CN1197520A - 存储器管理 - Google Patents

存储器管理 Download PDF

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CN1197520A
CN1197520A CN96197203A CN96197203A CN1197520A CN 1197520 A CN1197520 A CN 1197520A CN 96197203 A CN96197203 A CN 96197203A CN 96197203 A CN96197203 A CN 96197203A CN 1197520 A CN1197520 A CN 1197520A
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data
address
address field
storage system
storage
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A·W·辛克莱尔
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Memory Corp PLC
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/0223—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing
    • G06F12/023—Free address space management
    • G06F12/0238—Memory management in non-volatile memory, e.g. resistive RAM or ferroelectric memory
    • G06F12/0246—Memory management in non-volatile memory, e.g. resistive RAM or ferroelectric memory in block erasable memory, e.g. flash memory
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/0223—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing
    • G06F12/0292—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing using tables or multilevel address translation means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F2212/72—Details relating to flash memory management
    • G06F2212/7201—Logical to physical mapping or translation of blocks or pages
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
    • G06F3/0662—Virtualisation aspects
    • G06F3/0664—Virtualisation aspects at device level, e.g. emulation of a storage device or system

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Techniques For Improving Reliability Of Storages (AREA)
  • Memory System (AREA)
  • Information Retrieval, Db Structures And Fs Structures Therefor (AREA)
  • Read Only Memory (AREA)
  • Supplying Of Containers To The Packaging Station (AREA)

Abstract

利用各逻辑扇区地址值的一个数据块及多个备用数据块来维护逻辑扇区地址与对应的物理地址之间的映射的方法。各数据块包括:直接地址字段及间接地址字段。第一次将数据写入逻辑扇区地址时用对应的物理地址编程直接地址字段。以后每一次将数据写入同一逻辑扇区地址时用备用数据块的地址编程间接地址字段,并用数据的新物理地址编写备用数据块的直接地址字段。

Description

存储器管理
本发明涉及数据存储器系统，更具体地，涉及管理存储器的方法，在该存储器中数据只能写入未写的存储器单元中，以便每次要改变存储的数据时能更新所存储的信息而无须擦除整个块。本发明的一种应用是在利用快速(FLASH)存储器作为数据主存储器及利用快速查找表来执行逻辑到物理地址翻译的固态存储器中。本发明可用在若干不同的存储器单元中，诸如快速EPROM单元、硫族化物存储单元(chalcogenide memorycell)及铁光单元(ferro-optic cell)。固态盘接收主机以逻辑扇区地址形式提供的地址(或用来自主机的柱面-头-扇区编址的变换)。这一逻辑扇区编址是连续的。将逻辑扇区地址映射到物理扇区地址上。物理扇区地址定义物理存储器中扇区的排序。由于可以以任何次序将逻辑扇区分配给物理扇区，不能用算法来执行变换：而需要某种形式的映射。这一映射通常用查找表来执行。然而，如果查找表也是由快速存储单元组成的，则只能用块擦除来更新单个的项。这是非常低效的。
近年来在固态盘设备领域中掀起活动。这一活动已随着膝上及掌上便携式计算机以及PCMCIA(插接体兼容主机计算机接口适配器)标准的来临而加剧。已经提交了关于采用快速存储器作为主数据存储器所需的控制方法的若干专利申请。
WO9420906涉及快速(FLASH)文件系统。它采用块分配图将信息存储在能写入的主快速存储器中的块上。当要更新一块时便扫描分配图直到定位一个空闲块。采用转换单元来简化系统的存储器回收。转换单元为存储器的未写的擦除块。将来自包含老数据的存储器块(老块)的有效(当前有效)数据写入转换单元(新块)中的相同单元上并擦除老块。然后老块成为转换单元。WO9420906中公开的发明需要随机存取存储器来反映块分配图中的变化。本发明不需要随机存取存储器，管理数据更新所需的全部功能可在诸如快速EPROM等非易失性块可擦除存储器上执行。
EP0597706涉及采用映象ROM将主机提供的逻辑扇区地址映射到半导体存储器中的物理地址上的固态外围存储设备。将半导体存储器中的任何损坏扇区的地址记录在映象ROM中，采用微定序器来控制映射。在需要新的物理地址时更新映象ROM。该发明涉及浮栅存储器，该专利申请中描述的更新映象ROM的方法显露映象ROM不能是快速存储器，因为映象ROM必须是字节可擦除的以便能独立地更新各项。
WO9510083公开了采用CAM(内容可寻址存储器)来搜索包含标志字段的地址。搜索地址使得只在找到带有设定在特定值上的标志的地址时才作为匹配。当地址存储已过时的数据时，便复位其标志。从而，只有带有效数据的地址其标志是置位的，具有老数据的同一逻辑地址(但是不同的物理地址)的标志是复位的。
本发明提供包括多个数据存储装置及控制装置的数据存储系统，各数据存储装置可用唯一的物理地址定位，控制装置包含存储关于各所述多个数据存储装置的物理地址到对应的多个逻辑地址的查找表的存储装置，其特征在于所述控制装置(12，22)包含多个备用数据块，各数据块包含一个直接地址字段(14)及一个间接地址字段(16)，所述控制装置适合于当初次将数据写到所述逻辑地址时，用对应的第二地址编程各自的直接地址字段，而随后第一次将数据写到所述逻辑地址时，用备用数据块的地址编程该间接地址字段，并用对应于所述逻辑地址的新的第二地址编程所述备用数据块的直接地址字段。
一种维护第一地址与对应的第二地址之间的映射的方法，其中所述数据块包括一个指针标志。
一种维护第一地址与对应的第二地址之间的映射的方法，其中所述指针标志可以独立于所述数据块的其余部分写入。
一种维护第一地址与对应的第二地址之间的映射的方法，其中所述指针标志是在擦除状态中直到对对应数据块的间接地址字段进行编程为止。
一种维护第一地址与对应的第二地址之间的映射的方法，其中读取该指针标志来确定要读取直接地址字段还是间接地址字段。
一种维护第一地址与对应的第二地址之间的映射的方法，其中当达到预定的条件时便清除数据块。一种维护第一地址与对应的第二地址之间的映射的方法，其中当未使用的数据块的数目降至预定的阈值以下时便清除数据块。
现在参照附图用示例方式具体描述本发明，附图中：
图1A、1B、与1C示出使用间接地址字段与直接地址字段的两个地址之间的翻译的原理。
每一个固态存储器系统都必须将从主机接收的逻辑扇区地址转换成能用来寻址用作主存储器的特定固态存储设备的物理地址。从而，需要某种从逻辑到物理地址的转换。本发明的这一实施例使用两个查找表来维护逻辑扇区地址和与其对应的物理扇区地址之间的映射。在本发明的其它实施例中可以只使用一张表，该表执行与两张查找表或前一实施例相同的功能。
参见图1A，用于各逻辑扇区地址值的查找表项10位于初级查找表12中由等于该逻辑扇区地址加上初级查找表位移量的地址所定义的单元上。
初级查找表12中的各项至少包含三个字段：一个字段存储主存储器地址14，另一字段存储链接的地址16；以及第三字段为指针标志18。初级查找表12中各使用过的项或者直接指向主存储器20中一个扇区的物理地址或者提供对次级查找表22的间接指针。在本实施例中，确定初级查找表项指向主存储器20还是指向次级查找表22的方式为读取相关表项中的指针标志IS。如果指针标志18是被擦除的(图1A与1B中用字母E示出)，则主存储器地址是有效的。如果指针是未被擦除的(图1A与1B中用字母U示出)，则次级查找表地址是有效的。
考虑在主存储器20中没有存储数据的情况。当第一次写入数据时，这时主机提供逻辑扇区地址连同要存储的数据。将数据存储在主存储器20中的物理单元24中并将主存储器20中这一物理单元24的地址存储在初级查找表12中对应于主机提供的逻辑扇区地址的项26上。如果在某一稍后时间上，主机删除该数据并以与老数据相同的逻辑扇区地址发送新数据，则将新数据存储在未使用的主存储器单元28中(先前的主存储器单元24不能复盖，因为快速存储器写入以后需要一个擦除周期)。这时必须更新初级查找表12。这示出在图1B中。
图1B示出如何更新查找表来确保逻辑扇区地址与新物理地址之间的正确映射。现在需要用新数据的主存储器单元28的地址来更新初级查找表12中的项26。这是通过将对应于逻辑扇区地址26的项中的指针标志写成逻辑零(未置位)并将链接地址写成次级查找表22中的未使用项之一(此后称作×××次级表项32)而完成的。该指针标志是能够写的，因为它占用一个可寻址的单元并且因为它自擦除周期以来未曾写过：指针的不活跃状态为擦除状态(逻辑1)。将写入了新数据的存储器单元的地址存储在×××次级查找表项32的主存储器地址字段14中。
如果在稍后时间上主机删除新数据并发送更多数据(这将称作最新数据)则将这一最新数据存储在主存储器的另一未使用单元34中(这将称作最新未使用单元)。这示出在图1C中。不改变初级查找表12，但写入了次级查找表2中的×××项的指针标志30，从而它是未置位的(逻辑零)并且写入了链接地址字段，从而它指向次级查找表中的一个未使用项(这将称作yyy次级查找表项36)。然后将该最新未使用单元的地址存储在yyy次级查找表项36的主存储器字段14中。可以继续进行这一过程直到次级查找表22中的未使用项的数目降到预定值以下为止。
一旦次级查找表22满时，便需要清除操作。在清除初级查找表12时，为了保护信息，在擦除老的查找表之前必须建立新的查找表。执行清除操作的一种方法是在初级查找表12上方或下方将至少一个可擦除快速块保留在擦除状态中。将来自初级查找表12的一项复制到该擦除的块中，然后擦除该老项。随着复制各项，从相关有效次级查找表项(其指针标志在擦除状态中的项)复制该项的主存储器地址字段14。实际上是将初级查找表12向上或向下移动一个擦除块。一旦完成了这一过程便可擦除次级查找表22。
在本发明的其它实施例中，只利用两个字段：主存储器地址及次级查找表地址。如果次级查找表地址包含有效数据便读取该地址而不是主存储器地址。如果次级查找表地址不包含有效数据便读取主存储器地址。

Claims (7)

1.一种包含多个数据存储装置及控制装置的数据存储系统，各数据存储装置可用唯一的物理地址定位，而所述控制装置则包含存储关于各所述多个数据存储装置的物理地址到对应的多个逻辑地址的查找表的存储装置，其特征在于所述控制装置(12、22)包含多个备用数据块，各数据块包含一个直接地址字段(14)及一个间接地址字段(16)，所述控制装置适合于在第一次将数据写入所述逻辑地址时，用对应的第二地址编程各自的直接地址字段，而在以后各次将数据写入所述逻辑地址时，用备用数据块的地址编程间接地址字段，并用对应于所述逻辑地址的新的第二地址编程所述备用数据块的直接地址字段。
2.按照权利要求1的数据存储系统，其特征在于所述数据块包括一个指针标志(10)。
3.按照权利要求2的数据存储系统，其特征在于所述指针标志是独立于所述数据块的其余部分可写的。
4.按照权利要求2或3的数据存储系统，其特征在于所述指针标志是在擦除状态中直到编程了对应数据块的间接地址字段为止。
5.按照权利要求2、3或4的数据存储系统，其特征在于读取该指针标志来确定要读取直接地址字段还是间接地址字段。
6.按照前面权利要求中任何一项的数据存储系统，其特征在于它包含在达到预定条件时清除该数据块的装置。
7.按照前面权利要求中任何一项的数据存储系统，其特征在于它包含在未使用的数据块数目降至预定的阈值以下时清除该数据块的装置。
CN96197203A 1995-09-27 1996-02-06 存储器管理 Pending CN1197520A (zh)

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GB9519669A GB2291990A (en) 1995-09-27 1995-09-27 Flash-memory management system

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AT (1) ATE205946T1 (zh)
DE (1) DE69615385D1 (zh)
GB (1) GB2291990A (zh)
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KR19990063714A (ko) 1999-07-26

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