CN118369093A - 氨基酸水合配制品及使用方法 - Google Patents
氨基酸水合配制品及使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN118369093A CN118369093A CN202280050926.4A CN202280050926A CN118369093A CN 118369093 A CN118369093 A CN 118369093A CN 202280050926 A CN202280050926 A CN 202280050926A CN 118369093 A CN118369093 A CN 118369093A
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Abstract
本披露提出了用于水合或再水合的组合物和方法。用于口服食用的组合物包含氨基酸配制品。一种使人类进行水合或再水合的方法,该方法包括施用有效量的口服组合物,其中该口服组合物包含氨基酸配制品。该氨基酸配制品可以包含氨基酸、二肽、寡肽、碳水化合物‑氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。
Description
本申请于2022年5月27日作为PCT国际专利申请提交,并要求2021年5月28日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号63/194,567的权益和优先权,其全部披露内容通过援引以其整体并入本文。
引言
本披露总体上涉及用于水合或再水合的组合物和方法。
人类经常在如暴露于过量热、高强度或长时间运动、水分有限时高要求的身体活动、高山攀登等压力条件下或者在由腹泻、呕吐或出汗引起的持续水分流失期间遭受脱水或失水。如失去电解质平衡等负面的生理效应通常伴随着脱水。有益的是提供一种用于快速且有效的水合或再水合的组合物,该组合物能够恢复体液和关键元素以维持机能并避免脱水带来的任何潜在不利健康问题。
先前已经尝试制备再水合组合物并且特别是饮料和运动饮品,其提供了用于再水合的能量来源、电解质和水。这些饮料可以含有蛋白质、糖(如葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖)、盐和其他添加剂(如柠檬酸、甘油、甘油三酯、酸式硫酸钠)的混合物,据称这些混合物有利于再水合。这些饮料和组合物通常披露于例如美国专利号4,853,237、5,447,730、6,221,910、6,485,764、7,001,612、7,160,565、8,993,032以及美国专利申请号2005/0100637、2005/0048136、2009/0117224、2012/0128815中。
然而,许多披露的组合物可以更有效。例如,许多组合物并未提供体液和血浆容量的快速恢复,并且再水合效果的持续时间通常相对较短。特别地,在摄取这些组合物之后体液的保留可能不会持续太久,并且总体液迅速下降至再水合之前的水平。另外,先前的披露内容中并未清楚地表明再水合组合物的有效组分和/或再水合效果的直接证据。此外,许多现有的组合物含有大量的碳水化合物和/或可能较不受消费者优选的其他高卡路里成分。当人消耗含有碳水化合物的饮品时,还存在快速体液恢复目的与能量补充目的之间的折中。随着饮品的碳水化合物浓度增加,其能量密度和克分子渗透压重量浓度增加,从而降低其胃排空速率。因而,削弱体液恢复的有效性。
因此,尽管存在上述披露内容,但仍高度希望新的水合或再水合组合物和饮料,其为脱水和失水、水合或再水合的长持续时间、总体液的补偿和长时间保留、电解质平衡的延长恢复、和/或改善的味觉和适口性特征提供快速且有效的解决方案。
披露概述
本披露提出了满足上述需求的水合和再水合组合物和方法。
在一方面,本披露涉及一种用于口服食用的组合物,该组合物包含氨基酸配制品。该氨基酸配制品可以包含氨基酸、二肽、寡肽、碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。在一个特定实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸、或含有甘氨酸的二肽、或碳水化合物-甘氨酸络合物、或其任何组合组成。在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品或口服组合物不含或基本上不含支链氨基酸(BCAA)。
在一些实施例中,口服组合物是即饮水合饮料。一个具体实例是运动饮料或运动饮品。在一些实施例中,饮料具有基于饮料的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L的氨基酸配制品浓度。
在一些实施例中,口服组合物呈干燥或半干燥形式。一个具体实例是易溶于水中的干粉。在一些实施例中,干粉的可饮用溶液可以容易地通过将干粉溶解于可饮用介质中来制备,其中该溶液具有基于该可饮用溶液的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L的氨基酸配制品浓度。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物进一步包含至少一种电解质。电解质的实例包括钠、钾、钙、镁、氯化物、磷酸盐、碳酸氢盐及其组合。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物进一步包含至少一种甜味剂。甜味剂可以是碳水化合物、基于肽的甜味剂、非营养性甜味剂、人造甜味剂、商业甜味剂或增甜组合物、或“天然高效甜味剂”(NHPS)。在一个特定实施例中,本发明组合物包含低卡路里或无卡路里甜味剂。在另一个特定实施例中,本发明组合物不含或基本上不含碳水化合物甜味剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物进一步包含至少一种添加剂、至少一种功能成分、或二者。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物具有从约250至约350mOsm/kg、或从约260至约340mOsm/kg、或从约270至约330mOsm/kg、或从约280至约320mOsm/kg、或从约290至约310mOsm/kg、或从约290至约300mOsm/kg的克分子渗透压重量浓度。
在另一方面,本披露涉及一种用于水合或再水合的方法。出于以下目的中的至少一个,本发明方法利用了本文所述的组合物:在再水合期间提供对血浆容量(即D20或水)恢复的快速影响,减弱或反转脱水或失水效应,改进运动、热量或导致体液流失的其他活动的其他不利效应,提供对随后身体机能的积极影响,增长体液保留的持续时间,快速增加血浆容量,在长持续时间内维持增加的血浆容量,恢复和维持电解质平衡,提供能量来源,平衡或控制卡路里摄入,以及模拟口渴和饮用。
在一些实施例中,本披露提供了一种使人类进行水合或再水合的方法,该方法包括施用有效量的本文所述的口服组合物,其中该口服组合物包含本文所述的氨基酸配制品。
在本发明方法的一些实施例中,口服组合物是即饮水合饮料、或运动饮品、或增强型水饮品。在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于口服组合物的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
在本发明方法的一些实施例中,口服组合物呈干燥或半干燥形式。口服组合物的形式可以是饮料浓缩物、凝胶、干粉、片剂、或胶囊。在一个实施例中,口服组合物易溶于可饮用介质中的干粉形式。在一些实施例中,该方法包括通过将干粉溶解在包含水的可饮用介质中制备含有干粉的可饮用溶液,以及口服地施用该可饮用溶液。在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于可饮用溶液的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
在其他实施例中,该方法包括摄取/食用口服组合物和包含水的可饮用介质。可以并行地、同时地、单独地、或依次地摄取口服组合物和可饮用介质。在一些实施例中,口服组合物与可饮用介质的比率是使得氨基酸配制品的含量为相对于可饮用介质的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
在本发明方法的一个特定实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸、或含有甘氨酸的二肽、或碳水化合物-甘氨酸络合物、或其任何组合组成。
在本发明方法的一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后10分钟或之前增加了至少约2.5%、或至少约3%、或至少约4%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后15分钟或之前增加了至少约4.5%、或至少约5%、或至少约5.5%、或至少约6%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后30分钟或之前增加了至少约5%、或至少约5.5%、或至少约6%、或至少约6.5%、或至少约7%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后45分钟或之前增加了至少约3%、或至少约3.5%、或至少约4%、或至少约5%、或至少约6%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后60分钟或之前增加了至少约3%、或至少约3.5%、或至少约4%、或至少约5%、或至少约6%。
在一些实施例中,人类的在施用口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在其后持续至少约15分钟、或至少约30分钟、或至少约1小时基本上保持不变。
在一些实施例中,人类的在施用口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在至少约30分钟内降低了小于约1%、或小于约2%、或小于约3%、或小于约4%、或小于约5%、或小于约6%、或小于约7%、或小于约8%、或小于约9%、或小于约10%。
在本发明方法的一些实施例中,在施用口服组合物后至少60分钟内,人类的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度维持在从约270至约330mOsm/kg、或从约280至约320mOsm/kg、或从约290至约310mOsm/kg、或从约290至约300mOsm/kg的范围内。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度在施用口服组合物后至少60分钟内的变化不大于3mOsm/kg。
选定术语的定义和解释
如本文所用,“重量百分比(weight percent)”、“wt%”、“按重量计百分比(percent by weight)”、“按重量计%(%by weight)”、及其变体是指物质的浓度,为该物质的重量除以组合物的总重量并乘以100。应理解,如本文所用,“百分比”、“%”等旨在为与“重量百分比”、“wt%”等同义。
如本文所用,“g”表示克;“kg”表示千克或1000克;“L”表示升;“mg”表示“毫克(10-3克)”;“mL”或“cc”表示毫升(10-3升)。单位“g/100g”、“g/100mL”、或“g/L”是组分在组合物中的浓度或含量的单位。1“mg/L”等于1ppm(百万分率)。“Da”是指道尔顿,其是分子量的单位;1Da等于1g/mol。本文所用的温度的单位是摄氏度(℃)。
术语“约”与数值结合使用以包括如本领域技术人员预期的测量中的正常变化,并应理解为具有与“大约”相同的含义并涵盖典型的误差界限,如所述值的±15%、±10%、±5%、±1%、±0.5%、或甚至±0.1%。术语“约”还涵盖由于特定初始组合物所产生的组合物的不同平衡条件造成的不同的量。无论是否由术语“约”来修饰,权利要求均包括数量的等效形式。
应当注意的是,除非内容清楚地另外规定,否则如在本说明书和所附权利要求中所使用的,单数形式“一个/一种(a/an)”和“该/所述(the)”包括复数对象。因此,例如,提到含有“化合物”的组合物包括具有两种或更多种彼此相同或彼此不同的化合物。还应当注意的是,除非内容清楚地另外规定,否则术语“或”通常以其包括“和/或”的含义使用。如本文所用,“和/或”是指并涵盖相关的所列项中的一个或多个的任何和所有可能的组合、以及当以替代词(“或”)解释时缺乏的组合。
为了简短和简明,本说明书中陈述的值的任何范围设想了该范围内的所有值,并且应被解释为支持叙述了具有所讨论的指定范围内的实际数值的端点的任何子范围的权利要求。通过假设的说明性实例,本说明书中从1至5的范围的披露应当被认为支持对以下范围中的任一个范围的要求保护:1-5;1-4;1-3;1-2;2-5;2-4;2-3;3-5;3-4;和4-5。
术语“基本上”在本文中用于表示可归因于任何定量比较、值、测量值或其他表示的固有不确定度。术语“基本上”在本文中也用于表示定量表示可以与所述参考不同而不会导致所讨论主题的基本功能发生变化的程度。
术语“基本上不含”可以指本披露的组合物缺乏或主要缺乏的任何组分。当提及“基本上不含”时,旨在不有意地将该组分添加至本披露的组合物。使用术语“基本上不含”某个组分允许在本披露的组合物中包括痕量的该组分,因为它们存在于另一个组分中。但是,应认识到的是,当组合物被称为“基本上不含”某个组分时,将仅允许痕量或微量的该组分。此外,如果组合物被称为“基本上不含”某个组分、如果该组分以痕量或微量存在,则应理解为它将不会影响该组合物的有效性。应理解,如果成分未明确地包括在本文中或者未在本文中陈述其可能包括,则本披露的组合物可基本上不含该成分。同样,成分的明确包括允许其明确的排除,从而允许组合物基本上不含明确地陈述的成分。
如本文所用的术语“包含/包括(comprise)”、“包含/包括(comprises)”和“包含/包括(comprising)”说明存在所述特征、整数、步骤、操作、要素和/或组分,但并未排除一个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、操作、要素、组分和/或其组的存在或添加。
如本文所用,过渡性短语“基本上由……组成”意指权利要求的范围被解释为涵盖权利要求中所列举的指定材料或步骤以及不会实质性地影响所要求保护的披露内容的基本特征和新颖特征的那些材料或步骤。因此,术语“基本上由……组成”当用于本披露的权利要求时不旨在被解释为相当于“包含(comprising)”。
如本文所用,术语“增加(increase)”、“增加(increasing)”、“增加/增加的(increased)”、“增强(enhance)”、“增强/增强型(enhanced)”、“增强(enhancing)”和“增强(enhancement)”(及其语法变化)描述了与对照相比提升至少约1%、5%、10%、15%、25%、50%、75%、100%、150%、200%、300%、400%、500%或更高。
如本文所用,术语“减少(reduce)”、“减少的(reduced)”、“减少(reducing)”、“减少(reduction)”、“降低(diminish)”和“下降(decrease)”(及其语法变化)描述了例如与对照相比下降至少约1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、35%、50%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%、或100%。在特定实施例中,减少可以不产生或基本上不产生(即不显著的量,例如,小于约10%或甚至5%或甚至1%)可检测的活性或量。
“克分子渗透压重量浓度”被定义为单位体积的水溶液中的溶解颗粒的数量。克分子渗透压浓度被定义为单位重量的水溶液中的溶解颗粒的数量。实际上,克分子渗透压重量浓度和克分子渗透压浓度具有与本披露中所涉及的范围非常接近的数值并且因此可互换地使用。具有每千克所溶解的1/1000的渗摩的溶液具有1毫渗摩(“mOs”)/千克的浓度。渗摩是1克分子量的未解离溶质中的颗粒数量。张度是溶液的渗透压相对于血液的渗透压的量度。应理解,身体的渗透压因人而有稍微差异。低渗溶液是具有比血液的渗透压或张度更低的渗透压或张度的溶液。低渗溶液的克分子渗透压重量浓度通常在约80-250mOs/kg的范围内。等渗溶液具有与血液相同的张度。在此,克分子渗透压重量浓度通常在从约280至约310mOs/kg范围内。高渗溶液是具有比血液更高的张度的溶液。它通常具有约310-440mOs/kg的克分子渗透压重量浓度范围。水具有约10-20mOs/kg的克分子渗透压重量浓度。
如本文所用的术语“饮料”意指任何可饮用的液体或半液体,包括例如水、风味水、软饮品、水果饮品、基于茶的饮品、基于果汁的饮品、凝胶饮品、碳酸或非碳酸饮品、以及酒精或非酒精饮品。在一些实施例中,饮料粉末可以首先与任何可饮用的液体或半液体混合以获得饮料。
如本文所用,脱水被定义为当身体流失太多水和它正常工作所需要的其他体液时发生的状况。脱水通常由严重的腹泻和呕吐导致,但它还可能由未饮用足够水或其他流食、出汗过多、发烧、小便过多、服用某些药物、或身体劳累而导致。再水合是补给通过脱水所损失的水和电解质。快速再水合(或快速水合)是在30分钟内补给水和电解质。
如本文所用,“氨基酸”是指含有氨基(-NH2)和羧基(-COOH)官能团的有机化合物或单元。本披露的“氨基酸”广泛地涵盖具有至少一个氨基酸单元的任何化合物。本文所用的“氨基酸配制品”是指具有至少一个物理地(通过非共价键合)或化学地(通过共价、氢或配位键合)结合到氨基酸配制品中的氨基酸单元的分子、化合物、络合物、低聚物、聚合物、混合物、或组合物。本文所用的氨基酸、氨基酸化合物和氨基酸配制品的非限制性实例包括天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸、茶氨酸、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸、阿拉伯糖、反式-4-羟基脯氨酸、异亮氨酸、天冬酰胺、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、鸟氨酸、甲硫氨酸、肉毒碱、氨基丁酸(α-、β-和/或γ-异构体)、谷氨酰胺、羟基脯氨酸、牛磺酸、正缬氨酸、肌氨酸及其盐形式如钠盐或钾盐或酸盐。这些氨基酸还可以是处于D-构型或L-构型中并且是处于相同或不同氨基酸的一元、二元或三元形式。另外,如果适当的话,这些氨基酸可以是α-、β-和/或γ-异构体。在一些实施例中,以上氨基酸及其对应盐(例如,其钠盐、钾盐、钙盐、镁盐或其他碱金属盐或碱土金属盐,或酸盐)的组合也是合适的添加剂。氨基酸可以是天然的或合成的。氨基酸还可以是经修饰的。经修饰的氨基酸是指其中至少一个原子已经被添加、去除、取代或其组合的任何氨基酸(例如,N-烷基氨基酸、N-酰基氨基酸或N-甲基氨基酸)。经修饰的氨基酸的非限制性实例包括氨基酸衍生物,如三甲基甘氨酸、N-甲基-甘氨酸和N-甲基-丙氨酸。如本文所用,经修饰的氨基酸涵盖经修饰的氨基酸和未经修饰的氨基酸二者。如本文所用,氨基酸还既涵盖肽、寡肽也涵盖多肽(例如,二肽、三肽、四肽和五肽),如谷胱甘肽和L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺。合适的聚氨基酸包括聚-L-天冬氨酸、聚-L-赖氨酸(例如,聚-L-α-赖氨酸或聚-L-ε-赖氨酸)、聚-L-鸟氨酸(例如,聚-L-a-鸟氨酸或聚-L-ε-鸟氨酸)、聚-L-丙氨酸、其他聚合物形式的氨基酸、以及其盐形式(例如,钙盐、钾盐、钠盐或镁盐,如L-谷氨酸单钠盐)。聚氨基酸添加剂也可以呈D-构型或L-构型。另外,如果适当的话,聚氨基酸可以是α-异构体、β-异构体、γ-异构体、δ-异构体和ε-异构体。在一些实施例中,以上聚氨基酸及其对应盐(例如,其钠盐、钾盐、钙盐、镁盐或其他碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或酸盐)的组合也是合适的添加剂。本文所述的聚氨基酸还可以包括不同氨基酸的共聚物。本文所述的聚氨基酸还可以包括不同氨基酸的共聚物。聚氨基酸可以是天然的或合成的。聚氨基酸也可以是经修饰的,以使得至少一个原子被添加、去除、取代或其组合(例如,N-烷基聚氨基酸或N-酰基聚氨基酸)。如本文所用,聚氨基酸涵盖经修饰的聚氨基酸和未经修饰的聚氨基酸二者。例如,经修饰的聚氨基酸包括但不限于具有不同分子量(MW)的聚氨基酸,如具有以道尔顿(Da)计的约100、约200、约300、约500、约1,000、约1,500、约6,000、约25,200、约63,000、约83,000、或约300,000的MW的聚-L-α-甘氨酸。本文提供的氨基酸配制品还包括氨基酸衍生物、肽衍生物、肽水解物或其肽残基。
附图说明
图1示出了根据实例1的不同组合物之后随时间推移的血浆容量变化。
图2示出了根据实例1的不同组合物随时间推移的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度变化。
具体实施方式
氨基酸配制品
在一方面,本披露涉及一种用于口服食用的组合物,该组合物包含氨基酸配制品。已经发现氨基酸或含有氨基酸的配制品在肠灌流测试中增加人类肠道的水吸收,设计这些肠灌流测试来理解肠道水吸收速度。在此试验方法中,将氨基酸溶液直接灌流到肠道中并且在肠道的特定段中测量液体吸收率。此方法提供了有价值的见解,但并没有解释胃排空速率并且没有提供血液的液体出现速率的直接测量。先前报道如表1中所示的六种氨基酸对电解质和水吸收有影响。例如,Hellier等人报道了用于从人类空肠中定量氨基酸甘氨酸和丙氨酸以及二肽甘氨酰-甘氨酸(Gly-Gly)和甘氨酰-L-丙氨酸(Gly-Ala)对钠和水吸收的影响的灌流技术。明显的刺激在游离氨基酸和二肽二者的存在下发生。在甘氨酸和丙氨酸的情况下,发现钠和水吸收率随着氨基酸浓度的增加而线性增加,并且在浓度的范围内没有显示饱和。
表1.现有披露内容的氨基酸配制品。
然而,注意到迄今并未提供令人信服的数据来支持以下内容:氨基酸对体液的保留有积极影响。先前报道的含有氨基酸的组合物的若干实例提供于表2中。例如,Tai等人研究若干氨基酸以对电解质-碳水化合物(EC)、电解质-支链氨基酸(EA)和风味水(FW)饮料的再水合能力进行比较。然而,对于尿量、饮品体积、或在任何时间点的体液保留率,在饮料之间不存在显著差异(p>0.05)。Sollanek等人和Cheuvront等人各自报道了关于含有的饮料与不含氨基酸的对照饮料相比的再水合效果的研究。是含有以下五种选定氨基酸的商业食物产品:苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、和缬氨酸。然而,并未提供关于每种氨基酸的促成因素的直接且明显的再水合效果,并且在实验中比较的饮料在组成方面彼此显著不同。
表2.现有披露内容的再水合组合物。
此外,已经报道,单独的蛋白质食用、或与碳水化合物饮料一起的蛋白质食用可以诱导快速从头肝蛋白合成,其可能在运动-由脱水造成的热应激后提升血浆容量。另外,热应激和脱水-二者均单独地-可以诱导增加的总循环蛋白-有可能部分由于从头肝蛋白合成。例如,在3-4h或更长时间段再水合之后,发现了总循环蛋白和血浆容量的提升(Okazaki等人,2002)。
本披露至少部分地基于以下发现:饮料中添加的氨基酸配制品可以在运动和再水合之后体液容量改进。更好地持续并补给的体液-在再水合之后-将在随后的运动-热应激期间提供可能的体温调节和性能优势。
本披露有利地提供了在改进再水合以及水合的保留方面有效的组合物。根据本披露的氨基酸配制品可以是氨基酸、或氨基酸化合物、或含有氨基酸的组合物、或其混合物。
如本文所述,使用经修饰的饮料水合指数(BHI)方案(Maughan等人2016)用15名健康男性参与者来进行随机交叉设计研究。受试者参观实验室五次以测试三种不同测试饮料。测试饮料组合物为1.Aquarius(Aqua)(4%碳水化合物+18mmol/L钠),2.低碳水化合物(低CHO)(3%碳水化合物+18mmol/L钠+氨基酸),3.PowerAde Zero(零CHO)(0%碳水化合物+18mmol/L钠+氨基酸)。该研究还包括水和PowerAde(PWDE)作为对照物。更快的吸收通过使用氧化氘(D2O)技术(Jeukendrup等人2009)进行测量。参与者在每次试验时摄取0.5L的饮料,并且经分析D2O在血流中出现60min。更持久的水合作用是在一升摄取后2小时内的每个时间点处用随时间推移的净液体平衡(NFB)(由估计的汗液流失、所摄取液体的体积和尿液排出量计算)并且用BHI进行测量。
如表3中所示,低CHO在10、15、20和25min时间点处在血流中看起来比PWDE明显更快(p<.05),从而表示更快的水合。PWDE在30、60、90和120min时间点处示出比水更大的NFB和BHI(P<.05),从而表示更持久的水合。然而,在低CHO、Aqua和水之中没有发现显著差异(p>.05),从而并未表示出更持久的水合的不利影响。出人意料的是,低CHO不仅看起来比传统PWDE水合更快,而且与传统PWDE样品相比也没有示出任何不利影响。
表3
+:显著的正向结果
-:显著的负向结果
=:经测试的、但在统计上不显著的N/A:不适用
仍参照表3,其中低CHO在10、15、20和25min时间点处在血流中看起来比PWDE明显更快(p<.05),从而表示更快的水合。PWDE在30、60、90和120min时间点处示出比水更大的NFB和BHI(P<.05),从而表示更持久的水合。然而,在低CHO、Aqua和水之中没有发现显著差异(p>.05),从而并未表示出更持久的水合的不利影响。从上述数据应理解,低CHO不仅看起来比传统PWDE更快,而且与传统PWDE相比也没有示出任何不利影响。
还使用脱水/再水合方案(Shirreffs 1998)在随机交叉设计中用16名健康参与者(10名男性)来进行双盲的、以安慰剂对照的研究。受试者参观实验室四次以测试两种测试饮料,第一种测试饮料被命名为ORS(2%碳水化合物+42.6mmol/L钠),第二种测试饮料为添加蛋白的饮料(PRO)(4%碳水化合物+18mmol/L钠+20g/L乳清蛋白)。在通过在高温中运动而诱导的脱水后,通过将水和PowerAde(PWDE)作为对照物将两种测试饮料作为再水合溶液测试。更快的吸收通过使用氧化氘(D2O)技术测量。参与者通过再水合饮料摄取D2O以补给150%的体重损失,并且经分析D2O在血流中出现60min。更持久的水合作用是在再水合后三小时内用由估计的汗液流失、所摄取体液的体积和尿液排出量计算的净液体平衡(NFB)进行测量。
表4
+:显著的正向结果
-:显著的负向结果
=:经测试的、但在统计上不显著的N/A:不适用
如表4中所示,ORS在15、20、25、30、45和60min时间点处在血流中看起来比水和PWDE明显更快(p<.05),从而表示更快的水合。对于更持久的水合,ORS和PRO二者在120和180min时间点处均示出比水更大的NFB(p<.05)。这些结果表明ORS不仅看起来比传统的PWDE和水更快,而且与水相比持续的时间也更长。PRO也示出比水更持久的水合作用。
在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品包含氨基酸。氨基酸的非限制性实例包括亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、苏氨酸、和色氨酸、或其任何组合。这些氨基酸可以被归类为必需氨基酸。氨基酸的其他非限制性实例包括丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、和酪氨酸、或其任何组合。这些氨基酸可以被归类为非必需氨基酸。
在至少一个示例实施例中,氨基酸配制品将包含至少一种必需氨基酸和至少一种非必需氨基酸。在其他实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸组成并且不含或基本上不含其他氨基酸。在一个实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由丙氨酸组成并且不含或基本上不含其他氨基酸。在一个实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由处于从约100:1(w/w)至约1:100(w/w)的比率的甘氨酸和丙氨酸组成,并且不含或基本上不含其他氨基酸。出人意料地发现,包含甘氨酸的本发明组合物在快速水合、血浆容量的延长保持、和血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度的延长保持方面具有优异的性能。
在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品包含二肽。二肽的非限制性实例包括含有甘氨酸的二肽、含有赖氨酸的二肽、含有丙氨酸的二肽、含有丙氨酸的二肽、含有谷氨酰胺的二肽。二肽的更多实例包括L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺(L-Ala-L-Gln)、甘氨酰-甘氨酸(Gly-Gly)、L-谷氨酰-L-丙氨酸(Glu-Ala)、Gly-Ala、Ala-Gly、Glu-Gly、Gly-Glu、Glu-Ala、Ala-Glu、商业二肽如阿司帕坦、肌肽、乙酰基肌肽、Val-Tyr、或其任何立体异构体、或其任何盐或衍生物、或其任何组合。
在一个特定实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由选自由以下组成的组的化合物组成:Gly-Gly、Ala-Ala、Gly-Ala、Ala-Gly、或其盐和衍生物、或其任何组合。在一个实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由Gly-Gly组成。
在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品包含碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物。本文所用的碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物是指具有通过共价键合合并在化合物中的碳水化合物单元和氨基酸单元二者的化合物。碳水化合物单元可以是单糖分子或寡糖或多糖。碳水化合物的非限制性实例包括蔗糖、甘油醛、二羟基丙酮、赤藓糖、苏阿糖、赤藓酮糖、阿拉伯糖、来苏糖、核糖、木糖、核酮糖、木酮糖、阿洛糖、阿卓糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、古洛糖、艾杜糖、甘露糖、塔罗糖、果糖、阿洛酮糖、山梨糖、塔格糖、甘露庚酮糖、景天庚酮糖(sedoheltulose)、辛酮糖(octolose)、岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、松二糖、唾液糖(sialose)。碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物的非限制性实例包括谷氨酰胺-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、甘氨酸-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、赖氨酸-葡萄糖、或其组合。
在一个特定实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由选自由以下组成的组的化合物组成:谷氨酰胺-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、甘氨酸-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、或其盐和衍生物、或其任何组合。
在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品包含选自由以下组成的组的化合物:氨基酸、二肽、碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。在一个特定实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由氨基酸和二肽组成,其中氨基酸是甘氨酸或丙氨酸或二者,并且其中二肽是Gly-Gly、Ala-Ala、Gly-Ala、Ala-Gly、或其任何组合。
组合物中氨基酸配制品的浓度可以为基于组合物的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
在一个特定实施例中,本发明组合物包含甘氨酸作为唯一的氨基酸成分,其中甘氨酸浓度为基于组合物的总体积从约4g/L至约20g/L。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物包含支链氨基酸(BCAA)。支链氨基酸是具有有分支的脂肪族侧链(与三个或更多个碳原子结合的中心碳原子)的氨基酸。有三种蛋白原BCAA:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸。非蛋白原BCAA包括2-氨基异丁酸。在更特定的实施例中,饮料包含亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸。BCAA可以为D-或L-构型。
本发明组合物可以任选地含有从约50mg/L(ppm)至约5,000mg/L的浓度的总BCAA,例如像从约1,000mg/L至约5,000mg/L、从约2,000mg/L至约5,000mg/L、从约3,000mg/L至约5,000mg/L、从约4,000mg/L至约5,000mg/L、从约1,000mg/L至约4,000mg/L、从约2,000mg/L至约4,000mg/L、从约3,000mg/L至约4,000mg/L、从约1,000mg/L至约3,000mg/L、从约2,000mg/L至约3,000mg/L或从约1,000mg/L至约2,000mg/L的浓度的总BCAA。在特定实施例中,本披露的饮料含有约2,000mg/L至约3,000mg/L的BCAA。
在其他实施例中,本发明组合物不含或基本上不含支链氨基酸(BCAA)。
另外的成分
本发明口服组合物可以含有另外的典型的饮料成分,例如至少一种电解质和/或至少一种甜味剂和/或至少一种功能成分和/或至少一种添加剂。
电解质
本发明组合物可以含有至少一种电解质。电解质的非限制性实例包括钠、钾、钙、镁、氯化物、磷酸盐、碳酸氢盐及其组合。用于本披露的电解质和离子组分通常但不一定由它们相应的水溶性且无毒的盐获得。除非另有定义,否则组合物中电解质或离子组分的量是基于以最终可摄取形式存在的那些电解质或离子组分。电解质浓度仅是离子而不是盐。
本发明组合物优选地含有至少约200mg/L、至少约300mg/L、至少约400mg/L、至少约500mg/L、至少约600mg/L、至少约700mg/L或至少约800mg/L的总电解质浓度。在特定实施例中,本发明组合物含有从约400mg/L至约1,000mg/L、从约400mg/L至约900mg/L、从约400mg/L至约800mg/L、从约400mg/L至约700mg/L、从约400mg/L至约600mg/L、从约400mg/L至约500mg/L、从约500mg/L至约1,000mg/L的电解质浓度。
钾离子组分可以由任何盐(包括氯化物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、乙酸盐、碳酸氢盐、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、酒石酸盐、山梨酸盐或其组合)提供。钾离子优选地以按重量计至少0.0025%至约0.08%、从约0.0075%至约0.06%或按重量计从约0.0075%至约0.015%的量存在于本披露的组合物中。
本发明组合物可以含有从约5mg/L至约1,000mg/L的钾,更优选地从约50mg/L至约300mg/L,例如像从约100mg/L至约300mg/L、从约200mg/L至约300mg/L、从约50mg/L至约200mg/L、从约100mg/L至约200mg/L或从约100mg/L至约200mg/L的钾。
钠离子组分可以由任何盐(如氯化物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、乙酸盐、碳酸氢盐、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、酒石酸盐、山梨酸盐、乳酸盐或其组合)提供。钠离子优选地以按重量计至少约0.005%至约0.1%、从约0.0075%至约0.075%或按重量计约0.015%至约0.05%的量存在于本发明组合物中。
本发明组合物可以含有从约5mg/L至约1,000mg/L、更优选地从约300mg/L至约800mg/L的钠,例如像从约300mg/L至约700mg/L、从约300mg/L至约600mg/L、从约300mg/L至约500mg/L、从约300mg/L至约400mg/L、从约400mg/L至约800mg/L、从约400mg/L至约700mg/L、从约400mg/L至约600mg/L、从约400mg/L至约500mg/L、从约500mg/L至约800mg/L、从约500mg/L至约700mg/L、从约500mg/L至约600mg/L、从约600mg/L至约800mg/L、从约600mg/L至约700mg/L和从约700mg/L至约800mg/L的钠。在特定实施例中,本发明组合物含有从约600mg/L至约700mg/L的钠。
钙离子组分可以由任何盐(如氯化物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、乙酸盐、碳酸氢盐、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、酒石酸盐、山梨酸盐或其组合)提供。钙离子优选地以按重量计至少约0.0005%至约0.010%的量存在于本发明组合物中。
本发明组合物可以含有从约5mg/L至约1,000mg/L、更优选地从约1mg/L至约50mg/L,例如像从约5mg/L至约10mg/L的钙。镁离子组分可以由任何盐(如氯化物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、乙酸盐、碳酸氢盐、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、酒石酸盐、山梨酸盐或其组合)提供。镁离子优选地以按重量计至少约0.0005%至约0.010%的量存在于本发明组合物中。
本发明组合物可以含有从约5mg/L至约1,000mg/L、更优选地从约1mg/L至约50mg/L、例如像从约5mg/L至约20mg/L的镁。
本发明组合物可以含有按重量计从约0.005%至约0.20%、从约0.01%至约0.15%或从约0.02%至约0.075%的氯离子。氯离子组分可以由盐(如氯化钠、氯化钾或其组合)提供。
在特定实施例中,本披露的饮料含有选自由以下组成的组的至少一种电解质:钠、钾、镁、钙及其组合。在另一个特定实施例中,本披露的饮料含有选自由钠、钾、镁、钙及其组合组成的组的至少一种电解质,其中每种电解质的量如上所提供。
甜味剂
本发明组合物可以任选地包含甜味剂。甜味剂可以是人造或合成甜味剂、天然甜味剂、天然高效甜味剂。如本文所用,短语“天然高效甜味剂”(NHPS)是指在自然界中天然地发现并且在特征方面具有大于蔗糖、果糖、或葡萄糖的甜度效力,又具有较低卡路里的任何甜味剂。天然高效甜味剂可以作为纯化合物或者可替代地作为提取物的一部分提供。如本文所用,短语“合成甜味剂”是指在自然界中不天然存在并且特征性地具有大于蔗糖、果糖或葡萄糖的甜度效力又具有较低热量的任何组合物。
NHPS的非限制性实例包括甜叶菊和甜菊醇糖苷,如莱鲍迪苷M、莱鲍迪苷D、莱鲍迪苷A、莱鲍迪苷N、莱鲍迪苷O、莱鲍迪苷E、甜菊单糖苷、甜菊双糖苷、甜茶苷、杜克苷B、杜克苷A、莱鲍迪苷B、莱鲍迪苷G、甜菊苷、莱鲍迪苷C、莱鲍迪苷F、莱鲍迪苷I、莱鲍迪苷H、莱鲍迪苷L、莱鲍迪苷K、莱鲍迪苷J、莱鲍迪苷M2、莱鲍迪苷D2、莱鲍迪苷S、莱鲍迪苷T、莱鲍迪苷U、莱鲍迪苷V、莱鲍迪苷W、莱鲍迪苷Zl、莱鲍迪苷Z2、莱鲍迪苷IX、酶促糖基化的甜菊醇糖苷及其组合。高纯度甜菊醇糖苷及其制造方法的实例提供于美国专利申请号2021/0107933中,该专利以其全文特此并入。
在某些实施例中,甜菊醇糖苷共混物包含按重量计至少约5%的甜菊醇糖苷,例如像至少约10%、至少约20%、至少约30%、至少约40%、至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约70%、至少约80%、至少约90%、至少约95%或至少约97%的甜菊醇糖苷。在示例性实施例中,甜菊醇糖苷共混物包含按重量计至少约50%的甜菊醇糖苷,例如像从约50%至约90%、从约50%至约80%、从约50%至约70%、从约50%至约60%、从约60%至约90%、从约60%至约80%、从约60%至约70%、从约70%至约90%、从约70%至约80%和从约80%至约90%的甜菊醇糖苷。
另一示例性NHPS是罗汉果和相关的罗汉果苷化合物,如grosmogroside I、罗汉果苷IA、罗汉果苷IE、11-氧代罗汉果苷IA、罗汉果苷II、罗汉果苷II A、罗汉果苷II B、罗汉果苷II E、7-氧代罗汉果苷II E、罗汉果苷III、罗汉果苷HIE、11-氧代罗汉果苷HIE、11-脱氧罗汉果苷III、罗汉果苷IV、罗汉果苷IVA、11-氧代罗汉果苷IV、11-氧代罗汉果苷IVA、罗汉果苷V、异罗汉果苷V、11-脱氧罗汉果苷V、7-氧代罗汉果苷V、11-氧代罗汉果苷V、异罗汉果苷V、罗汉果苷VI、罗汉果醇、11-氧代罗汉果醇、赛门苷I、赛门苷I的异构体(例如,在美国专利申请号20170119032中披露的那些;该专利通过援引以其全文并入),(3β,9β,10α,11α,24R)-3-[(4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-25-羟基-9-甲基-19-去甲羊毛甾-5-烯-24-基-[2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷);(3β,9β,10α,11α,24R)-[(2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-25-羟基-9-甲基-19-去甲羊毛甾-5-烯-24-基-[2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷);和(3β,9β,10α,11α,24R)-[(2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-25-羟基-9-甲基-19-去甲羊毛甾-5-烯-24-基-[2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)。
在某些实施例中,罗汉果苷共混物包含按重量计至少约5%的罗汉果苷,例如像至少约10%、至少约20%、至少约30%、至少约40%、至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约70%、至少约80%、至少约90%、至少约95%或至少约97%的罗汉果苷。
其他示例性NHPS包括莫那甜(monatin)和其盐(莫那甜SS、RR、RS、SR)、仙茅甜蛋白(curculin)、甘草酸及其盐、索马甜(thaumatin)、莫内林(monellin)、马槟榔甜蛋白(mabinlin)、布拉齐因(brazzein)、贺兰甜精(hernandulcin)、叶甘素、根皮酚苷(glycyphyllin)、根皮苷、三叶苷(trilobatin)、白元参苷(baiyunoside)、欧亚水龙骨甜素(osladin)、多足蕨苷(polypodoside)A、蝶卡苷(pterocaryoside)A、蝶卡苷B、无患子倍半萜苷(mukurozioside)、假秦艽苷(phlomisoside)I、巴西甘草甜素(periandrin)I、相思子三萜苷(abrusoside)A、以及青钱柳苷I。
在一个实施例中,甜味剂是碳水化合物甜味剂。合适的碳水化合物甜味剂包括但不限于由以下组成的组:蔗糖、甘油醛、二羟基丙酮、赤藓糖、苏阿糖、赤藓酮糖、阿拉伯糖、来苏糖、核糖、木糖、核酮糖、木酮糖、阿洛糖、阿卓糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、古洛糖、艾杜糖、甘露糖、塔罗糖、果糖、阿洛酮糖、山梨糖、塔格糖、甘露庚酮糖、景天庚酮糖、辛酮糖、岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、松二糖、唾液糖及其组合。
在某些实施例中,本发明组合物不含或基本上不含碳水化合物甜味剂。
其他合适的甜味剂包括赛门苷、莫那甜及其盐(莫那甜SS、RR、RS、SR)、仙茅甜蛋白、罗汉果苷、甘草酸及其盐、索马甜、莫内林、马槟榔甜蛋白、布拉齐因、贺兰甜精、叶甘素、根皮酚苷、根皮苷、三叶苷、白元参苷、欧亚水龙骨甜素、多足蕨苷A、蝶卡苷A、蝶卡苷B、无患子倍半萜苷、假秦艽苷I、巴西甘草甜素I、相思子三萜苷A、甜菊双糖苷和青钱柳苷I、糖醇类如赤藓糖醇、三氯蔗糖、乙酰舒泛钾(potassium acesulfame)、安赛蜜酸及其盐、阿司帕坦、阿力甜、糖精及其盐、新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮、环己基氨基磺酸盐、环己氨磺酸及其盐、纽甜、爱德万甜(advantame)、糖基化的甜菊醇糖苷(GSG)及其组合。
在一个实施例中,甜味剂是热量型甜味剂或热量型甜味剂的混合物。在另一个实施例中,热量型甜味剂选自蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、高果糖玉米/淀粉糖浆、甜菜糖、甘蔗糖及其组合。
在某些实施例中,本发明组合物不含或基本上不含热量型甜味剂。
在另一个实施例中,甜味剂是稀有糖,该稀有糖选自阿卢糖、古洛糖、曲二糖、山梨糖、来苏糖、核酮糖、木糖、木酮糖、D-阿洛糖、L-核糖、D-塔格糖、L-葡萄糖、L-岩藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖、松二糖及其组合。
本发明组合物中甜味剂的量取决于甜味剂的特性和所希望的甜度水平。在优选的实施例中,甜味剂以增甜量(即可检测到甜味的浓度)存在。
如本领域技术人员将理解的,高效甜味剂更有效,并且因此需要较低的浓度来达到特定蔗糖等效值(SE)。非蔗糖甜味剂的甜度可以相对于蔗糖参照物通过确定非蔗糖甜味剂的蔗糖等效值(SE)来测量。典型地,对味道专家组成员进行培训以检测含有1%-15%之间的蔗糖(w/v)的参考蔗糖溶液的甜度。然后在一系列稀释度下品尝其他非蔗糖甜味剂,以确定与给定百分比的蔗糖参考物一样甜的非蔗糖甜味剂的浓度。例如,如果非蔗糖甜味剂的1%溶液与10%蔗糖溶液一样甜,则将该甜味剂称为效力是蔗糖的10倍,并且具有10%的蔗糖等效值。
在一个实施例中,一种或多种甜味剂为本发明组合物提供约1%(w/v)的蔗糖等效值,例如像约2%、约3%、约4%、约5%、约6%、约7%、约8%、约9%、约10%、约11%、约12%、约13%、约14%或在这些值之间的任何范围的蔗糖等效值。
在另一个实施例中,本发明组合物具有从约2%至约14%的SE,例如像从约2%至约10%、从约2%至约5%、从约5%至约15%、从约5%至约10%或从约10%至约15%的SE。
可以用白利糖度(°Bx)描述在参照溶液中的蔗糖的量,并且因此描述甜度的另一种度量。一白利糖度是在100克溶液中有1克蔗糖,并且表示作为重量百分比的该溶液的强度(%w/w)(严格地说,按质量计)。在本发明组合物用蔗糖增甜的实施例中,该饮料可以是约1白利糖度、约2白利糖度、约3白利糖度、约4白利糖度、约5白利糖度、约6白利糖度、约7白利糖度、约8白利糖度、约9白利糖度、约10白利糖度、约11白利糖度、约12白利糖度、约13白利糖度、约14白利糖度或在这些值之间的任何范围。
功能组分/成分
本发明组合物可以任选地包含功能成分。示例性功能成分包括但不限于皂苷、抗氧化剂、膳食纤维来源、脂肪酸、维生素、葡糖胺、矿物质、防腐剂、水合剂、益生菌、益生元、体重管理剂、骨质疏松症管理剂、植物雌激素、长链脂肪族饱和伯醇、植物甾醇及其组合。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种皂苷。如本文所用,至少一种皂苷可以包含作为本文提供的组合物的功能成分的单一皂苷或多种皂苷。皂苷是包含苷元环结构和一个或多个糖部分的糖苷天然植物产物。用于本披露的特定实施例中的具体皂苷的非限制性实例包括A组乙酰皂苷、B组乙酰皂苷、和E组乙酰皂苷。皂苷的若干种常见来源包括具有按干重量计大约5%的皂苷含量的大豆、肥皂草(soapwort)植物(肥皂草属(Saponaria),它的根在历史上用作肥皂)以及苜蓿、芦荟、芦笋、葡萄、鹰嘴豆、丝兰及各种其他豆类和野草。皂苷可以通过使用本领域普通技术人员熟知的提取技术从这些来源获得。常规提取技术的描述可以见于美国专利申请号2005/0123662中。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种抗氧化剂。如本文所用,“抗氧化剂”是指抑制、遏制或减少对细胞和生物分子的氧化损害的任何物质。
用于本披露的实施例的合适抗氧化剂的实例包括但不限于维生素、维生素辅因子、矿物质、激素、类胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素萜类、非类胡萝卜素萜类、类黄酮、类黄酮多酚类(例如,生物类黄酮)、黄酮醇、黄酮、酚、多酚、酚酯、多酚酯、非类黄酮酚类、异硫氰酸酯类、以及其组合。在一些实施例中,抗氧化剂是维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、泛醌、矿物质硒、锰、褪黑激素、oc-胡萝卜素、b-胡萝卜素、番茄红素、叶黄素、玉蜀黍黄素(zeanthin)、隐黄素(crypoxanthin)、白藜芦醇(reservatol)、丁子香酚、槲皮素、儿茶素、棉酚、橙皮素、姜黄素、阿魏酸、百里酚、羟基酪醇、姜黄、百里香、橄榄油、硫辛酸、谷胱甘肽(glutathinone)、谷氨酰胺(gutamine)、草酸、生育酚衍生化合物、丁基化羟基苯甲醚(BHA)、丁羟甲苯(BHT)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、叔丁基对苯二酚、乙酸、果胶、生育三烯酚、生育酚、辅酶Q10、玉米黄素、虾青素、斑蝥黄(canthaxantin)、皂苷、柠檬苦素、山柰酚(kaempfedrol)、杨梅酮、异鼠李素、原花色素、槲皮素、芦丁、木犀草素、芹菜素、红橘黄酮(tangeritin)、橙皮素、柚皮素、圣草酚(erodictyol)、黄烷-3-醇(例如,花青素)、没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素及其没食子酸酯形式、表没食子儿茶素及其没食子酸酯形式(ECGC)、茶黄素及其没食子酸酯形式、茶玉红精、异黄酮、植物雌激素、染料木黄酮、大豆黄素、黄豆黄素、花色素苷(anythocyanin)、氰化物(cyaniding)、飞燕草色素、锦葵花素、花葵素、甲基花青素、矮牵牛素、鞣花酸、没食子酸、水杨酸、迷迭香酸、肉桂酸及其衍生物(例如,阿魏酸)、绿原酸、菊苣酸(chicoric acid)、没食子鞣质、鞣花丹宁、花黄素、β-花青苷和其他植物颜料、水飞蓟素、柠檬酸、木酚素、抗营养素(antinutrient)、胆红素、尿酸、R-oc-硫辛酸、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、油柑宁(emblicanin)、苹果提取物、苹果皮提取物(苹果多酚)、红路易波士提取物(rooibos extract red)、绿路易波士提取物(rooibos extract,green)、山楂果提取物、覆盆子提取物、生咖啡抗氧化剂(GCA)、野樱梅提取物20%、葡萄籽提取物(VinOseed)、可可豆提取物、啤酒花提取物、山竹果提取物、山竹果壳提取物、蔓越莓提取物、石榴提取物、石榴皮提取物、石榴籽提取物、山楂浆果提取物、波梅拉(pomella)石榴提取物、肉桂皮提取物、葡萄皮提取物、越桔提取物、松树皮提取物、碧萝芷、接骨木提取物、桑树根提取物、枸杞(gogi)提取物、黑莓提取物、蓝莓提取物、蓝莓叶提取物、树莓提取物、姜黄提取物、柑橘属生物类黄酮、黑醋栗、姜、巴西莓粉、生咖啡豆提取物、绿茶提取物、以及植酸、或其组合。在替代实施例中,抗氧化剂是合成的抗氧化剂,例如像丁基化羟基甲苯或丁基化羟基苯甲醚。用于本披露的实施例的合适抗氧化剂的其他来源包括但不限于水果、蔬菜、茶、可可豆、巧克力、香辛料、草本植物、大米、来自家畜的器官肉类、酵母、全谷类(whole grain)、或谷类(cereal grain)。
具体的抗氧化剂属于称为多酚(也称为“多酚类”)的植物营养素类,这些多酚是在植物中发现的一组化学物质,其特征在于每个分子存在超过一个酚基团。用于本披露的实施例的合适多酚包括儿茶素、原花色素、原花青素、花青素、槲皮素、芦丁、白藜芦醇、异黄酮、姜黄素、安石榴苷、鞣花单宁、橙皮苷、柚皮苷、柑橘类黄酮、绿原酸、其他类似材料、以及其组合。
在一个实施例中,抗氧化剂是儿茶素,例如像表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)。在另一个实施例中,抗氧化剂选自原花色素、原花青素或其组合。在具体的实施例中,抗氧化剂是花青素。在还其他实施例中,抗氧化剂选自槲皮素、芦丁或其组合。在一个实施例中,抗氧化剂是白藜芦醇。在另一个实施例中,抗氧化剂是异黄酮。在还另一个实施例中,抗氧化剂是姜黄素。在又另一个实施例中,抗氧化剂选自安石榴苷、鞣花单宁或其组合。在还另一个实施例中,抗氧化剂是绿原酸。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种膳食纤维。在组成和键两方面具有显著不同的结构的多种聚合物碳水化合物落在膳食纤维的定义内。此类化合物是本领域技术人员熟知的,它们的非限制性实例包括非淀粉多糖、木质素、纤维素、甲基纤维素、半纤维素、b-葡聚糖、果胶、树胶、粘质、蜡、菊糖、寡糖、果寡糖、环糊精、壳质、以及其组合。尽管膳食纤维通常源于植物来源,但是难消化的动物产物如壳质也被分类为膳食纤维。壳质是由通过与纤维素的键类似的b(1-4)键连接的乙酰基葡萄糖胺单元构成的多糖。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种脂肪酸。如本文所用,“脂肪酸”是指任何直链单羧酸并且包括饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、长链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸、短链脂肪酸、脂肪酸前体(包括ω-9脂肪酸前体)、和酯化脂肪酸。如本文所用,“长链多不饱和脂肪酸”是指具有长脂肪族尾部的任何多不饱和羧酸或有机酸。如本文所用,“ω-3脂肪酸”是指任何多不饱和脂肪酸,其具有作为从其碳链的末端甲基端起的第三个碳碳键的第一双键。在特定实施例中,ω-3脂肪酸可以包括长链ω-3脂肪酸。如本文所用,“ω-6脂肪酸”是任何多不饱和脂肪酸,其具有作为从其碳链的末端甲基端起的第六个碳碳键的第一双键。
用于本披露的实施例中的合适的ω-3脂肪酸可以来源于例如藻类、鱼、动物、植物、或其组合。合适的ω-3脂肪酸的实例包括但不限于亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、十八碳四烯酸、二十碳四烯酸以及其组合。在一些实施例中,合适的ω-3脂肪酸可以在鱼油(例如,鲱鱼油、金枪鱼油、鲑鱼油、鲣鱼油、和鳕鱼油)、微藻类ω-3油或其组合中提供。在特定实施例中,合适的ω-3脂肪酸可以来源于可商购的ω-3脂肪酸油,如微藻DHA油(来自马里兰州哥伦比亚的马泰克公司(Martek,Columbia,MD))、OmegaPure(来自德克萨斯州休斯顿的ω-蛋白公司(Omega Protein,Houston,TX))、Marinol C-38(来自伊利诺州长纳霍的脂类营养公司(Lipid Nutrition,Channahon,IL))、鲣鱼油和MEG-3(来自新斯科舍省达特茅斯的海洋营养公司(Ocean Nutrition,Dartmouth,NS))、Evogel(来自德国霍尔茨明登的德之馨公司(Symrise,Holzminden,Germany))、来自金枪鱼或鲑鱼的海洋油(来自康涅狄格州威尔顿的阿里斯塔公司(Arista Wilton,CT))、OmegaSource 2000、来自鲱鱼的海洋油和来自鳕鱼的海洋油(来自北卡罗来纳州研究三角区的ω资源公司(OmegaSource,RTP,NC))。合适的ω-6脂肪酸包括但不限于亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、二高-γ-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳二烯酸、二十二碳二烯酸、肾上腺酸、二十二碳五烯酸及其组合。
用于本披露的实施例的合适酯化脂肪酸包括但不限于含有ω-3和/或ω-6脂肪酸的单酰基甘油、含有ω-3和/或ω-6脂肪酸的二酰基甘油或含有ω-3和/或ω-6脂肪酸的三酰基甘油以及其组合。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种维生素。合适的维生素包括维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、维生素Bl、维生素B2、维生素B3、维生素B5、维生素B6、维生素B7、维生素B9、维生素B12以及维生素C。
各种其他化合物已被一些官方分类为维生素。这些化合物可以被称为假维生素,并且包括但不限于如泛醌(辅酶Q10)、潘氨酸、二甲基甘氨酸、特斯垂(taestrile)、苦杏仁苷、类黄酮、对-氨基苯甲酸、腺嘌呤、腺苷酸和s-甲基甲硫氨酸等化合物。如本文所用,术语维生素包括假维生素。在一些实施例中,维生素是选自维生素A、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K及其组合的脂溶性维生素。在其他实施例中,该维生素是选自以下的水溶性维生素:维生素Bl、维生素B2、维生素B3、维生素B6、维生素B12、叶酸、生物素、泛酸、维生素C及其组合。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是葡糖胺,其任选地进一步包含硫酸软骨素。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种矿物质。根据本披露的传授内容,矿物质包括活生物体所需要的无机化学元素。矿物质由广泛范围的组合物(例如,元素、简单的盐和复合硅酸盐)构成并且结晶结构也广泛不同。它们可以天然地出现于食物和饮料中,可以作为补充剂添加,或者可以与食物或饮料分开地食用或施用。
矿物质可以被分类为相对大量需要的主体矿物质(bulk mineral)或相对小量需要的微量矿物质。主体矿物质通常需要的量是大于或等于约100毫克/天,并且微量矿物质是需要量为小于约100毫克/天的那些。在一个实施例中,矿物质选自主体矿物质、微量矿物质或其组合。主体矿物质的非限制性实例包括钙、氯、镁、磷、钾、钠、和硫。微量矿物质的非限制性实例包括铬、钴、铜、氟、铁、锰、钼、硒、锌、和碘。尽管碘通常被分类为微量矿物质,但是它需要比其他微量矿物质更大的量并且常常被分类为主体矿物质。
在特定实施例中,矿物质是被认为是人类营养所必需的微量矿物质,它的非限制性实例包括铋、硼、锂、镍、铷、硅、锶、碲、锡、钛、钨、和钒。
本文呈现的矿物质可以呈本领域普通技术人员已知的任何形式。例如,在一个实施例中,矿物质可以呈其具有正电荷或负电荷的离子形式。在另一个实施例中,矿物质可以呈其分子形式。例如,硫和磷通常天然地作为硫酸盐、硫化物和磷酸盐见到。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种防腐剂。在特定实施例中,防腐剂选自抗微生物剂、抗氧化剂、抗酶剂或其组合。抗微生物剂的非限制性实例包括亚硫酸盐、丙酸盐、苯甲酸盐、山梨酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、细菌素、盐、糖、乙酸、二碳酸二甲酯(DMDC)、乙醇、和臭氧。在一个实施例中,防腐剂是亚硫酸盐。亚硫酸盐包括但不限于二氧化硫、亚硫酸氢钠和亚硫酸氢钾。在另一个实施例中,防腐剂是丙酸盐。丙酸盐包括但不限于丙酸、丙酸钙和丙酸钠。在又另一个实施例中,防腐剂是苯甲酸盐。苯甲酸盐包括但不限于苯甲酸钠和苯甲酸。在还另一个实施例中,防腐剂是山梨酸盐。山梨酸盐包括但不限于山梨酸钾、山梨酸钠、山梨酸钙和山梨酸。在还另一个实施例中,防腐剂是硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐包括但不限于硝酸钠和亚硝酸钠。在另一个实施例中,该至少一种防腐剂是细菌素,例如像尼生素。在还另一个实施例中,防腐剂是乙醇。在又另一个实施例中,防腐剂是臭氧。适合用作本披露的特定实施例中的防腐剂的抗酶剂的非限制性实例包括抗坏血酸、柠檬酸和金属螯合剂如乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)。
在某些实施例中,对于氨基酸配制品,功能成分是另外的水合剂。另外的水合剂可以是在与氨基酸配制品组合时进一步增强组合物的水合或再水合效果的增效剂。在一个特定实施例中,另外的水合剂是补充肌肉所燃烧的能量储存的碳水化合物。在美国专利号4,312,856、4,853,237、5,681,569和6,989,171中描述了用于本披露的特定实施例中的合适的碳水化合物。合适的碳水化合物的非限制性实例包括单糖、二糖、寡糖、复合多糖或其组合。用于特定实施例中的合适类型的单糖的非限制性实例包括丙糖、丁糖、戊糖、己糖、庚糖、辛糖和壬糖。特定类型的合适单糖的非限制性实例包括甘油醛、二羟基丙酮、赤藓糖、苏阿糖、赤藓酮糖、阿拉伯糖、来苏糖、核糖、木糖、核酮糖、木酮糖、阿洛糖、阿卓糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、古洛糖、艾杜糖、甘露糖、塔罗糖、果糖、阿洛酮糖、山梨糖、塔格糖、甘露庚酮糖、景天庚酮糖、辛酮糖、和唾液糖。合适二糖的非限制性实例包括蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖。合适寡糖的非限制性实例包括蔗糖、麦芽三糖和麦芽糊精。在其他特定实施例中,碳水化合物由玉米糖浆、甜菜糖、甘蔗糖、汁或茶提供。
在另一个特定实施例中,另外的水合剂是提供细胞再水合的黄烷醇。黄烷醇是存在于植物中的一类天然物质,并且通常包括附接至一个或多个化学部分的2-苯基苯并吡喃酮分子骨架。用于本披露的特定实施例中的合适黄烷醇的非限制性实例包括儿茶素、表儿茶素、没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素3-没食子酸酯、茶黄素、茶黄素3-没食子酸酯、茶黄素3’-没食子酸酯、茶黄素3,3’-没食子酸酯、茶红素或其组合。黄烷醇的几种常见来源包括茶树、果实、蔬菜和花。在优选的实施例中,黄烷醇提取自绿茶。
在特定实施例中,另外的水合剂是增强运动耐力的甘油溶液。含有甘油的溶液的摄取已显示提供多种有益的生理作用,如扩大的血容量、降低的心率和降低的直肠温度。
在某些实施例中,功能成分选自至少一种益生菌、益生元以及其组合。益生菌是影响人体天然存在的胃肠道微生物区系的有益微生物。益生菌的实例包括但不限于,给予人有益作用的乳酸杆菌(Lactobacilli)属、双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteria)属、链球菌(Streptococci)属或其组合的细菌。在本披露的特定实施例中,至少一种益生菌选自乳酸杆菌属。根据本披露的其他特定实施例,益生菌选自双歧杆菌属。在特定实施例中,益生菌选自链球菌属。
可以根据本披露使用的益生菌是本领域技术人员熟知的。包含益生菌的食品的非限制性实例包括酸乳、德国泡菜、克非尔(kefir)、韩国泡菜、发酵的蔬菜以及含有通过改善肠道微平衡来有利地影响宿主动物的微生物元素的其他食品。
在根据本披露的实施例中,益生元包括而不限于粘多糖、寡糖、多糖、氨基酸、维生素、营养物前体、蛋白质以及其组合。根据本披露的特定实施例,益生元选自膳食纤维,包括但不限于多糖和寡糖。根据本披露的特定实施例被分类为益生元的寡糖的非限制性实例包括果寡糖、菊糖、低聚异麦芽糖、乳糖醇(lactilol)、低聚乳果糖、乳果糖、焦糊精、大豆寡糖、低聚反式半乳糖、和低聚木糖。在其他实施例中,益生元是氨基酸。尽管多种已知的益生元发生分解为益生菌提供碳水化合物,但是一些益生菌也需要氨基酸来提供养分。
益生元天然地存在于多种食物中,这些食物包括而不限于香蕉、浆果、芦笋、大蒜、小麦、燕麦、大麦(以及其他全谷类)、亚麻籽、番茄、洋姜(Jerusalem artichoke)、洋葱和菊苣、菜叶(green)(例如,蒲公英嫩叶、菠菜、羽衣甘蓝叶、甜菜、无头甘蓝、芥菜叶、芜菁叶)、以及豆类(例如,小扁豆、云豆、鹰嘴豆、海军豆、白豆、黑豆)。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种体重管理剂。如本文所用,“体重管理剂”包括食欲遏制剂和/或生热作用剂。如本文所用,短语“食欲遏制剂”、“食欲饱腹组合物”、“饱腹剂”和“饱腹成分”同义。短语“食欲遏制剂”描述了当以有效量递送时遏制、抑制、减少或以其他方式缩减人的食欲的大量营养素、草本提取物、外源性激素、减食欲药、食欲不振药、药物、以及其组合。短语“生热作用剂”描述了当以有效量递送时激活或以其他方式增强人的生热作用或代谢的大量营养素、草本提取物、外源性激素、减食欲药、食欲不振药、药物、以及其组合。
合适的体重管理剂包括选自由蛋白质、碳水化合物、膳食脂肪以及其组合组成的组的大量营养素。蛋白质、碳水化合物和膳食脂肪的消耗刺激具有食欲遏制作用的肽的释放。例如,蛋白质和膳食脂肪的消耗刺激胃肠激素胆囊收缩素(CCK)的释放,而碳水化合物和膳食脂肪的消耗刺激胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)的释放。
合适的大量营养素体重管理剂还包括碳水化合物。碳水化合物通常包括被身体转化成用于能量的葡萄糖的糖、淀粉、纤维素和树胶。碳水化合物通常被分成两类:可消化的碳水化合物(例如,单糖、二糖和淀粉)和不可消化的碳水化合物(例如,膳食纤维)。研究已显示在小肠内不可消化的碳水化合物和具有降低的吸收和消化性的复合聚合物碳水化合物刺激抑制食物摄取的生理反应。因此,本文呈现的碳水化合物理想地包括不可消化的碳水化合物或具有降低的消化性的碳水化合物。此类碳水化合物的非限制性实例包括聚右旋糖;菊糖;源于单糖的多元醇如赤藓糖醇、甘露糖醇、木糖醇和山梨糖醇;源于二糖的醇如异麦芽酮糖醇、乳糖醇和麦芽糖醇;以及氢化淀粉水解产物。下文更详细地描述碳水化合物。
在另一个特定实施例中,体重管理剂是膳食脂肪。膳食脂肪是包含饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的组合的脂质。已显示多不饱和脂肪酸具有比单不饱和脂肪酸更大的饱腹能力。因此,本文呈现的膳食脂肪理想地包括多不饱和脂肪酸,其非限制性实例包括三酰基甘油。在另一个特定实施例中,体重管理剂是草本提取物。来自多种类型的植物的提取物已被鉴定为具有食欲遏制特性。其提取物具有食欲遏制特性的植物的非限制性实例包括火地亚(Hoodia)属、亚罗汉(Trichocaulon)属、水牛掌(Caralluma)属、豹皮花(Stapelia)属、奥贝亚(Orbea)属、马利筋(Asclepias)属、以及山茶花(Camelia)属的植物。其他实施例包括源自匙羹藤(Gymnema Sylvestre)、可乐果(Kola Nut)、酸橙(Citrus Auran tium)、巴拉圭茶(Yerba Mate)、加纳谷物(Griffonia Simplicifolia)、瓜拉那(Guarana)、没药(myrrh)、香胶树脂质(guggul Lipid)、和黑醋栗籽油(black current seed oil)的提取物。
草本提取物可以由任何类型的植物材料或植物生物质制备。植物材料和生物质的非限制性实例包括茎、根、叶、从植物材料中获得的干燥粉末、以及树液或干燥树液。草本提取物通常通过从植物中提取树液并且然后对树液进行喷雾干燥而制备。可替代地,可以使用溶剂提取程序。在初始提取之后,可能希望进一步分馏初始提取物(例如,通过柱色谱法),以便获得具有增强的活性的草本提取物。此类技术是本领域普通技术人员熟知的。
在一个实施例中,草本提取物源自火地亚属的植物。称为P57的火地亚属的甾醇糖苷被认为是火地亚物种的食欲遏制作用的原因。在另一个实施例中,草本提取物源自水牛掌属的植物,它的非限制性实例包括瘤水牛掌糖苷(caratuberside)A、瘤水牛掌糖苷B、布塞洛糖苷(bouceroside)I、布塞洛糖苷II、布塞洛糖苷III、布塞洛糖苷IV、布塞洛糖苷V、布塞洛糖苷VI、布塞洛糖苷VII、布塞洛糖苷VIII、布塞洛糖苷IX和布塞洛糖苷X。在另一个实施例中,该至少一种草本提取物源自亚罗汉属的植物。亚罗汉属植物是通常原产自南非的肉质植物,与火地亚属类似,并且包括物种摩耶夫人(T piliferum)和西洋蒲公英(Tofficinale)。在另一个实施例中,草本提取物源自豹皮花属或奥贝亚属的植物。不希望受任何理论的束缚,认为表现出食欲遏制活性的化合物是皂苷,如孕烷糖苷,它们包括杂色豹皮花苷(stavaroside)A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J和K。在另一个实施例中,草本提取物来源于马利筋属的植物。不希望受任何理论的束缚,认为这些提取物包含具有食欲遏制作用的甾族化合物,如孕烷糖苷和孕烷苷元。在另一个特定实施例中,体重管理剂是具有体重管理作用的外源性激素。此类激素的非限制性实例包括CCK、肽YY、胃饥饿素、铃蟾肽和胃泌素释放肽(GRP)、肠抑素、载脂蛋白A-IV、GLP-1、淀粉不溶素、体抑素(somastatin)、和瘦素。
在另一个实施例中,体重管理剂是药物。非限制性实例包括苯丁胺(phentenime)、二乙胺苯酮、苯甲曲秦、西布曲明、利莫那班、胃泌酸调节素、盐酸氟西汀、麻黄碱、苯乙胺、或其他刺激物。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种骨质疏松症管理剂。在某些实施例中,骨质疏松症管理剂是至少一种钙源。根据特定实施例,钙源是含有钙的任何化合物,包括钙的盐络合物、溶解物质和其他形式。钙源的非限制性实例包括氨基酸螯合钙、碳酸钙、氧化钙、氢氧化钙、硫酸钙、氯化钙、磷酸钙、磷酸氢钙、磷酸二氢钙、柠檬酸钙、苹果酸钙、柠檬酸苹果酸钙、葡萄糖酸钙、酒石酸钙、乳酸钙、其溶解物质、以及其组合。
根据特定实施例,骨质疏松症管理剂是镁源。镁源是含有镁的任何化合物,包括镁的盐络合物、溶解物质和其他形式。镁源的非限制性实例包括氯化镁、柠檬酸镁、葡庚糖酸镁、葡萄糖酸镁、乳酸镁、氢氧化镁、吡啶甲酸镁(magnesium picolate)、硫酸镁、其溶解物质、及其混合物。在另一个特定实施例中,镁源包括氨基酸螯合镁或氨基酸配制品螯合镁。
在其他实施例中,骨质疏松症剂选自维生素D、维生素C、维生素K、其前体和/或β-胡萝卜素以及其组合。
多种植物和植物提取物也已被鉴定为对于预防和治疗骨质疏松症是有效的。作为骨质疏松症管理剂的合适植物和植物提取物的非限制性实例包括如美国专利公开号2005/0106215中所披露的蒲公英属(Taraxacum)和唐棣属(Amelanchier)物种、以及如美国专利申请号2005/0079232中所披露的以下属的物种:山胡椒属(Lindera)、艾属(Artemisia)、菖蒲属(Acorus)、红花属(Carthamus)、葛缕子属(Carum)、蛇床属(Cnidium)、姜黄属(Curcuma)、莎草属(Cyperus)、刺柏属(Juniperus)、李属(Prunus)、鸢尾花属(Iris)、菊苣属(Cichorium)、坡柳属(Dodonaea)、淫羊藿属(Epimedium)、绒毛属(Erigonoum)、大豆属(Soya)、薄荷属(Mentha)、罗勒属(Ocimum)、百里香属(thymus)、菊蒿属(Tanacetum)、车前属(Plantago)、留兰香属(Spearmint)、红木属(Bixa)、葡萄属(Vitis)、迷迭香属(Rosemarinus)、漆树属(Rhus)、以及莳萝属(Anethum)。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种植物雌激素。植物雌激素是在植物中见到的化合物,它们典型地可以通过摄取具有植物雌激素的植物或植物部分而递送到人体中。如本文所用,“植物雌激素”是指当引入到身体内时引起任何程度的雌激素样作用的任何物质。例如,植物雌激素可以结合身体内的雌激素受体并且具有小的雌激素样作用。
用于本披露的实施例的合适植物雌激素的实例包括但不限于异黄酮、茋类、木酚素、二羟基苯甲酸内酯(resorcyclic acid lactone)、香豆雌醇(coumestan)、香豆雌酚(coumestrol)、雌马酚、以及其组合。合适植物雌激素的来源包括但不限于全谷类、谷物、纤维、水果、蔬菜、黑升麻、龙舌兰根、黑醋栗、樱叶荚蒾、圣洁莓(chasteberries)、痉挛树皮、当归根、魔鬼爪(devil's club)根、假独角兽根(false unicorn root)、人参根、千里光草(groundsel herb)、甘草汁、活根草、益母草、牡丹根、覆盆子叶、蔷薇科植物、鼠尾草叶、洋菝契根、塞润榈浆果、野生山药根、开花蓍草、豆科植物、大豆、大豆产品(例如,味噌、大豆粉、豆奶、大豆坚果、大豆蛋白质分离物、马来豆酵饼(tempen)、或豆腐)、鹰嘴豆、坚果、小扁豆、种子、三叶草、红三叶草、蒲公英叶、蒲公英根、胡芦巴籽、绿茶、啤酒花、红葡萄酒、亚麻仁、大蒜、洋葱、亚麻籽、琉璃苣、块根马利筋(butterfly weed)、葛缕子、女贞子树(chastetree)、牡荆、大枣、莳萝、茴香籽、雷公根、水飞蓟、唇萼薄荷、石榴、青蒿、豆粉、艾菊、葛藤根(葛根)等、以及其组合。
异黄酮属于称为多酚的植物营养素组。通常,多酚(也称为“多酚类”)是在植物中发现的一组化学物质,其特征在于每个分子存在超过一个酚基团。
根据本披露的实施例的合适植物雌激素异黄酮包括染料木黄酮、黄豆苷元、黄豆黄素、鹰嘴豆素A、芒柄花黄素、其各自天然存在的糖苷和糖苷缀合物、马台树脂醇、开环异落叶松脂素、肠内二酯、肠二醇、植物组织蛋白及其组合。用于本披露的实施例的异黄酮的合适来源包括但不限于大豆、大豆产物、豆类、苜蓿芽、鹰嘴豆、花生、和红三叶草。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种长链脂肪族饱和伯醇。长链脂肪族饱和伯醇是不同组的有机化合物。术语醇是指以下事实:这些化合物的特征是结合到碳原子上的羟基(-OH)。用于本披露的特定实施例的特定长链脂肪族饱和伯醇的非限制性实例包括8碳原子1-辛醇、9碳1-壬醇、10碳原子1-癸醇、12碳原子1-十二烷醇、14碳原子1-十四烷醇、16碳原子1-十六烷醇、18碳原子1-十八烷醇、20碳原子1-二十烷醇、22碳1-二十二烷醇、24碳1-二十四烷醇、26碳1-二十六烷醇、27碳1-二十七烷醇、28碳1-二十八烷醇(octanosol)、29碳1-二十九烷醇、30碳1-三十烷醇、32碳1-三十二烷醇、和34碳1-三十四烷醇。
在一个实施例中,长链脂肪族饱和伯醇是普利醇。普利醇是关于主要由以下成分构成的长链脂肪族饱和伯醇的混合物的术语:28碳1-二十八烷醇和30碳1-三十烷醇以及较低浓度的其他醇如22碳1-二十二烷醇、24碳1-二十四烷醇、26碳1-二十六烷醇、27碳1-二十七烷醇、29碳1-二十九烷醇、32碳1-三十二烷醇、和34碳1-三十四烷醇。
在某些实施例中,功能成分是至少一种植物甾醇、植物甾烷醇或其组合。如本文所用,短语“甾烷醇”、“植物性甾烷醇”和“植物甾烷醇”同义。植物性甾醇和甾烷醇天然少量地存在于很多水果、蔬菜、坚果、种子、谷物、豆类、植物油、树皮以及其他植物来源中。甾醇是在C-3处具有羟基的甾族化合物的亚组。通常,植物甾醇在甾核内具有双键,如胆固醇;然而,植物甾醇还可以在C-24处包含取代的侧链(R),如乙基或甲基,或另外的双键。植物甾醇的结构是本领域技术人员熟知的。
已发现至少44种天然存在的植物甾醇,并且它们通常源于植物,如玉米、大豆、小麦和桐油;然而,它们还能以合成方式产生以形成与天然的那些相同的组合物或者具有与天然存在的植物甾醇特性类似的特性的组合物。非限制性的合适植物甾醇包括但不限于,4-去甲基甾醇(例如,b-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、菜籽甾醇、22-脱氢菜籽甾醇以及A5-燕麦甾醇)、4-单甲基甾醇和4,4-二甲基甾醇(三萜烯醇)(例如,环阿屯醇、24-亚甲基环木菠萝烷醇和环甾烷醇(cyclobranol))。
如本文所用,短语“甾烷醇”、“植物性甾烷醇”和“植物甾烷醇”同义。植物甾烷醇是在自然界中仅微量存在的饱和甾醇并且也可以如通过对植物甾醇进行氢化而以合成方式产生。合适的植物甾烷醇包括但不限于b-谷甾烷醇、菜油甾烷醇、环木菠萝烷醇以及其他三萜醇类的饱和形式。
如本文所用,植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇两者包括多种异构体如a和b异构体。本披露的植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇还可以呈其酯形式。用于得到植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇的酯的合适方法是本领域普通技术人员熟知的,并且在美国专利号6,589,588、6,635,774、6,800,317和美国专利申请号2003/0045473中披露。合适的植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇的酯的非限制性实例包括乙酸谷甾醇酯、油酸谷甾醇酯、油酸豆甾醇酯、及其对应的植物甾烷醇酯。本披露的植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇还可以包括其衍生物。
示例性添加剂包括但不限于碳水化合物、多元醇、糖酸及其对应盐、核苷酸、有机酸、无机酸、包括有机酸盐和有机碱盐的有机盐、无机盐、苦味化合物、咖啡因、调味剂和调味成分、涩味化合物、蛋白质或蛋白质水解物、表面活性剂、乳化剂、植物提取物、类黄酮、醇、聚合物以及其组合。
在一个实施例中,组合物进一步包含一种或多种多元醇。如本文所用,术语“多元醇”是指含有超过一个羟基的分子。多元醇可以是分别含有2个、3个和4个羟基的二元醇、三元醇或四元醇。
多元醇还可以含有超过4个羟基,如分别含有5个、6个或7个羟基的五元醇、六元醇、七元醇等。另外,多元醇还可以是作为碳水化合物的还原形式的糖醇、多羟基醇或多元醇,其中羰基(醛或酮,还原糖)已被还原成伯羟基或仲羟基。在一些实施例中,多元醇的非限制性实例包括麦芽糖醇、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、乳糖醇、木糖醇、异麦芽酮糖醇、丙二醇、甘油(丙三醇)、苏糖醇、半乳糖醇、帕拉金糖、还原性低聚异麦芽糖、还原性低聚木糖、还原性低聚龙胆糖、还原性麦芽糖糖浆、还原性葡萄糖糖浆以及糖醇或能够被还原的不会不利地影响味道的任何其他碳水化合物。
合适的糖酸添加剂包括但不限于醛糖酸、糖醛酸、醛糖二酸、海藻酸、葡糖酸、葡糖醛酸、葡糖二酸、半乳糖二酸、半乳糖醛酸、及其盐(例如,钠盐、钾盐、钙盐、镁盐或其他生理学上可接受的盐)、以及其组合。
合适的核苷酸添加剂包括但不限于单磷酸肌苷(IMP)、单磷酸鸟苷(GMP)、单磷酸腺苷(AMP)、单磷酸胞嘧啶(CMP)、单磷酸尿嘧啶(UMP)、二磷酸肌苷、二磷酸鸟苷、二磷酸腺苷、二磷酸胞嘧啶、二磷酸尿嘧啶、三磷酸肌苷、三磷酸鸟苷、三磷酸腺苷、三磷酸胞嘧啶、三磷酸尿嘧啶、其碱金属盐或碱土金属盐、及其组合。本文所述的核苷酸还可以包含核苷酸相关的添加剂,如核苷或核酸碱基(例如,鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶、腺嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、尿嘧啶)。
合适的有机酸添加剂包括包含-COOH部分的任何化合物,例如像C2-C30羧酸、取代的羟基C2-C30羧酸、丁酸(乙酯)、取代的丁酸(乙酯)、苯甲酸、取代的苯甲酸(例如,2,4-二羟基苯甲酸)、取代的肉桂酸、羟基酸、取代的羟基苯甲酸、茴香酸取代的环己基羧酸、鞣酸、乌头酸、乳酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、葡糖酸、葡庚糖酸、己二酸、羟基柠檬酸、苹果酸、水果酒石酸(fruitaric acid)(苹果酸、富马酸和酒石酸的共混物)、富马酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、绿原酸、水杨酸、氨基酸配制品、咖啡酸、胆汁酸、乙酸、抗坏血酸、藻酸、异抗坏血酸、聚谷氨酸、葡糖酸δ内酯、及其碱金属盐或碱土金属盐衍生物。另外,有机酸添加剂也可以呈D-构型或L-构型。合适的有机酸添加剂盐包括但不限于所有有机酸的钠盐、钙盐、钾盐和镁盐,如柠檬酸盐、苹果酸盐、酒石酸盐、富马酸盐、乳酸盐(例如,乳酸钠)、海藻酸盐(例如,藻酸钠)、抗坏血酸盐(例如,抗坏血酸钠)、苯甲酸盐(例如,苯甲酸钠或苯甲酸钾)、山梨酸盐和己二酸盐。所描述的有机酸添加剂的实例任选地可以被选自以下项的至少一个基团取代:氢、烷基、烯基、炔基、卤素、卤代烷基、羧基、酰基、酰氧基、氨基、酰氨基、羧基衍生物、烷氨基、二烷基氨基、芳基氨基、烷氧基、芳氧基、硝基、氰基、磺基、硫醇、亚胺、磺酰基、次磺酰基、亚磺酰基、氨磺酰基、羧烷氧基、羧酰胺基、膦酰基、氧膦基、磷酰基、膦基、硫酯、硫醚、酸酐、肟基、肼基、氨甲酰基、磷或膦酸酯基。在特定实施例中,当存在于消费品(例如像饮料)中时,有机酸添加剂以有效提供从约10ppm至约5,000ppm的浓度的量存在于甜味剂组合物中。
合适的无机酸添加剂包括但不限于磷酸、亚磷酸、聚磷酸、盐酸、硫酸、碳酸、磷酸二氢钠、及其碱金属盐或碱土金属盐(例如,肌醇六磷酸Mg/Ca)。
合适的苦味化合物添加剂包括但不限于咖啡因、奎宁、尿素、苦橘油、柚皮苷、苦木、及其盐。
合适的调味剂和调味成分添加剂包括但不限于香草醛、香草提取物、芒果提取物、肉桂、柑橘、椰子、姜、绿花白千层醇(viridiflorol)、扁桃仁、薄荷醇(包括不含薄荷的薄荷醇)、葡萄皮提取物、和葡萄籽提取物。“调味剂”和“调味成分”同义并且可以包括天然物质或合成物质或其组合。调味剂还包括赋予风味的任何其他物质并且可以包括在通常接受的范围内使用时对人或动物安全的天然物质或非天然(合成)物质。专有调味剂的非限制性实例包括DOHLERTM天然调味甜度增强剂K14323(DOHLERTM,德国达姆施塔特(Darmstadt,Germany))、SymriseTM甜度天然风味遮盖剂161453和164126(SYMRISETM,德国霍尔茨明登(Holzminden,Germany))、Natural AdvantageTM苦味阻滞剂1、2、9和10(NaturalAdvantageTM,美国新泽西州弗里霍尔德(Freehold,New Jersey,U.S.A.))、以及SUCRAMASKTM(美国加利福尼亚州斯托克顿市创造性科研管理处(Creative ResearchManagement,Stockton,California,U.S.A.))。合适的聚合物添加剂包括但不限于壳聚糖、果胶、果胶酸、果胶酯酸、聚糖醛酸、聚半乳糖醛酸、淀粉、食物水解胶体或其粗提取物(例如,塞内加尔阿拉伯树胶(FIBERGUMTM)、塞伊阿拉伯树胶、鹿角菜胶)、聚-L-赖氨酸(例如,聚-L-α-赖氨酸或聚-L-ε-赖氨酸)、聚-L-鸟氨酸(例如,聚-L-α-鸟氨酸或聚-L-ε-鸟氨酸)、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇、聚(乙二醇甲基醚)、聚精氨酸、聚天冬氨酸、聚谷氨酸、聚乙烯亚胺、海藻酸、海藻酸钠、海藻酸丙二醇酯、以及聚乙二醇海藻酸钠、六偏磷酸钠及其盐、以及其他阳离子聚合物和阴离子聚合物。
合适的蛋白质或蛋白质水解物添加剂包括但不限于牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、乳清蛋白(包括其级分或浓缩物,如90%即溶乳清蛋白分离物、34%乳清蛋白、50%水解乳清蛋白和80%乳清蛋白浓缩物)、可溶性大米蛋白、大豆蛋白、蛋白质分离物、蛋白质水解物、蛋白质水解物的反应产物、糖蛋白和/或含有氨基酸(例如,甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、正缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、羟脯氨酸等)的蛋白聚糖、胶原蛋白(例如,明胶)、部分水解的胶原蛋白(例如,水解的鱼胶原蛋白)、以及胶原蛋白水解产物(例如,猪胶原蛋白水解产物)。
在一些示例实施例中,用于水合或再水合的口服组合物可以包含蛋白质水解物添加剂。在相关实施例中,组合物可以包含蛋白质水解物添加剂作为氨基酸的代替物,使得蛋白质水解物是组合物中氨基酸的(如果有的话)唯一来源。在其他实施例中,至少一种蛋白质水解物(如乳清蛋白)包括BCAA,而没有在用于水合或再水合配制品的口服组合物中添加其他氨基酸。在可替代实施例中,用于水合或再水合的口服组合物包含至少一种蛋白质水解物(如乳清蛋白),其包括BCAA,但还包括用于水合或再水合配制品的口服组合物中其他氨基酸的添加,这将对用于水合或再水合配制品的口服组合物中氨基酸的总百分比具有累加效应。
合适的表面活性剂添加剂包括但不限于聚山梨醇酯(例如,聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯(聚山梨醇酯80)、聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯60)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、磺基琥珀酸二辛酯或磺基琥珀酸二辛基酯钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、氯化鲸蜡基吡啶鎓(氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓)、溴化十六烷基三甲铵、胆酸钠、氨甲酰、氯化胆碱、甘胆酸钠、牛磺脱氧胆酸钠、月桂酰精氨酸酯、硬脂酰乳酸钠、牛磺胆酸钠、卵磷脂、蔗糖油酸酯、蔗糖硬脂酸酯、蔗糖棕榈酸酯、蔗糖月桂酸酯、及其他乳化剂等。
合适的类黄酮添加剂被分为黄酮醇、黄酮、黄烷酮、黄烷-3-醇、异黄酮、或花色素。类黄酮添加剂的非限制性实例包括但不限于儿茶素(例如,绿茶提取物,如PolyphenonTM60、PolyphenonTM30和PolyphenonTM25(日本三井农林株式会社(Mitsui Norin Co.,Ltd.,Japan)))、多酚、芦丁(例如,酶修饰的芦丁SanmelinTMAO(日本大阪三荣源F.F.I.株式会社(San-fi Gen F.F.I.,Inc.,Osaka,Japan)))、新橙皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮等。合适的醇添加剂包括但不限于乙醇。
合适的涩味化合物添加剂包括但不限于鞣酸、氯化铕(EuCl3)、氯化钆(GdCl3)、氯化铽(TbCl3)、明矾、鞣酸、和多酚(例如,茶多酚)。
组合物及方法
本发明组合物通常可以呈任何可食用形式,如液体、半液体、固体、或半固体。在一些实施例中,本发明组合物是饮料或饮料产品。“饮料”的一个实例是即饮饮料。即饮饮料包括碳酸饮料和非碳酸饮料。碳酸饮料包括但不限于冷冻的碳酸饮料、增强的起泡饮料、可乐、水果风味的起泡饮料(例如,柠檬-酸橙、橙、葡萄、草莓和菠萝)、姜汁汽水、软饮品和沙士。非碳酸饮料包括但不限于,果汁、水果风味果汁、果汁饮品、花蜜、蔬菜汁、蔬菜风味汁、运动饮品、能量饮品、增强水饮品、具有维生素的增强水、近水饮品(例如,具有天然的或合成的调味剂的水)、椰子汁、茶类型饮品(例如,黑茶、绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶)、咖啡、可可饮品、含有乳组分的饮料(例如,乳饮料、含乳组分的咖啡、欧蕾咖啡(cafe au lait)、奶茶、果乳饮料)、含有谷物提取物的饮料以及冰沙。
在特定实施例中,本披露涉及一种运动饮品或增强型水饮品。
饮料可以是富卡路里饮料,它具有最高约120卡路里/8盎司份。饮料可以是中等卡路里饮料,它具有最高约60卡路里/8盎司份。饮料可以是低卡路里饮料,它具有最高约40卡路里/8盎司份。该饮料可以是零卡路里饮料,它具有小于约5卡路里/8盎司份。
在另一个特定实施例中,饮料不含有牛奶和/或乳制品组分。
本披露的饮料当在5℃下储存时在至少三个月的一段时间段内展现出最少的氨基酸配制品降解。在特定实施例中,饮料在5℃下储存三个月后的氨基酸配制品浓度为初始氨基酸配制品浓度的至少90%、初始氨基酸配制品浓度的至少95%、初始氨基酸配制品浓度的至少97%、初始氨基酸配制品浓度的至少98%、或初始氨基酸配制品浓度的至少99%。“初始浓度”是指配制时(例如制备饮料的24小时内)所测量的氨基酸配制品浓度。
在其他实施例中,当在5℃下储存四个月、五个月、六个月、七个月、八个月、九个月、十个月、十一个月或十二个月时,饮料的氨基酸配制品浓度为初始氨基酸配制品浓度的至少90%。
在一些实施例中,本发明饮料具有在从约250至约350mOsm/kg、或从约270至约330mOsm/kg、或从约290至约310mOsm/kg、或从约290至约300mOsm/kg范围内的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度。
本披露还提供了一种制备即饮饮料的方法,该方法包括(i)提供饮料基质以及(ii)将上文所述的饮料成分添加到该饮料基质中,从而提供即饮饮料。该方法任选地包括另外的混合步骤,从而混合饮料成分和基质以促进溶解。该方法还可以任选地包括加热步骤,从而加热饮料成分和基质以促进溶解。
将饮料成分溶解于饮料基质中。示例性饮料基质包括饮料品质的水,例如自来水、去离子水、蒸馏水、反渗透水、碳处理的水、纯化水、脱矿质水以及其组合。另外的合适基质包括但不限于磷酸、磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸、柠檬酸盐缓冲液和碳处理水。
可以在配制即饮饮料所需的任何温度下进行该方法。例如,对于对温度敏感的成分,该方法在低于70℃下进行。类似地,饮料成分可以以任何顺序添加到饮料基质中。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物呈干燥或半干燥形式,如干粉、饮料浓缩物、片剂、胶囊、凝胶、胶质物。干燥组合物可以容易地可食用或容易且快速地可溶于可饮用介质如水中。
在一个特定实施例中,本发明组合物可以以浓缩物或粉末形式制备,以通过添加水或任何其他适当的液体重新配制以供受试者使用。此种重新配制用必需量的水/液体进行以确保所食用的饮料含有呈先前记录的比例的活性组分。在另一个实施例中,可以使组合物溶解在水/液体中并然后达到冷冻状态,以便提供例如风味棒冰,像以商业名称或商品名“Popsicle”已知的风味棒冰。
在一个实施例中,用于制备包含氨基酸配制品的即饮溶液的方法包括将本文所述的口服组合物与可饮用介质以这样的重量比混合,该重量比使得氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于即饮溶液的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。示例性可饮用介质包括饮料品质的水,例如去离子水、蒸馏水、反渗透水、碳处理的水、纯化水、脱矿质水以及其组合。可饮用介质还可以是现有的饮料如气泡水、果汁、茶、牛奶、或咖啡。
在一些实施例中,本发明组合物可以作为干粉混合物制备。当重新配制并且可能地用水果提取物或芳香物(aroma),如橙、柠檬、草莓或其他进行调味时,以不超过120kcal/L的水平将干粉混合物与用于水/液体中的分散体的载体(如麦芽糊精)、与非葡萄糖甜味基物如新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮组合。一剂量旨在用于溶解于591ml饮用水/液体中(一种标准运动瓶)。浓度仅仅是指示性的,并且更多的浓缩饮品可以在相同的配制品基础上制备。
上述粉末混合物可以添加到具有良好感官特性的用于压片的合适载体,如山梨糖醇和硬脂酸镁中。可能地用已知的天然甜味剂如新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮使该物质更可口并且平均每日摄取量的总能量含量应不超过120kcal。产物可以用水果或其他风味剂(如橙、柠檬、薄荷醇、桉油精(eucaplytol)等)的任何选择进行调味。压制片剂(或具有相同组成的等效固体形式)旨在用于5个与10个之间的片剂的平均每日摄取量。
在一些实施例中,本披露涉及用于水合或再水合的方法。该方法通常包括施用本文所述的任何口服组合物。
出于以下目的中的至少一个,本发明方法通常使用本文所述的组合物:在再水合阶段期间提供对血浆容量恢复的迅速影响,减弱或反转脱水或失水效应,改进运动、热量或导致体液流失的其他活动的其他不利效应,提供对之后身体机能的积极影响,增长体液保留的持续时间,快速增加血浆容量,在长持续时间内维持增加的血浆容量,恢复电解质平衡,提供能量来源,改善身体机能,限制或减少卡路里摄入。
在一些实施例中,本披露提供了一种使人类进行水合或再水合的方法,该方法包括施用有效量的本文所述的口服组合物,其中该口服组合物包含本文所述的氨基酸配制品。口服组合物的施用可以是在脱水或体液流失之前、期间或之后。
在一些实施例中,该方法包括向本文所述的人类施用运动饮料,其中该运动饮品进一步被配置为增强人类的运动表现,减少乳酸盐产生,减少感官疲劳,减少肌肉酸痛(实际肌肉损伤和感官酸痛二者),改善疲劳时间,改善计时赛成绩,改善力量输出,减少乳酸产生,并减少随着运动所观察到的净体液流失。如本文所用,“增强的运动表现”是指如与没有食用运动饮料或水的运动表现相比,与本文提供的运动饮料的食用实施例相关的运动表现的改善。运动饮料可以在运动表现之前、期间或之后食用。如本文所用,“运动表现”是指耐力运动和非耐力运动二者。耐力运动包括在长时间段(例如,大于约30分钟)内进行的有氧活动,而非耐力运动包括在较短时间段(例如,小于约30分钟)内进行的有氧活动。
在一个特定实施例中,本披露涉及一种增强竞技表现的方法,该方法包括在耐力运动之前、期间或之后施用/食用运动饮料,其中该运动饮料包含本文所述的氨基酸配制品的水溶液,其中该氨基酸配制品的量为基于该运动饮料的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。在一个实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸组成。在一个实施例中,运动饮品包含甘氨酸作为唯一的氨基酸并且不含或基本上不含其他氨基酸。在另一个特定实施例中,氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸、或含有甘氨酸的二肽、或碳水化合物-甘氨酸络合物、或其任何组合组成。
在一些实施例中,该方法包括通过将包含氨基酸配制品的干粉组合物溶解在包含水的可饮用介质中制备可饮用溶液,以及口服地施用该可饮用的溶液。在一些实施例中,氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于可饮用溶液的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
在其他实施例中,该方法包括食用/摄取口服组合物和包含水的可饮用介质。可以并行地、同时地、单独地、或依次地摄取口服组合物和可饮用介质。在一些实施例中,口服组合物与可饮用介质的比率是使得氨基酸配制品的含量为相对于可饮用介质的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
根据本披露的方法提供了快速且有效的水合以及人类体液的保留。在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后约10分钟内增加了至少约2.5%、或至少约3%、或至少约4%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后约15分钟内增加了至少约4.5%、或至少约5%、或至少约5.5%、或至少约6%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后约30分钟内增加了至少约5%、或至少约5.5%、或至少约6%、或至少约6.5%、或至少约7%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后约45分钟内增加了至少约3%、或至少约3.5%、或至少约4%、或至少约5%、或至少约6%。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆容量在施用口服组合物后约60分钟内增加了至少约3%、或至少约3.5%、或至少约4%、或至少约5%、或至少约6%。
在一些实施例中,人类的在施用口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在其后持续至少约15分钟、或至少约30分钟、或至少约1小时基本上保持不变。
在一些实施例中,人类的在施用口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在至少约30分钟内降低了小于约1%、或小于约2%、或小于约3%、或小于约4%、或小于约5%、或小于约6%、或小于约7%、或小于约8%、或小于约9%、或小于约10%。
在本发明方法的一些实施例中,在施用口服组合物后至少60分钟内,人类的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度维持在从约270至约330mOsm/kg、或从约280至约320mOsm/kg、或从约290至约310mOsm/kg、或从约290至约300mOsm/kg的范围内。
在一些实施例中,人类的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度在施用口服组合物后至少60分钟内的变化不大于3mOsm/kg。
以下实例说明了本披露的优选但非限制性的实施例。
实例
实例1-包含氨基酸配制品的饮料以及再水合测试。
通过将氨基酸配制品与水混合来制备三种示例饮料。Bev 780在水中包含约9.14g/L的量的甘氨酸。Bev 236在水中包含约5.96g/L的量的L-丙氨酸。Bev 588是没有添加氨基酸的对照饮料。
使十五个志愿者经受再水合测试。该测试是按照与由Shirreffs等人(Med SciSports Exerc[运动与锻炼中的医学与科学],1996)描述的方案类似的方案用健康参与者进行的双盲的随机交叉研究。使这些志愿者首先经受运动-热时段并且然后指示其各自食用以上按照再水合测试所制备的三种饮料。对于每种测试饮料,每个志愿者都完成一次试验,从而得到每个志愿者总计三次试验。使这些志愿者首先脱水并然后指示其各自食用以上制备的三种饮料之一。
运动-热时段:在运动-热/脱水时段期间,在高温中运动回合期间采用监测心率、核心体温的所有适当的安全预防措施(如所有先前的研究所需要的)。在每个实验中,在诱发脱水约1.5%身体质量的时刻之后,指示受试者在冷却(冰片、空调房间和简易淋浴)后开始再水合阶段。由脱水方案导致的体液损失量通过从运动/热暴露之前(由第1、2和3天的平均值计算的基线值)到运动/热暴露之后(对任何食物、体液消耗、尿液或粪便流失进行校正)的身体质量的急剧变化来计算并且表示为相对于基线身体质量的百分比(Cheuvront等人2004,2010)。对于所有计算,由汗液和尿液引起的水和身体质量损失被认为是相等的(1L=1kg)。通过使用Brisson方法(肩胛袋(scapular pouch))评估汗液电解质,以在每个间歇回合结束时收集汗液。可替代地,有时循环限止的收集,在前臂上利用Tegaderm贴剂方法(Baker,GSSI 2017)以在贴剂看起来饱和时(大约在1.5%身体质量损失时)评估钠、钾和氯的损失。使用Horiba Laqua-twin分析仪来测量汗液电解质损失。
运动-热时段后的再水合测试:再水合时段的程序是由Shirreffs等人(Med SciSports Exerc[运动与锻炼中的医学与科学],1996)采用的程序的修改版。达到目标身体质量损失后,指示受试者在约20℃至约22℃的温度下保持坐在休息室中。在30min坐式休息时间段后获得来自每个所测试受试者的静脉血液样品。饮用第一剂后,再水合时间段为约3小时总持续时间(125%体液损失量由每10min三份相同的体积代替)。然后在回收的15、30、60、90和此后120和180min时获得随后的测量值(仅对于尿液/身体质量)(类似于Shirreffs等人1996)。在3小时(初始摄取组合物后)内,每小时评估尿液排出量和身体质量以确定累积的尿液质量和尿液克分子渗透压重量浓度。对全血的血红蛋白、血细胞容积率和血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度进行分析。
对施用饮料后随时间推移的血浆容量变化进行测量并将其总结于图1中。如可见,食用具有约9.14g/L甘氨酸的Bev 780可以使血浆容量在时间零点处快速增加至少3%、15分钟后快速增加至少4%、30分钟后快速增加至少6%。在食用后30分钟时测量的血浆容量此后并未示出显著变化,并且发现血浆容量保持在与再水合之前的水平相比高出至少5%的增加水平。包含约5.96g/L丙氨酸的Bev 236也示出在食用后30分钟内血浆容量的快速增加。在45分钟时与对照物(Bev 588)相比,Bev 780的总血浆容量增量往往更高。还发现在60分钟时与Bev 236相比,Bev 780的总血浆容量增量更高。与对照饮料(Bev 588)相比,包含氨基酸配制品的饮料清楚地示出血浆容量的保持的显著改进。这些结果进一步支持氨基酸的再水合有效性。
还对经测试的志愿者在食用饮料后随时间推移的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度变化进行了测量,并且结果总结在图2中。如可见,存在显著的整体饮料效果(p=0.001)。关于Bev 780,血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度在再水合后60分钟内整体显著更高(高出约3毫渗摩)。此外,与对照饮料588相比(p=0.03),Bev 236更高(高出约1.6毫渗摩)。在Bev 236与Bev 780之间不存在显著差异(p=0.09),尽管与Bev 236相比,Bev 780的总血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度往往更高。在再水合期间Bev 236不同于Bev 588的惟一时间点是在60分钟时,而从向前再水合后即刻开始(0至60分钟),Bev 780高于Bev 588。在食用本发明组合物后,较高的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度(图2)连同较高的总血浆容量(图1)进一步支持改进的关键要素如电解质的恢复和保留。此外,发现由含有氨基酸的饮料引起的较高克分子渗透压重量浓度有效地刺激口渴并刺激所测试志愿者的饮用需求。
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J.E.Hegarty,P.D.Fairclough,M.L.Clark,A.M.Dawson,Jejunal water andelectrolyte secretion induced by L-arginine in man[人体中由L-精氨酸诱导的空肠的水和电解质分泌],Gut[肠道],1981,22,108-113。
Kazunobu Okazaki,Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo,Yoshiaki Takeno,Tadashi Okumoto,Shizue Masuki,Hiroshi Nose,Effects of exercise training on thermoregulatoryresponses and blood volume in older men[运动训练对年长男性的体温调节反应和血液容量的影响],Journal of Applied Physiology[应用生理学杂志],2002,93,1630-1637。
Moise Coeffier,Bernadette Hecketsweiler,Philippe Hecketsweiler,和Pierre Dechelotte,Effect of glutamine on water and sodium absorption in humanjejunum at baseline and during PGE1-induced secretion[谷氨酰胺在基线处和在PGE1诱导的分泌期间对人类空肠中的水和钠吸收的影响],Journal of Applied Physiology[应用生理学杂志],2005,98,2163-2168。
Chih-Yin Tai,Jordan M Joy,Paul H Falcone,Laura R Carson,Matt MMosman,Justen L Straight,Susie L Oury,Carlos Mendez Jr,Nick J Loveridge,Michael P Kim和Jordan R Moon,An amino acid-electrolyte beverage may increasecellular rehydration relative to carbohydrate-electrolyte and flavored waterbeverages[相对于碳水化合物-电解质和风味水饮料,氨基酸-电解质饮料可以增加细胞再水合].Nutrition Journal[营养学杂志],2014(13),47。
Kurt J Sollanek,Matthew Tsurumoto,Sadasivan Vidyasagar,Robert WKenefick,Samuel N Cheuvront,Neither body mass nor sex influences beveragehydration index outcomes during randomized trial when comparing 3commercialbeverages[当与3种商业饮料比较时在随机试验期间无论是身体质量还是性别都没有影响饮料水合指数结果].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition[美国临床营养学杂志],2018,107(4),544-549。
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以下有编号的条款定义了本披露的另外的示例方面和特征:
1.一种用于水合或再水合的口服组合物,所述口服组合物包含氨基酸配制品。
2.如条款1所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品包含选自由以下组成的组的化合物:氨基酸、二肽、碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。
3.如条款1-2中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸选自由以下组成的组:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、和酪氨酸、或其任何组合。
4.如条款1-3中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述二肽选自由以下组成的组:含有甘氨酸的二肽、含有赖氨酸的二肽、含有精氨酸的二肽、含有丙氨酸的二肽、含有谷氨酰胺的二肽、或其任何组合。
5.如条款1-4中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物选自由以下组成的组:谷氨酰胺-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、或二者。
6.如条款1所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸、或含有甘氨酸的二肽、或二者组成。
7.如条款1-6中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物是即饮水合饮料。
8.如条款7所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于所述口服组合物的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
9.如条款1-6中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物呈干燥或半干燥形式。
10.如条款9所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物是胶质物、片剂、胶囊、或干粉。
11.一种为即饮水合饮料的口服组合物,其中所述口服组合物包含氨基酸配制品,其中所述氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸组成,并且其中甘氨酸浓度为基于所述口服组合物的总体积从约4g/L至约20g/L。
12.如条款1-11中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品或所述口服组合物不含或基本上不含支链氨基酸(BCAA)。
13.如条款1-12中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述BCAA选自由以下组成的组:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸及其组合。
14.如条款1-13中任一项所述的口服组合物,其进一步包含至少一种电解质,所述至少一种电解质选自由以下组成的组:钠、钾、钙、镁、氯化物、磷酸盐、碳酸氢盐及其组合。
15.如条款14所述的口服组合物,其中,总电解质浓度为至少约200mg/L。
16.如条款1-15中任一项所述的口服组合物,其进一步包含至少一种甜味剂。
17.如条款16所述的口服组合物,其中,所述甜味剂选自包括以下的组:甜叶菊和甜菊醇糖苷、罗汉果和相关的罗汉果苷化合物、莫那甜及其盐(莫那甜SS、RR、RS、SR)、仙茅甜蛋白、甘草酸及其盐、索马甜、莫内林、马槟榔甜蛋白、布拉齐因、贺兰甜精、叶甘素、根皮酚苷、根皮苷、三叶苷、白元参苷、欧亚水龙骨甜素、多足蕨苷A、蝶卡苷A、蝶卡苷B、无患子倍半萜苷、假秦艽苷I、巴西甘草甜素I、相思子三萜苷A、和青钱柳苷I、糖醇类如赤藓糖醇、三氯蔗糖、乙酰舒泛钾、安赛蜜酸及其盐、阿司帕坦、阿力甜、糖精及其盐、新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮、环己基氨基磺酸盐、环己氨磺酸及其盐、纽甜、爱德万甜、糖基化的甜菊醇糖苷(GSG)及其组合。
18.如条款1-17中任一项所述的口服组合物,其进一步包含至少一种添加剂。
19.如条款1-18中任一项所述的口服组合物,其进一步包含至少一种功能成分。
20.如条款1-19中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物选自运动饮品和增强型水饮品。
21.如条款1-20中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物选自富含卡路里饮料、中等卡路里饮料、低卡路里饮料、或零卡路里饮料。
22.一种使人类进行水合或再水合的方法,所述方法包括施用口服组合物,所述口服组合物包含氨基酸配制品。
23.如条款22所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸配制品包含选自由以下组成的组的化合物:氨基酸、二肽、碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。
24.如条款22-23中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸选自由以下组成的组:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、和酪氨酸、或其任何组合。
25.如条款22-24中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述二肽选自由以下组成的组:含有甘氨酸的二肽、含有赖氨酸的二肽、含有精氨酸的二肽、含有丙氨酸的二肽、含有谷氨酰胺的二肽、或其任何组合。
26.如条款22-25中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物选自由以下组成的组:谷氨酰胺-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、或二者。
27.如条款22所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸、或含有甘氨酸的二肽、或二者组成。
28.如条款22-27中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物是即饮水合饮料、或运动饮品、或增强型水饮品。
29.如条款22-28中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物选自富含卡路里饮料、中等卡路里饮料、低卡路里饮料、或零卡路里饮料。
30.如条款22-29中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于所述口服组合物的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
31.如条款22所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物是即饮水合饮料,其中所述氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸组成,并且其中甘氨酸浓度为基于所述饮料的总体积从约4g/L至约20g/L。
32.如条款22-27中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物呈干燥或半干燥形式。
33.如条款32所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物是胶质物、片剂、胶囊、或干粉。
34.如条款22-33中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸配制品或所述口服组合物基本上不含支链氨基酸(BCAA)。
35.如条款22-34中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述BCAA选自由以下组成的组:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸及其组合。
36.如条款22-35中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物进一步包含至少一种电解质,所述至少一种电解质选自由以下组成的组:钠、钾、钙、镁、氯化物、磷酸盐、碳酸氢盐及其组合。
37.如条款36所述的方法,其中,总电解质浓度为至少约200mg/L。
38.如条款22-37中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物进一步包含至少一种甜味剂。
39.如条款22-38中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物进一步包含至少一种添加剂。
40.如条款22-39中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物进一步包含至少一种功能成分。
41.如条款22-40中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的血浆容量在施用所述口服组合物后5分钟或之前增加了至少约2.5%、或至少约3%、或至少约4%。
42.如条款22-41中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的血浆容量在施用所述口服组合物后15分钟或之前增加了至少约4.5%、或至少约5%、或至少约5.5%、或至少约6%。
43.如条款22-42中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的血浆容量在施用所述口服组合物后30分钟或之前增加了至少约5%、或至少约5.5%、或至少约6%、或至少约6.5%、或至少约7%。
44.如条款22-43中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的血浆容量在施用所述口服组合物后45分钟或之前增加了至少约3%、或至少约3.5%、或至少约4%、或至少约5%、或至少约6%。
45.如条款22-44中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的血浆容量在施用所述口服组合物后60分钟或之前增加了至少约3%、或至少约3.5%、或至少约4%、或至少约5%、或至少约6%。
46.如条款22-45中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的在施用所述口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在此后持续至少约15分钟、或至少约30分钟、或至少约1小时基本上保持不变。
47.如条款22-46中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的在施用所述口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在至少约30分钟内降低了小于约1%、或小于约2%、或小于约3%、或小于约4%、或小于约5%、或小于约6%、或小于约7%、或小于约8%、或小于约9%、或小于约10%。
48.如条款22-47中任一项所述的方法,其中,在施用所述口服组合物后至少60分钟内,所述人类的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度维持在从约270至约330mOsm/kg、或从约280至约320mOsm/kg、或从约290至约310mOsm/kg、或从约290至约300mOsm/kg的范围内。
49.如条款22-47中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类在施用所述口服组合物之前的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度在施用所述口服组合物后至少60分钟内变化不大于3mOsm/kg。
50.一种用于改善身体机能或运动表现的方法,所述方法包括施用根据条款1-21和53所述的任一口服组合物。
51.如条款50所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物在耐力运动之前、期间或之后施用。
52.如条款50-51中任一项所述的方法,其中,提高的机能的特征在于:减少的感知身体疲惫、减少的肌肉酸痛、减少的肌肉损伤、减少的净体液流失、减少的乳酸产生、改善的疲劳时间、改善的计时赛表现、改善的力量输出或其任何组合。
53.如条款1-11和14-21中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物包含至少一种必需氨基酸和至少一种非必需氨基酸。
54.如条款22-33和36-52中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物包含至少一种必需氨基酸和至少一种非必需氨基酸。
说明书中提到的所有出版物、专利和专利申请表明了本披露内容所属领域中技术人员的水平。
本文所披露和所要求保护的所有组合物和方法可以根据本披露在没有过度实验的情况下进行和实施。虽然已经依据前述例示性实施例对本披露的组合物和方法进行了描述,但对本领域技术人员而言将显而易见的是在不背离本披露的真实概念、精神和范围的情况下,可以将变动、变化、修改和改动施加于组合物、方法,并且施加于本文所述的方法的步骤或步骤顺序中。更具体地,将显而易见的是根据其物理、化学、生理和/或味觉特性相似的某些试剂、添加剂和成分可以代替本文所述的试剂、添加剂和成分,同时获得相同或相似结果。本领域技术人员显而易见的所有此类相似代替物和修改被认为在如由下文所附权利要求所定义的本披露的精神、范围和概念内。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于水合或再水合的口服组合物,所述口服组合物包含氨基酸配制品。
2.如权利要求1所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品包含选自由以下组成的组的化合物:氨基酸、二肽、碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。
3.如权利要求1-2中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸选自由以下组成的组:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、和酪氨酸、或其任何组合。
4.如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述二肽选自由以下组成的组:含有甘氨酸的二肽、含有赖氨酸的二肽、含有精氨酸的二肽、含有丙氨酸的二肽、含有谷氨酰胺的二肽、或其任何组合。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物选自由以下组成的组:谷氨酰胺-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、或二者。
6.如权利要求1所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品基本上由甘氨酸、或含有甘氨酸的二肽、或二者组成。
7.如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物是即饮水合饮料。
8.如权利要求7所述的口服组合物,其中,所述氨基酸配制品的浓度为基于所述口服组合物的总体积从约1g/L至约50g/L、或从约2g/L至约30g/L、或从约3g/L至约30g/L、或从约4g/L至约20g/L、或从约5g/L至约10g/L、或从约0.05g/L至约1g/L。
9.如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物呈干燥或半干燥形式。
10.如权利要求9所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物是胶质物、片剂、胶囊、或干粉。
11.一种使人类进行水合或再水合的方法,所述方法包括施用口服组合物,所述口服组合物包含氨基酸配制品。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸配制品包含选自由以下组成的组的化合物:氨基酸、二肽、碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物、或其任何组合。
13.如权利要求11-12中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氨基酸选自由以下组成的组:亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、和酪氨酸、或其任何组合。
14.如权利要求11-13中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述二肽选自由以下组成的组:含有甘氨酸的二肽、含有赖氨酸的二肽、含有精氨酸的二肽、含有丙氨酸的二肽、含有谷氨酰胺的二肽、或其任何组合。
15.如权利要求11-14中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述碳水化合物-氨基酸络合物选自由以下组成的组:谷氨酰胺-葡萄糖、丙氨酸-葡萄糖、或二者。
16.如权利要求11-15中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的血浆容量在施用所述口服组合物后5分钟或之前增加了至少约2.5%、或至少约3%、或至少约4%。
17.如权利要求11-16中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述人类的在施用所述口服组合物后30分钟时测量的血浆容量在至少约30分钟内降低了小于约1%、或小于约2%、或小于约3%、或小于约4%、或小于约5%、或小于约6%、或小于约7%、或小于约8%、或小于约9%、或小于约10%。
18.如权利要求11-17中任一项所述的方法,其中,在施用所述口服组合物后至少60分钟内,所述人类的血浆克分子渗透压重量浓度维持在从约270至约330mOsm/kg、或从约280至约320mOsm/kg、或从约290至约310mOsm/kg、或从约290至约300mOsm/kg的范围内。
19.一种用于改善身体机能或运动表现的方法,所述方法包括施用根据权利要求1-10所述的任一口服组合物。
20.如权利要求1-10中任一项所述的口服组合物,其中,所述口服组合物包含至少一种必需氨基酸和至少一种非必需氨基酸。
21.如权利要求11-19中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述口服组合物包含至少一种必需氨基酸和至少一种非必需氨基酸。
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