线制造工艺的示意图。
本发明的详细说明
热塑性聚合物可用于生产个人护理用品、感染控制用品、服装、防护性覆盖物等各种各样产品中使用的薄膜、纤维和纤维网。在很多应用中,理想的是,该薄膜、纤维或纤维网是有弹性的,从而用该薄膜、纤维或纤维网制成的产品能顺应某一客体,或从而它可以伸展到某种程度而不破裂。
弹性材料的特定用途是在个人护理用品领域,如妇女卫生用品、失禁用品、尿布和训练(婴幼儿便溺用)裤,以及感染控制用品领域。更具体地说,在感染控制用品范围内,需要一种令人高度舒适、也能紧贴身体的体液防渗材料。这样一种用途的具体实例是工作服或医用大褂。
大褂用材料必须有良好的强度、耐用性和穿孔抗性。人们通常也希望的是,这样的材料是薄的以期尽可能少截留热量,而且较好是可伸展的。本发明者已经发现,其所有层次都有弹性的SMS织物能提供一种理想地适用于这样一些用途的材料。纺粘层能向该织物提供所需要的强度、耐用性和穿孔抗性,而熔喷法织物单独则不能。由于所有层次都有弹性,因而该织物可以做得比SBL织物更薄,从而产生热量截留。有弹性的SMS,与诸如NBL织物相比,其伸展性能的方向性也小得多。进而,由于该织物是全弹性的,因而无需像通常那样在大褂生产中使用过量织物,以提供更多的余地从而允许诸如臂膀活动。去掉过量织物,导致一种不太昂贵、较轻的产品。
织物的抗渗性可以用水压头试验测定。这种试验确定该织物在预定量液体通过之前能抵御的水压(毫巴)。水压头读数越高的织物表明它比水压头低的织物有更大的液体渗透抗性。一种材料的水压头数值将受到这样一些因素影响,如纤维的纤度,纤维越细产生能透过液体的孔就越小,和纤维的疏水性。例如,在用作个人护理用品中的防侧漏挡片时,材料的水压头数值必须高得足以防止液体透过该织物并漏出。
一种材料的透气性可以用Frazier渗透性来衡量。非常重要的是,个人护理和感染控制用品用途的织物,在有良好抗渗性能的同时也要有非常良好的透气性。透气性使得汗液能通过该织物散失,而不会像诸如用单片薄膜产生的那样使穿戴者感到过分不舒适。例如,对于大褂来说,足够高的透气性是按照Frazier试验测定的约100 CFM以上的数值。
弹性是感染控制用品等用途中的一个关键性能,因为该织物将与皮肤接触而且必须能随正常穿戴者的活动而弯曲和伸展。非弹性织物要么不屈服而且可能撕裂,要么如果它屈服而没有任何弹性回复,则在这种用途中它会迅速伸展并在最经常活动的部位如肘部周围产生一种有碍观瞻的中垂伸展织物区。有只用少数几根筋提供的弹性的织物会导致红色斑痕,因而也不太理想。全弹性织物能贴紧穿戴者的身体而不会产生红色斑痕和空隙或中垂。
以上讨论的三个最关键性需要方面(抗渗性、透气性、弹性)是用本发明的织物满足的,同时,当与诸如Kraton_织物比较时,本发明也提供比较令人愉快的手感和穿孔抗性。本发明的织物提供10毫巴以上的水压头、100 CFM以上的Frazier透气性,而最重要的是全弹性,例如,构成该层压品的所有各层都有弹性。
高弹体聚合物过去已经用于这样的用途,但有时限于如以上提到的它们的固有特性(如橡胶样手感,抗渗性能不良)。这个因素,例如,当这样的聚合物作为被纺粘层包围的熔喷层用于SMS层压品中时,就不是一个问题而且可以通过局部处理来使之缓解。
可用于实施本发明的高弹体热塑性聚合物可以是从嵌段共聚物如聚氨酯、共聚酯、聚酰胺聚醚嵌段共聚物、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、通式为A-B-A′或A-B的嵌段共聚物如共聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯)、苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)-苯乙烯、苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丁烯)苯乙烯、(聚苯乙烯/聚(乙烯-丁烯)/聚苯乙烯、聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯/苯乙烯)等制成的那些。
有用的高弹体树脂,包括通式A-B-A′或A-B的嵌段共聚物,其中A和A′每个都是一个含有苯乙烯片断的热塑性聚合物末端嵌段,如聚(乙烯基芳烃),而其中B是一个高弹体聚合物中部嵌段,如共轭双烯或低级烯烃聚合物。A-B-A′型嵌段共聚物可以有不同或相同的热塑性嵌段聚合物用于A和A′嵌段,而且本嵌段共聚物有意涵盖线型、枝化和径向的嵌段共聚物。在这一方面,径向嵌段共聚物可以指定为(A-B)m-X,其中X是多官能原子或分子,且其中每个(A-B)m-都是以一种A为末端嵌段的方式从X辐射出去。在径向嵌段共聚物中,X可以是一个有机或无机多官能原子或分子,而m是一个整数,其数值与原来存在于X中的官能团相同。它通常是至少3,且往往是4或5,但不限于此。因此,在本发明中,“嵌段共聚物”、尤其“A-B-A′”和“A-B”嵌段共聚物这一表达,旨在涵盖如以上所讨论的、有这样的橡胶样嵌段和热塑性嵌段的所有嵌段共聚物,它们是可以挤出的(例如用熔喷法),而且对嵌段数目没有限制。高弹体非织造纤维网可以从诸如高弹体(聚苯乙烯/聚(乙烯-丁烯)/聚苯乙烯)嵌段共聚物形成。这样的高弹体共聚物的商业实例是,例如,可购自美国得克萨斯州休斯敦壳牌化学公司的、称为KRATON_材料的那些。KRATON_嵌段共聚物可以以若干种不同配方购买,其中许多是在列为本文参考文献的美国专利4,663,220和5,304,599中确认的。
由高弹体A-B-A-B四嵌段共聚物组成的聚合物也可以用来实施本发明。这样的聚合物在Taylor等人的美国专利5,332,613中有讨论。在这样的聚合物中,A是一种热塑性聚合物嵌段,而B是一种异戊间二烯单体单元,它已被加氢而实质上成为一种聚(乙烯-丙烯)单体单元。这样一种四嵌段共聚物的一个实例是一种苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)苯乙烯-聚(乙烯-丙烯)或SEPSEP高弹体嵌段共聚物,可购自美国得克萨斯州壳牌化学公司,商品名为KRATON_。
可以使用的其它示例性高弹体材料包括聚亚氨酯高弹体材料,例如,可在商品名ESTANE_下购自B.F.Goodrich & Co.或在商品名MORTHANE_下购自Morton Thiokol Corp.的那些,聚酯高弹体材料,例如,可在商品名HYTREL_下购自E.I.DuPont DeNemous & Company的那些,和称为ARNITEL_、以前可购自AkzoPlastics of Arnhem(荷兰)而目前可购自DSM of Sittard(荷兰)的那些。
另一种适用材料是一种有下式的聚酯嵌段酰胺共聚物:
Figure A9719240100121
式中,n是一个正整数,PA代表聚酰胺聚合物链段,PE代表聚醚聚合物链段。具体地说,这种聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物的熔点按照ASTM D-789测定时为约150℃~约170℃;其熔体指数按照ASTM D-1238条件Q(235℃/1 kg负荷)测定时为约6克/10分钟~约25克/10分钟;其弯曲弹性模量按照ASTM D-790测定时为约20 Mpa~约200Mpa;其断裂抗张强度按照ASTM D-638测定时为约29 Mpa~约33 Mpa,而最终断裂伸长按照ASTM D-638测定时为约500%~约700%。聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物的一个特定实施方案为:其熔点按照ASTMD-789测定时为约152℃;其熔体指数按照ASTM D-1238条件Q(235℃/1 kg负荷)测定时为约7克/10分钟;其弯曲弹性模量按照ASTM D-790测定时为约29.50Mpa;断裂抗张强度按照ASTMD-639测定时为约29 Mpa;断裂伸长按照ASTM D-638测定时为约650%。这样的材料可以各种不同等级在商品名PEBAX_下购自美国新泽西州格伦洛克市Atochem公司聚合物分公司(RILSAN_)。此类聚合物的用途实例可参阅列为本文参考文献的、Killian等人的和让受给与本发明同一受让人的美国专利4,724,184、4,820,572和4,923,742。
高弹体聚合物也包括乙烯和至少一种乙烯基单体例如乙酸乙烯酯、不饱和脂族单羧酸以及此类单羧酸的酯的共聚物。高弹体共聚物和从这些高弹体共聚形成高弹体非织造纤维网,已公开于诸如美国专利No.4,803,117中。
热塑性共聚酯高弹体包括有如下通式的共聚醚酯:
Figure A9719240100122
式中,“G”选自聚(氧亚乙基)-α,ω-二醇、聚(氧亚丙基)-α,ω-二醇、聚(氧-1,4-亚丁基)-α,ω  二醇组成的一组,“a”和“b”是包括2、4和6的正整数,“m”和“n”是包括1~20的正整数。这样的材料,其断裂伸长当按照ASTM D-638测定时一般为约600%~750%,其熔点当按照ASTM D-2117测定时一般为约350°F~约400°F(176~205℃)。
此类共聚酯材料的商业性实例是,例如,称为ARNITEL_、以前可购自Akzo Plastics of Arnhem(荷兰)而现在可购自DSM ofSittard(荷兰)的那些,或称为HYTREL_、可购自美国特拉华州威尔明顿市E.I.duPont de Nemours的那些。从聚酯高弹体材料形成高弹体非织造纤维网,公开于诸如Morman等人的美国专利No.4,741,949和Boggs的美国专利4,707,398中,这些专利列为本文参考文献。
以上提到的聚合物一般局限于熔喷法应用,尽管本发明者等人在使其中一些聚合物纺粘方面已经取得某种成功。因此,本发明者等人预期这些材料既可用于纺粘也可用于熔喷。
最近,这些材料又增加了一类新聚合物,这类聚合物当制成织物时有优异的抗渗性、透气性、弹性和令人愉快的手感。这类新聚合物称为“茂金属”聚合物,或是按照茂金属工艺生产的。已经开发了一些可以用熔喷法或纺粘法加工的茂金属聚合物。
茂金属工艺一般使用茂金属催化剂,后者是用一种助催化剂活化即离子化的。茂金属催化剂包括二氯化二(正丁基环戊二烯基)钛、二氯化二(正丁基环戊二烯基)锆、  氯化二(环戊二烯基)钪、二氯化二(茚基)锆、二氯化二(甲基环戊二烯基)钛、二氯化二(甲基环戊二烯基)锆、二茂钴、三氯化环戊二烯基钛、二茂铁、二氯化二茂铪、二氯化异丙基(环戊二烯基-1-芴基)锆、二氯化二茂钼、二茂镍、二氯化二茂铌、二茂钌、二氯化二茂钛、氢·氯化二茂锆、二氯化二茂锆,及其它。一份更详尽的此类化合物清单包含在Rosen等人发明并受让给道化学公司的美国专利5,374,696中。这样的化合物在Stevens等人发明而且也转让给道化学公司的美国专利5,064,802中也有讨论。
茂金属工艺,以及尤其是催化剂和催化剂载体系统,是许多专利的主题。Kaminsky等人的美国专利4,542,199描述了一种程序,其中,向甲苯中添加甲基铝噁烷(MAO),再添加通式(环戊二烯基)2MeRHdl的茂金属催化剂,式中Me是一种过渡金属、Hal是一种卤素、R是环戊二烯基或C1~C6烷基或卤素,然后添加乙烯,以期生成聚乙烯。LaPointe等人发明并转让给道化学公司的美国专利5,189,192描述了一种通过金属中心氧化制备加成聚合催化剂的工艺。埃克森(Exxon)化学专利公司的美国专利5,352,749描述了一种在流态床中使单体聚合的方法。美国专利5,349,100描述了手性茂金属化合物及其通过对映体选择性氢化物转移来创造一个手性中心进行的制备。
助催化剂是这样一些材料,如最常用的甲基铝噁烷(MAO),其它烷基铝和含硼化合物,像三(五氟苯基)硼、四(五氟苯基)硼锂、和四(五氟苯基)硼-N,N-二甲基苯铵。关于其它助催化剂系统或者因操作和产品沾污问题而最大限度减少或甚至消除烷基铝的可能性的研究还在继续。重要的一点是,茂金属催化剂要活化或离子化成一种阳离子形式才能与要聚合的单体反应。
利用茂金属催化剂生产的聚合物有分子量范围非常狭窄的独特优势。小于4、甚至小于2的多分散性数值(Mw/Mn)对于茂金属生产的聚合物来说是可能的。这些聚合物,当与其它方面类似的齐格勒-纳塔生产的类型聚合物比较时,有狭窄的短链枝化分布。
利用茂金属催化剂系统,当采用立体选择性茂金属催化剂时,也有可能十分密切地控制该聚合物的全同立构性。事实上,已经生产出有超过99%的全同立构性的聚合物。利用这种系统,也有可能生产高度间同立构的聚丙烯。
聚合物全同立构性的控制也能导致产生一种在聚合链长度上交替含有全同立构材料嵌段和无规立构材料嵌段的聚合物。这种构造借助于无规立构部分产生一种弹性聚合物。这样的聚合物合成在 Science(科学)杂志第267卷(1995年1月13日)第191页上K.B.Wagner的一篇文章中有讨论。Wagner在讨论Coates和Waymouth的工作时解释说,催化剂在各立体化学形式之振荡,导致一种有全同立构立体中心运转周期与无规立构中心运转周期相连接的聚合物链。全同立构优势度降低而产生弹性。Geoffrey W.Coates和Robert M.Waymouth,在该杂志同一期第217页上一篇题为“振荡式立体控制:热塑性高弹体聚丙烯的合成战略”的文章中,讨论了他们的工作,其中他们使用了二氯化二(2-苯基茚基)锆这种茂金属化合物,在甲基铝噁烷(MAO)的存在下,和通过改变反应器中的压力和温度,使聚合物形式在全同立构与无规立构之间振荡。
茂金属聚合物的商业性生产是有点儿受限制的,但仍在增长。这样的聚合物可以在聚丙烯基聚合物的商品名EXXPOL_下和在聚乙烯基聚合物的商品名EXACT_下购自美国得克萨斯州贝敦市埃克森(Exxon)化学公司。密歇根州米德兰市道化学公司也有在商品名ENGAGE_下进行商业性销售的聚合物。这些材料相信是用非立体选择性茂金属催化剂生产的。埃克森公司一般将其茂金属催化剂技术称为“单一部位”催化剂,而道公司则在INSITE_这一名称下称其为“受限几何学”催化剂,以使其区别于有多个反应部位的传统齐格勒-纳塔催化剂。其它制造商如Fina Oil、BASF、Amoco、Hoechst和Mobil等公司也活跃于这个领域,相信在今后十年中按照这种技术生产的聚合物的可得性将有实质性增长。在本发明的实施中,像聚丙烯和聚乙烯这样的弹性聚烯烃是较好的,最好的是弹性聚丙烯。
关于茂金属基高弹体聚合物,Kaminsky等人的美国专利5,204,429描述了一种工艺,该工艺可利用一种本身是甾族刚性(sterorigid)手性茂金属类过渡金属化合物和铝噁烷的催化剂从环状链烯烃和线型链烯烃产生弹性共聚物。该聚合是在一种惰性溶剂例如一种脂族或环脂族烃如甲苯中进行的。该反应也可以利用要聚合的单体作为溶剂而在气相中进行。均为Lai等人发明、转让给道化学公司且题为“弹性的、实质上线型的链烯烃聚合物”的美国专利5,278,272和5,272,236描述了有特殊弹性性能的聚合物。
也可以向高弹体聚合物中添加加工助剂。例如,可以使一种聚烯烃与一种高弹体聚合物(如高弹体嵌段共聚物)掺合,以改善该组合物的可加工性。该聚烯烃必须是一种当进行如此掺合并遭遇到高压和高温条件的适当组合时能以与该高弹体聚合物的掺合形式挤出的。有用的掺合聚烯烃材料包括,例如,聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚丁烯,包括乙烯共聚物、丙烯共聚物和丁烯共聚物。一种特别有用的聚乙烯可在商品名“Petrothene NA 601”(本文中也称为“PE NA 601”或“聚乙烯NA 601”)下购自U.S.I.化学公司。可以利用两种或多种聚烯烃。高弹体聚合物与聚烯烃的可挤出掺合物公开于,例如,以上提到的美国专利No.4,663,220。
理想的是,这些高弹体纤维应当具有某种粘性或粘合性,以加强自生粘合。例如,高弹体聚合物本身当成形为纤维时可以是有粘性的,或者替而代之,可以把一种可兼容增粘树脂添加到以上描述的可挤出高弹体组合物中,以提供能自生粘合的增粘高弹体纤维。列为本文参考文献的美国专利No.4,787,699中公开的增粘树脂和增粘的可挤出高弹体组合物是适用的。
任何增粘剂树脂,凡是可与高弹体聚合物兼容而且能耐受高加工(如挤出)温度者,都可以使用。如果高弹体聚合物(如高弹体嵌段共聚物)是与加工助剂如聚烯烃或增量油掺合的,则增粘剂树脂也应当与这些加工助剂兼容。一般来说,加氢的烃类树脂是较好的增粘树脂,因为它们有较好的温度稳定性。REGALREZ_和ARKON_ P系列增粘剂是加氢烃类树脂的实例。ZONATAK_501 lite是萜烯烃的一个实例。REGALREZ_烃类树脂可购自Hercules公司。ARKON_ P系列树脂可购自荒川化学(美国)公司。能与组合物中其它组分兼容而且能耐受高加工温度的其它增粘树脂也可以使用。
在本发明的实施中,可以通过按顺序向移动中的成形带上首先沉积一个纺粘织物层、然后沉积一个熔喷法织物层、最后沉积另一个纺粘层来制作层压品,然后使该层压品粘合,先决条件是所有各层都是从弹性聚合物制作的。这些纺粘面层也可以是一个弹性共轭或双组分纤维层,例如,聚丙烯和聚乙烯等聚烯烃或聚烯烃掺合物的皮/芯型或并列型纤维。图1显示一种使弹性纤维网与可褶裥纤维网拉伸粘合成一种层压品的连续制造在线工艺的示意图,其中,在一个有两种高弹体聚合物的可拉伸纤维网的相对每一侧上有两个可褶裥纤维网。在该图中,一种弹性聚合物从两个熔喷法纺丝板1中的每一个沉积到成形金属丝网2上,产生一种弹性纤维网3。成形金属丝网2随着各层的沉积而以某种第一速度移动。弹性纤维网3向前移动而通过粘合辊6、7,在此,弹性纤维网3与从给料辊退卷下来的(在本案例中为两个)可褶裥纤维网4、5组合。粘合辊6、7被显示为包含一个有图案的轧光辊6和一个光滑砧辊7,但也可以使用本文中说明的其它方法和安排。纤维网3、4和5分别在与成形金属丝网2的辊和给料辊相联系的箭头所指出的方向上运行。通过让粘合辊6、7以比成形金属丝网2移动速度更高的速度旋转,产生一个粘合辊/金属丝网速度比,使弹性纤维网3拉伸到所希望的量。辊6、7之间的压力使可褶裥纤维网4、5粘合到弹性纤维网3上,形成一种复合弹性材料8。然后,把复合弹性材料8卷绕到卷绕机9上。在本发明实施中,弹性熔喷法纤维网3不需要在粘合之前拉伸,而且可褶裥纤维网4、5是用弹性纺粘纤维网代替的。
为了确定其抗渗性能、透气性能和弹性性能,测试了一批材料样品。这些材料在以下描述,其结果在表1中给出。这些样品是按照以上“测试方法”之下描述的周期试验方法、Frazier渗透性试验和水压头试验进行拉伸性能测试的,结果在表1中给出。在该表中,STS系指“停止伸长”(stretch to stop),MB系指“熔喷法”,BW系指“定量”(织物每单位面积的重量)。注意,本发明者等人认为这些实例只在其发明的实施范围之内。
对照1
这种材料是Kimberly-Clark公司在商业上用于KIMBERLYCLARK_ULTRA外科手术大褂中的一种标准SMS织物。实例中显示的是非增强大褂的数据。在这个样品中,抗水性试验是按照AATCC 127-1989进行的,透气性试验按照ASTM D-737-75进行。这种材料中没有一层是弹性的。
比较例1
这种材料是一般按照图1中所述方法以粘合辊/金属丝网速度比为1.5、粘合温度为145°F(63℃)生产的SMS织物。它有一个从Montell公司取名为PF-305的一种聚丙烯聚合物制作的14gsm非弹性可褶裥纺粘层置于一个可从密歇根州米德兰市道化学公司在商品名ENGAGE_弹性聚合物下购买的一种聚合物制成的67gsm弹性熔喷法纤维网层的任意一侧。这种材料是一种聚乙烯共聚物,在190℃和2160克载荷条件下,按照ASTM试验1238-90b测定的熔体流动指数为30克/10分钟。
实例1
这种材料是一般按照图1中描述的方法,以粘合辊/金属丝网速度比为1.94且粘合温度为139/131°F(59/56℃)生产的SMS织物。它有一个从得克萨斯州休斯敦市埃克森化学公司取名为EXACT_4014的一种聚乙烯聚合物制成的63gsm弹性纺粘层置于一种从与比较例1中相同的熔喷法聚合物制成的70gsm弹性熔喷法织物层的任意一侧。
比较例2
这种材料是一种一般按照图1中所述方法、以粘合辊/金属丝网速度比为2.06且粘合温度为132°F(56℃)生产的SMS织物。它有一个从Montell公司取名为PF-305的一种聚丙烯聚合物制成的14gsm非弹性可褶裥纺粘层置于一个从一种购自壳牌化学公司、商品名为KRATON_G-2755弹性聚合物的聚合物制成的65gsm弹性熔喷层的任意一侧。
实例2
这种材料是一种一般按照图1中所述的方法,以粘合辊/金属丝网速度比为1.8且粘合温度为132°F(56℃)生产的SMS织物。它有一个从与实例1的纺粘层相同的聚合物制成的63gsm弹性纺粘层置于一个从与实例1中相同的熔喷聚合物制成的65gsm弹性熔喷层的任意一侧。
                        表1
样品   层压品定量GSM(g/m2)   停止伸长%    截止负荷,克   截止伸长   Frazier透气性ft3/ft2/m  水压头毫巴
对照1   22  79
比较例1   64   24.2    410.2   19.2   307  11
实例1   59   75.4    420.3   33.8   218  13
比较例2   65   25.4    381.1   21.0   265  12
实例2   65   48.1    151.7   15.0   207  14
表1中的结果显示,本发明的材料有良好的抗渗性能和优异的透气性,同时也提供有全弹性的织物。
也已经发现,本发明的织物提供了粗略考察时不容易看出来的许多其它优点。具体地说,本发明的材料已被发现,当所有各层均基于弹性聚烯烃时,与诸如链烯烃和非链烯烃聚合物的混合物相比,有良好的可粘合性。更具体地说,当各层全部从同一种链烯烃如聚乙烯制作时,可粘合性得到加强。对于像用于个人护理用品这样的材料来说,可粘合性十分重要,因为向成品的转化要求该织物以某种方式粘合到该物品的其它部分。很多材料,当用于个人护理用品时,例如,必须以粘合方式连接到该物品上。本发明的织物,当它是一种聚烯烃,例如用来制作大多数个人护理用品的链烯烃类聚合物非织造非弹性材料时,可以通过加热粘合到该物品的其余部分。像点粘合和透气粘合这样的粘合方法,当与缝编或粘合剂粘合比较时,是更简单得多、更无需保养的生产方法,而且很受制造商偏爱。进而,由于抗渗性和透气性是如此良好,以致该材料可以做得比竞争性弹性材料还薄,还能保持与竞争性材料几乎相同的性能,导致减少处置质量。
薄度和轻量化是个人护理用品的两个关键属性,因为它们是与身体紧密接触的。用这种织物制作的一件物品例如大褂也可以使用比以前更少的织物,因为在通常需要过量材料才能容纳肢体活动的区域,本织物能随之伸缩。这一点的额外回报在于,由于每件产品中使用较少的材料,因而消费者的成本可以较低,而且无论在经济方面还是环境方面,本发明织物的处置费用均应低于竞争性弹性织物。
本发明者相信,本发明的高度舒适、可透气、抗渗的弹性材料提供不同于且优于当前竞争性材料的综合属性。本发明的织物,当所有各层都是聚烯烃时,对感染控制和个人护理用品中使用的其它聚合物也有优异的可粘合性,而且可以做得比竞争性产品更薄和更轻量。
尽管以上只详细描述了本发明的少数几个例示性实施方案,但本门技术的熟练人员将很容易了解,在没有实质上背离本发明的新颖公开内容和优点的情况下,可以对这些例示性实施方案做很多改动。因此,所有这样的改动都有意包括在以下权利要求书中所定义的本发明的范围内。在这些权利要求中,手段加功能权利要求有意覆盖本文中描述为执行所提到功能的结构,不仅覆盖结构性等效物,而且也覆盖等效结构。因此,尽管钉子和螺钉可能不是结构性等效物,因为钉子采用圆柱形表面把木质部件固定在一起,而螺丝则采用螺旋表面,但在使木质部件紧固的环境中,钉子和螺丝可以是等效结构。

Claims (12)

1.一种全弹性、可透气、抗渗的织物层压品,其中包含至少一个平均直径小于10微米的弹性纤维层,在其任意一侧与一个平均直径大于7微米的弹性纤维层粘合。
2.权利要求1的织物,其中,平均直径大于7微米的各层是用纺粘法制作的,而所述平均直径小于10微米的纤维是用熔喷法制作的。
3.权利要求2的织物,其中,所述用纺粘法制作的各层含有共轭纤维。
4.权利要求3的织物,其中,所述共轭纤维是皮/芯型聚丙烯/聚乙烯纤维。
5.权利要求1的织物,其中所述弹性纤维是从下列组成的一组中选择的一种弹性聚合物制成的:聚烯烃,聚氨酯,共聚酯,聚酰胺聚醚嵌段共聚物,乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA),共聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯),聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丙烯-苯乙烯),聚(苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯/苯乙烯),和A-B-A-B四嵌段共聚物。
6.权利要求5的织物,其中,所述平均直径大于7微米的弹性纤维是从弹性聚烯烃制成的。
7.权利要求6的织物,其中所述平均直径小于10微米的纤维是从一种共聚醚酯制成的。
8.权利要求6的织物,其中所述平均直径小于10微米的纤维是从弹性聚烯烃制成的。
9.权利要求1的织物,其中所述各层是用加热法接合在一起的。
10.个人护理用品的防侧漏挡片,其中包含权利要求1的织物。
11.一种感染控制产品,其中包含有权利要求1的织物。
12.一种感染控制产品,其中包含一层平均直径小于10微米的非织造纤维网层,其中所述纤维网层的水压头至少10毫巴,Frazier透气性至少100CFM,单位重量小于68克/米2,且该纤维网层是用弹性聚烯烃制成的,该产品还进一步包含一层弹性聚烃纺粘层,粘结到所述非织造纤维网的至少一侧上。
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CN1950555B (zh) * 2004-04-30 2010-05-05 金伯利-克拉克环球有限公司 弹性层压材料及其制备方法

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ZA971269B (en) 1997-08-27
AU1853497A (en) 1997-09-10
AU710871B2 (en) 1999-09-30
BR9708446A (pt) 1999-08-03
WO1997030843A1 (en) 1997-08-28
EP0881964A1 (en) 1998-12-09
US5952252A (en) 1999-09-14
ID16020A (id) 1997-08-28
KR19990087840A (ko) 1999-12-27
CO4820420A1 (es) 1999-07-28
CA2242605A1 (en) 1997-08-28
AR005911A1 (es) 1999-07-21
PE58898A1 (es) 1998-10-16
CN1225353C (zh) 2005-11-02

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