CN118304437A - 一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束及其制备方法和应用,具体涉及医药技术领域。pH响应性酸敏感胶束是通过先制备mPEG‑β‑CD,再制备0831A‑Hyd‑AD,最后制备0831A‑Hyd‑AD/mPEGn‑β‑CD胶束。所述胶束是基于酰腙键的酸敏感聚合物胶束给药体系,是一种肿瘤微环境酸响应性PEG化纳米胶束。本发明利用CD与金刚烷之间的非共价结合作用合成并制备了0831A‑Hyd‑AD与mPEG‑β‑CD组装胶束,0831A与金刚烷通过酰腙键键结合而成,形成了肿瘤微环境响应,同时环糊精与金刚烷之间的非共价结合可提高胶束的体内稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医药技术领域,具体涉及一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
癌症是一种多基因和多细胞疾病,受环境因素刺激导致细胞生长不受控制,有临床预后较差的显著特点,目前所有癌症种类中实体瘤的死亡率较高,在实体瘤的生长过程中,需要血液提供足够的氧气和营养,因此血管的生成在癌症发生过程中起着重要的作用。微管(MTs)是一种细胞内有效的抗肿瘤靶标。微管蛋白抑制剂通过影响微管功能对细胞引起毒性作用,在治疗实体瘤和血液瘤方面均具有较好活性,但现有的药物治疗易对其产生多药耐药(MDR);多药耐药(MDR)的产生是由于细胞内P-糖蛋白(P-gp)的过度分泌,P-gp在癌细胞中的过度表达,导致药物的外排增加,从而使肿瘤细胞产生耐药。而与秋水仙素结合位点结合的微管蛋白抑制剂不是P-gp的蛋白底物,对MDR细胞系存在抗增殖效果并且在体内外显现出抗血管特性,因此目前对秋水仙碱结合位点药物的研发引起了广泛关注。
SKLB060是由四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室陈俐娟课题组合成的,是作用于秋水仙碱位点的微管蛋白抑制剂,可引起G2/M期停滞,是一种微管蛋白去稳定剂,具有优良的抗肿瘤效果。但其水溶性差,难以实现静脉给药。其结构式为4-((4-甲氧基-3-(2-吗啉代乙氧基)-苯基)(甲基)氨基)香豆素(4-((3-Amino-4-methoxyphenyl)(methyl)-amino)-2H-chromen-2-one)。为了改善SKLB060的水溶性,发明人前期合成一系列SKLB060氨基酸衍生物并从中优选出SKLB060-Methionine(0831A)。该化合物虽然溶解性好,体内外抗微管、抗肿瘤活性与SKLB060相当,但是静脉给药仍有较大毒性。如何降低0831A在体内的毒性问题,是目前亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
为此,本发明提供一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束及其制备方法和应用,以解决上述的问题。
为降低0831A体内毒性,本发明将其制备为pH响应性酸敏感胶束,实现肿瘤微环境敏感释放并同时降低毒性。
SKLB060分子式:
0831A分子式:
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
根据本发明第一方面提供的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法,包括:
步骤一,mPEG-β-CD的制备
将mPEG经过高锰酸钾氧化后形成末端羧酸化的mPEG-COOH,再与活化的β-CD发生羟酸缩合反应形成mPEG-β-CD;
步骤二,0831A-Hyd-AD的制备:
将1-金刚烷甲醛与0831A通过氨基醛基的缩合形成0831A-Hyd-AD;
步骤三,0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束的制备
利用透析法制备得到0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束。
进一步的,所述步骤一中,mPEG经过高锰酸钾氧化后形成末端羧酸化的方法包括将mPEG水溶液缓慢滴加进高锰酸钾水溶液中,再加入稀硫酸反应至无色透明液体,萃取旋干即得白色膏状固体的mPEG-COOH。
进一步的,所述步骤一中,羟酸缩合反应包括:先活化β-CD,后缓慢加入mPEG-COOH溶液,反应结束后沉淀、抽滤、透析、冻干得到mPEG-β-CD。
进一步的,所述步骤二中,先1-金刚烷甲醇与对醛基苯甲酸反应后得到AD-Hyd-CHO,再将0831A与AD-Hyd-CHO反应后得到0831A-Hyd-AD。
进一步的,所述步骤三中,透析法包括将0831A-Hyd-AD与mPEG-β-CD充分络合,从而使金刚烷嵌入环糊精的空腔中;搅拌透析后得到0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束。
根据本发明第二方面提供的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束,所述胶束是基于酰腙键的酸敏感聚合物胶束给药体系,是一种肿瘤微环境酸响应性PEG化纳米胶束。
根据本发明第三方面提供的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
进一步的,所述抗肿瘤的靶标为微管。
进一步的,所述抗肿瘤药物为微管蛋白去稳定剂。
本发明具有如下优点:
本发明利用CD与金刚烷之间的非共价结合作用合成并制备了0831A-Hyd-AD与mPEG-β-CD组装胶束,0831A与金刚烷通过酰腙键键结合而成,形成了肿瘤微环境响应,同时环糊精与金刚烷之间的非共价结合可提高胶束的体内稳定性。
本发明利用肿瘤的微酸性内环境,结合腙键同时制备了酸敏感胶束,0831A-Hyd-AD/β-CD-mPEG超分子胶束。主要围绕0831A-Hyd-AD/β-CD-mPEG超分子胶束的制备展开。本发明合成并制备了不同分子量的mPEG-β-CD,基于β-CD与金刚烷(AD)之间的络合作用形成0831A-Hyd-AD/β-CD-mPEG复合物,并通过透析法将其制备为超分子胶束,并优选出0831A-Hyd-AD/β-CD-mPEG750进行后期考察。该纳米粒平均粒径为264.0±10.14nm,PDI仅为0.026±0.006。体外实验表明超分子纳米粒对酸性环境表现出一定敏感,24h的0831A释放率为35.82±1.88%(pH5.0)。体外细胞实验表明胶束保留了0831A良好的抗肿瘤细胞体外增殖活性,体内实验表明0831A-Hyd-AD/β-CD-mPEG胶束在显著降低毒性。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明的实施方式或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施方式或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍。显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是示例性的,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图引伸获得其它的实施附图。
本说明书所绘示的结构、比例、大小等,均仅用以配合说明书所揭示的内容,以供熟悉此技术的人士了解与阅读,并非用以限定本发明可实施的限定条件,故不具技术上的实质意义,任何结构的修饰、比例关系的改变或大小的调整,在不影响本发明所能产生的功效及所能达成的目的下,均应仍落在本发明所揭示的技术内容得能涵盖的范围内。
图1为本发明试验例1提供的中间产物mPEG-COOH的结构式以及1H-NMR谱图;
图2为本发明试验例1提供的mPEG-β-CD的结构式以及1H-NMR谱图;
图3为本发明试验例1提供的中间产物AD-CHO化学结构式、1H-NMR谱图;
图4为本发明试验例1提供的0831A-AD化学结构式、1H-NMR谱图;
图5为本发明试验例1提供的标准曲线结果图;
图6为本发明试验例1提供的三种不同分子量0831A胶束的临界胶束浓度;
图7为本发明试验例1提供的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD(n=750/1000/2000)胶束粒径分布图;
图8为本发明试验例1提供的不同嵌段比胶束稳定性考察图;其中,A)0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD;B)0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG1000-β-CD;
图9为本发明试验例1提供的不同分子量0831A胶束在血清中吸光度变化图;
图10为本发明试验例1提供的0831A在不同介质中的溶解度,其中,结果为平均值±SD值;
图11为本发明试验例1提供的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束在pH5.0以及pH7.4的5%TW-80溶液中体外释放模拟;结果为平均值±SD值;
图12为本发明试验例2提供的0831A原料药及0831A胶束的体外细胞毒性实验结果图;结果均为平均值±SD值;
图13为本发明试验例2提供的HPLC方法检测CT26细胞对0831A的总摄入量;结果均为平均值±SD值;
图14为本发明试验例2提供的多剂量0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD CT26的皮下实体瘤模型结果图,其中,A)肿瘤生长曲线图,点为平均值,标尺为SD;B)小鼠体重变化曲线图;C)肿瘤重量统计图;D)实体肿瘤照片。
具体实施方式
以下由特定的具体实施例说明本发明的实施方式,熟悉此技术的人士可由本说明书所揭露的内容轻易地了解本发明的其他优点及功效,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
中英文缩略词:
THF Tetrahydrofuran四氢呋喃;
EDCI 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide Hydrochloride 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐;
DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-二甲氨基吡啶;
CD cyclodextrin crystalline环糊精;
CDPR cyclodextrinpolyrotaxane环糊精聚轮烷;
PEG-b-PCD PEG-b-PCD PEG-b-PCD;
MTs Microtubules微管;
MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide 3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐;
PIpropidium Iodide碘化丙啶;
FCM Flow cytometry/financal capacitymodel流式细胞术;
EPR Enhancedpermeability and retention高渗透性和高滞留性;
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide二甲基亚砜;
EE Encapsulation efficiency包封率;
DL Drug loading载药量;
FBS Fatalbovine serum胎牛血清;
HS15 Macrogol 15hydroxystearate聚乙二醇(PEG)十二羟基硬脂酸锂;
ATCC American type culture collection美国模式培养物集存库;
DAPI4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚。
实施例1
一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法:
1.酸敏感设计
mPEG经过高锰酸钾氧化后形成末端羧酸化为mPEG-COOH,与活化的β-CD发生羟酸缩合反应形成mPEG-β-CD。1-金刚烷甲醛与0831A之前通过氨基醛基的缩合形成0831A-Hyd-AD,
1.1mPEG-COOH的合成
将mPEG(20g,10mmol)与高锰酸钾(3.95g,25mmol)分别溶于约50mL水中,将含有mPEG的水溶液缓慢滴加进高锰酸钾水溶液中(共100mL)。向其中缓慢加入约15ml 30%的稀硫酸溶液,反应至溶液变成无色透明液体,用约三倍体积的DCM萃取反应液两次,旋干,得白色膏状固体(15.671g,约77%)。
1.2mPEG-β-CD的制备
将β-CD(8.512g,7.5mmol)、CDI(5.108g,31.5mmol)、TEA(758.9mg,7.5mmol)加入到约10mL DMSO中,室温避光下搅拌反应3h以活化β-CD,随后向其中缓慢加入mPEG-COOH(10g,约5mmol)的DMSO溶液,室温下继续反应过夜,所有反应均在氮气保护下进行,随后将反应液倒入无水乙醚和二氯甲烷的混合溶液(ν:ν=4:1)中沉淀,抽滤干燥,重新用DMF溶液沉淀,过滤,透析(COMW=2000)两天,冻干得白色絮状样品(9.132g,约48%)。
具体合成路线如下:
2.0831A-Hyd-AD的合成
以40mL二氯甲烷溶解对醛基苯甲酸(R=1.2),滴加三乙胺至澄清,加入1-金刚烷甲醇(R=1)、EDCI(R=2)和DMAP(R=0.2),N2保护下,室温反应48h。将反应液旋蒸挥发完全后,去离子水溶解混合物,转移至透析袋中,透析72h,冻干得产物AD-Hyd-CHO,产率80%。
取0831A与AD-Hyd-CHO(摩尔质量比1:1.2)以甲苯溶解,避光抽真空充氮气使反应在无水无氧的环境中进行,室温下搅拌过夜后,使用薄层色谱法确认产物点,展开液为二氯甲烷:甲醇(2:1),RF值0.7。过柱子得到产物点,产率56%。
具体合成路线如下:
3.0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束制备
透析法:将mPEG-β-CD溶于去离子水中,目标浓度2mM,0831-Hyd-AD溶于DMSO,目标浓度4mM,将50uL 0831-Hyd-AD逐滴缓慢加入到800rpm搅拌的mPEG-β-CD水溶液中,室温搅拌过夜,目的是使0831A-Hyd-AD与mPEG-β-CD充分络合从而使金刚烷嵌入环糊精的空腔中。之后将搅拌过夜的溶液转移至透析袋内(截留分子量为3.5kDa),以除去溶液中的DMSO。透析2h后观测透析袋内胶束状态。每隔两个小时更换一次释放介质,更换2次后发现透析袋内有黄色析出,继续更换两次释放介质后将透析袋中的溶液以0.22μm滤头过滤,最终得到淡黄色透明溶液。
本实施例得到的胶束是0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG2000-β-CD胶束。
实施例2
本实施例制备一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法:只有mPEG分子量与实施例1不同,投料量:mPEG750-COOH:β-CD=3.75g:8.123g,到的胶束是0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD胶束。
实施例3
本实施例制备一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法:只有mPEG分子量与实施例1不同,投料量:mPEG1000-COOH:β-CD=5g:8.512g,得到的胶束是0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG1000-β-CD胶束。
试验例1
1.对中间产物mPEG-COOH、AD-OH以及0831A-Hyd-AD,mPEG-β-CD的核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)采用BrukerAV-11400核磁共振仪进行表征。选择CDCl3作为溶剂,四甲基硅烷(TMS)为内标。
1.1mPEG-β-CD表征
mPEG-COOH的表征:首先,通过使用高锰酸钾氧化mPEG2000,成功得到了羧基化的聚乙二醇(mPEG-COOH),详细图解见图1。图中存在位于δ=8.60(a’)的代表聚乙二醇亚甲基(-CH2)峰,同时存在位于δ=10.50ppm(b’)的羧基特征峰,证明成功制备mPEG-COOH。
1.2mPEG-β-CD的表征:
将mPEG-COOH与CDI活化的β-CD反应,成功得到了聚乙二醇化的β-CD(mPEG-β-CD)。mPEG-β-CD氢谱核磁核磁图解详见图2。除了图1中已归属于mPEG-COOH的质子特征峰之外,又有位于δ=5.73ppm(a’)的四号及五号位的羟基、δ=4.85ppm(b’)六号位氢和位于δ=4.40ppm(c’)的分别代表β-CD的特征峰,证明成功合成mPEG-β-CD。
1.30831A-Hyd-AD表征
1-金刚烷甲醇首先与对醛基苯甲酸发生酯化反应得到AD-Hyd-CHO,具体图解见图3。AD-Hyd-CHO氢谱核磁解析中,既存在位于δ=1.50ppm(a’)δ=1.55ppm(b’)、δ=2.00ppm(c’)和δ=3.80(b’)的代表金刚烷特征峰,又有位于δ=7.80(e’)和δ=8.20(f’)代表对醛基苯甲酸的特征峰。同时存在位于δ=10.00ppm(g’)特征峰,归属为醛基的H共振峰,证明0831A与金刚烷之间成功通过酰腙键(-CH=N-)共价结合。
0831A-Hyd-AD的合成:AD-Hyd-CHO与0831A反应,成功得到0831A-Hyd-AD。0831A-Hyd-AD核磁图解详见图4。0831A-Hyd-AD氢谱核磁解析中,既存在位于δ=7.8~8.3ppm(c’)的对醛基苯甲酸苯环区H峰,位于δ=6.6~7.2ppm 0831A香豆素环苯环区H峰(b’)又存在位于δ=1.6~2.1ppm(d’)代表金刚烷的H峰,且H峰个数互成比例。另外,位于δ=10.11ppm(a’)特征峰,归属为席夫碱基团的H共振峰,证明0831A与金刚烷之间成功通过酰腙键(-CH=N-)共价结合。
2.0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束的检测
2.1液相方法及标准曲线的建立
本发明采用HPLC法测定0831A的浓度。经预实验条件探索,确定其测定条件如下:
系统:Waters 2695-2996;
色谱柱:Agilent C184.6×150mm;
温度:25℃;
流动相:甲酸水/甲醇梯度洗脱,条件见表1所示;
进样体积:10μL;
测定波长:310nm;
检测流速:1mL/min。
表1流动性条件
标准溶液的配制:精密称取0831A20.02 mg,转移至25mL棕色容量瓶中,甲醇溶解并定容,倍比稀释至400.4、200.2、100.1、50.05、25.025、12.5125μg/mL,13000rpm离心3min,取上清液HPLC检测。
使用的标准样品测试结果见下表,tR(min)为样品出峰时间,A为检测结果中0831A积分面积,A%为检测结果中0831A峰面积占总峰面积的百分比,C(μg/mL)为标准样品中0831A的理论浓度。标准曲线模拟出来方程式为y=35454x–163235,R2=0.9994,说明该曲线能很好地模拟计算出待测液的0831A含量。标准曲线数据结果见表2,曲线模拟结果见图5所示。
表2
标准曲线模拟结果显示R2为0.9994,结果大于0.998,说明该标准曲线具有说服力,后期的液相检测均使用该曲线换算0831A的浓度。
2.20831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束粒径
如表3结果所示,通过透析法制备的胶束具有相对狭窄的粒径分布和均一性,具有一定的稳定性。因此后续确定使用透析法制备三种不同分子量的超分子胶束。0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD经络合金刚烷端进入β-CD的,通过氢键作用形成稳定的超分子自组装形成胶束后。亲水性的mPEG提高了β-CD的水溶性,不仅提高了该超分子胶束在体内的生物相容性,同时延长在体内循环时间。
表3
2.30831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD临界胶束浓度测定
可在溶剂中缔合形成胶束的表面活性分子最低浓度称为临界胶束浓度(criticalmicelle concentration cmc)。本发明选择使用荧光光谱法来检测0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束的临界胶束浓度,并选择芘试剂作为荧光探针。制备浓度为500μg/mL的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束并配置2mg/L芘丙酮溶液,取10mL量瓶14只,向各量瓶中移取80μL芘丙酮溶液,待丙酮自然挥发后向上述含芘量瓶中移取不同体积的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束溶液,并用去离子水定容至刻度,使各容量瓶内溶液浓度分别为1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0、200.0、500.0、1000.0μg/mL。将上述容量瓶置于25℃水浴避光放置24h,使芘在胶束与水相之间充分平衡。采用荧光分光光度计测定含芘胶束溶液的激发强度(激发波长范围300~360nm,发射波长390nm),设定激发与发射狭缝宽均为5nm。以I338/I334(激发光谱中波长分别为338nm和334nm处的荧光强度比值)比对胶束溶液对数浓度作图,计算嵌段聚合物的CMC,即曲线转折处的浓度。
通过测定临界胶束浓度、胶束的粒径及分布,载药量等对胶束的分子量进行筛选。胶束制备过程中,由于主客体识别金刚烷进入环糊精空腔,形成非共价键结合,在水溶液中自发形成胶束。
为了验证mPEGn-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD在水溶液中发生了自组装行为,本发明以芘作为探针研究胶束的自组装过程。三种不同分子量的mPEGn-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD(n=750、1000、2000)胶束的临界胶束浓度曲线见图6,通过计算图中的转折点,得到三种超分子胶束的临界胶束浓度分别为33μg/mL、121.6μg/mL、255.8μg/mL,临界胶束浓度随分子量的升高逐渐增大。CMC值越小,热力学稳定性越高,胶束稳定性越好,因此认为mPEG750-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD超分子胶束的稳定性最优。
分别检测了0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD(n=750、1000、2000)的平均粒径(Z-Average)以及聚合物分散性指数(PDI)来观察胶束的稳定性以及分散性。动态光散射结果见图7。理论上PDI越小胶束的分散性越好,比较不同分子量的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束,结果表明当n=750时胶束的平均粒径为159.9±11.94nm,该胶束的聚合物分散指数(PDI)为0.145±0.058,PDI相较于其他两组较小,0831A胶束的粒径分布最集中,且稳定性优于前两者。从粒径分布图中可看出0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG2000-β-CD胶束粒径分布不集中且出现多峰,说明胶束不稳定且团聚现象严重,0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG1000-β-CD胶束的粒径分布较为集中,但出现一个明显的尾峰,且与0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD胶束相比峰形较宽。通过比较得出0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD和0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG1000-β-CD的超分子胶束均有相对狭窄的粒径分布和均一性,因此在进行后续实验继续考察了mPEG分子量750和1000嵌段比胶束的稳定性。三种不同分子量0831A-Hyd-mPEG检测粒径以及分散系数见表4。
表4不同分子量的0831A超分子胶束平均粒径和PDI
2.40831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束含量测定
取0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束溶液,去离子水稀释四倍后精密量取100μL,加入400μLpH 5.0的磷酸盐缓冲液,涡旋30min,加入500μL甲醇稀释,涡旋30min。13000rpm,4℃离心3min,取上清液HPLC测定0831A含量。
2.50831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束载药量测定
载药量是影响制剂的效果和毒副作用的主要指标。载药量(drug loading,DL(%))是指包载进入胶束中的药物量与药物和聚合物投料总质量的百分比。使用过滤法分离0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束制剂中的游离的0831A,取胶束溶液用去离子水稀释四倍后精密量取100μL,加入400μLpH 5.0的磷酸盐缓冲液,涡旋30min,加入500μL甲醇稀释,涡旋30min。13000rpm,4℃离心3min,取上清液HPLC测定0831A含量。
样品平行制备三份,实验数据为三次测定的平均值。载药量的计算方法参考公式:
本发明采用透析法制备了0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD(n=750、1000、2000)三种胶束,三种分子量胶束载药量结果见表5。胶束的载药量变化范围从8.72%~11.75%,且载药量随着胶束的分子量增加而逐渐减少。造成这种现象可能是由于是胶束随分子量增加稳定性逐渐变差,胶束中析出部分0831A而导致。
表5不同分子量0831A胶束的载药量
2.60831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束稳定性考察
将制备好的不同分子量的胶束放置在4℃,观测不同组的胶束析出情况。考察时间:0、0.5、1、2、4、8天。精密量取0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束溶液100μL,去离子水稀释四倍后精密量取100μL,加入400μLpH 5.0的磷酸盐缓冲液,涡旋30min,加入500μL甲醇稀释,涡旋30min。13000rpm,4℃离心3min,取上清液HPLC测定0831A含量。
由于mPEG嵌段为2000分子量时,纳米粒分布较差且不稳定,后续仅考察分子量为750及1000的嵌段材料。不同嵌段比0831A胶束稳定性考察结果见图8。结果表明分子量750的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束稳定性最好,稳定性可维持在48小时;而1000分子量的胶束在24小时后开始出现析出。以上结果表明0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD的稳定性优于0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG1000-β-CD。但由于0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD胶束在48h出现析出,无法实现长期储存,因此需要冻干处理,以保证后续使用。
2.70831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束血清稳定性考察
为了检验胶束在血清中的稳定性,观察胶束是否会与血清中的蛋白结合而受到破坏,因此使用胎牛血清(FBS)和胶束相互作用来体外模拟胶束的血清稳定性。通过监测胶束与FBS溶液作用过程中溶液浊度的变化考察胶束的稳定性。将三种0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束溶液和空白胶束溶液(150μL,0.1mg/mL)分别与等体积的50%FBS在96孔板中混合,同时在96孔板中使用5%葡萄糖作为阴性对照组。并在37℃孵育72小时,酶标仪以预定时间间隔测量415nm处的吸光度,观察孔内浊度变化。
在模拟血浆条件下,研究胶束与血清蛋白相互作用后的稳定性。结果如图9所示。通过对比两组胶束组与空白对照组,分子量750和1000的高分子胶束并未看到有明显沉淀析出。表明胶束组在血清中均有着较好的稳定性,不易被血清中的酶水解。当mPEG分子量为750时,胶束的稳定性曲线接近空白对照组,当mPEG分子量为1000时,胶束吸光值相对较高。因此0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD超分子胶束可避免与血液中的蛋白结合失去药效,在体内血液循环过程中更为稳定。因此后续选择稳定性较好的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD(之后统称0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD)超分子胶束进行体外释放行为考察。
2.80831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束体外释放行为考察
2.8.1测定0831A漏槽条件
分别以UP水或pH7.4的PBS缓冲液配置吐温-80含量为0.5%、1.0%、3.0%、5.0%(v/v)的去离子水溶液,而后将水溶液转移至1.5mL离心管中,均加入过量0831A原料药,50℃水浴超声15分钟至药物不再溶解,0.22μm滤头过滤得饱和澄清液。精密吸取1mL饱和澄清液转移至1.5mL离心管中,13000rpm转速离心3min,取上清液HPLC测定0831A浓度。
漏槽条件是指药物所处释放介质的浓度远小于其饱和浓度,一般释放介质的体积为药物饱和溶液所需介质体积的3~5倍。检测了0831A在不同增溶剂以及不同浓度下的溶解情况,考察0831A原料药在100mL释放液的溶解量。结果见图10。发现0831A在不同溶液以及不同浓度的释放液中溶解情况分别为:去离子水0.47±0.04mg/mL、生理盐水0.52±0.02mg/mL、PBS0.52±0.04mg/mL、1.0%吐温-80 36.94±0.79mg/mL、5.0%吐温-80 53.82±7.86mg/mL、1.0%HS-1534.62±2.33mg/mL、5.0%HS-1544.77±5.61mg/mL。经计算100mL释放液饱和需47.33±3.7mg 0831A。因此选择5%的吐温-80溶液作为体外释放的释放介质。
2.8.20831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束体外释放
为了检测0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD(后续实验中采用的750的均记作0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD)胶束可在酸性环境特异性释放0831A原料药,对0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束进行了体外释放考察,以期观测到超分子胶束的酸敏感键在酸性条件下降解释放0831A。为了检测胶束在酸性条件下是否会降解释放0831A,使用透析法检测了胶束的体外释放。将释放介质分为两组,分别为pH 7.4和pH 5.0的含5.0%(v/v)的吐温-80PBS溶液。取0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束1mL于透析袋(截留分子量为3.5kDa)中,将确定浓度的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束(0.8mg/mL)吸取1mL置透析袋(截留分子量为3.5kDa)内,37℃搅拌过夜,观测胶束在中性和酸性环境下的释放行为。以时间间隔0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、48、96h每次取出透析液1mL,并分别补充相应含有5%(v/v)吐温-80的新鲜PBS(pH 5.0和pH7.4)溶液1mL,从而保证释放介质的体积保持不变。通过HPLC测定透析液中0831A的浓度。所有研究均重复三次进行,数据表示为平均值±SD。
0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束和0831A原料药在37℃下不同pH值(7.4和5.0)下的体外药物释放曲线见图11。如图中所示,0831A原料药在pH 7.4的PBS溶液中的释放比率为81.18±5.39%,pH 5.0的PBS溶液中的释放比率为70.72±1.30%,0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束在pH 5.0的PBS溶液中呈缓慢线性释放的趋势,而胶束在pH 7.4的PBS溶液中仅释放出少量0831A,且释放曲线斜率相对于pH 5.0的环境相对较为平缓,证明该胶束在酸性环境下可以发生响应,酸敏感键从而释放出0831A。胶束在pH 5.0的PBS溶液中0831A的释放量达到35.82±1.87%,在pH 7.4时为14.12±1.60%,在中性环境中的释放相对较低,表明胶束在48小时内保留了对0831A的缓释作用。然而胶束在第48个小时释放曲线斜率明显上升,推测是由于在释放过程中胶束稳定性变差,逐渐有少量药物析出从而导致0831A的释放量增加。
试验例2
1.细胞与动物
4T1、A2780s、A2780T、CT26细胞株均购自于美国模式菌种收集中心(AmericanType Culture Collection,ATCC),由四川大学华西医院生物治疗国家重点实验保存。A2780s、A2780T采用RPMI 1640培养基培养(含10%FBS,10IU/mL青霉素和10μg/mL链霉素),置于含5%CO2,37℃恒温培养箱中培养传代;4T1、CT26细胞株采用DMEM培养基培养(含10%FBS,10IU/mL青霉素和10μg/mL链霉素),置于含5%CO2,37℃恒温培养箱中培养传代;
BALB/c小鼠购自华阜康生物技术有限公司(北京),用于抗肿瘤(6-8周龄)及MTD毒性研究。控制温度20±2℃,相对湿度50-60%,光照-暗循环12h。小鼠每笼6只随机分组,并提供标准的SPF级实验室饲料和灭菌水。所有动物治疗前均隔离1周。所有动物治疗程序均按照四川大学动物护理与治疗机构委员会(中国成都)批准的方案进行。在整个实验期间,所有的动物都按照机构动物护理和使用指南规定对待。
2.实验和结果
2.1mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性
采用细胞生长抑制法对A2780T、HCT116、CT26和A549细胞株进行了0831A原料药、0831A-AD以及0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束对细胞毒性进行了评价。在96孔板中以每孔3×103个细胞的密度接种肿瘤细胞。待细胞贴壁后,向96孔板中分别加入不同浓度的0831A原料药、0831A-AD缀合物以及0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束,等当量0831A的浓度梯度为:1.25、2.5、5、10、20nmol/L,一共5个浓度,药物用培养基稀释,每个浓度3个复孔;同时设不加药物的空白胶束对照,放入恒温培养箱中培养72h后取出,在避光条件下每孔加入20μlMTT(5mg/mL),继续放入恒温培养箱中培养3h,取出,吸去上清液,每孔加入150μl DMSO,置于摇床上室温振摇3~5min,待蓝色结晶充分溶解后,用酶标仪在570nmol/L条件下测定吸光度,记录结果,计算得各个浓度的细胞存活率,将0831A原料药与胶束进行对比。之后用酶标仪在570nm条件下测定吸光度,记录结果。每个浓度三个复孔取平均值。平行实验重复三次。公式计算化合物对细胞的相对抑制率:
其中ODcontrol为不添加药物时的吸光度值,ODcontrol为添加药物时的吸光度值,实验结果用三个复孔的平均值±标准偏差表示。细胞IC50定义为抑制率为50%时的药物浓度。
经0831A原料药,0831A-AD和mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束三组药物处理72h后,CT26,4T1、H46和A2780T细胞株上的生存率见图12。结果表明,三组药物对细胞抑制作用都呈剂量依赖的关系,即随着0831A浓度增加,肿瘤细胞存活率呈下降趋势。
三组药物在不同细胞上的IC50值见表6。0831A原料药、0831A-AD组和mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束均以剂量依赖性方式抑制了上述肿瘤细胞的生长,0831A原料药在四种细胞上的IC50值与0831A-AD相近,但mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-A胶束组与原料药组在不同肿瘤细胞水平上的半数抑制浓度相差较大,IC50的范围在3~20nM之间,表明超分子胶束一定程度上保留了0831A的抗肿瘤细胞活性,但与原料药相比仍存在差距。
表6给药组在四种肿瘤细胞上的IC50
2.2mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束细胞摄取
为了检测胶束是否提高了细胞对药物的摄取,使用高效液相检测方法检测细胞对0831A的摄取。细胞以5×104个细胞/孔的密度接种于24孔板中,接种于1mL生长培养基中。细胞培养24小时后,添加1μL浓度为2mg/mL的0831A原料药和mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束到相应的孔板孵化1h后,PBS洗涤三遍,并用胰蛋白酶消化细胞,然后细胞以1%的曲拉通裂解液裂解细胞。最后,添加100μL甲醇与其混合,离心混合液得到上层清液,以高效液相色谱仪测定混合液中0831A的浓度。
使用HPLC检测孵育1小时后三组CT26细胞中0831A的浓度,CT26细胞对三组0831A摄取情况见图13。0831A原料药组处理的细胞裂解液中测得0831A总量为0.47±0.07μg,0831A-AD组为0.41±0.05μg,mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束组为0.56±0.05μg。说明0831A胶束并未明显提高细胞对0831A的摄取程度。
2.3mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束体内抗肿瘤活性研究
CT26细胞培养,建模后第二天进行分组并给药,每组6只。分为对照组、0831A原料药组10mg/kg剂量组、以及0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组10mg/kg、15mg/kg剂量组。尾静脉给药0831A原料药组、mPEG-β-CD/0831A-Hyd-AD胶束组,2天一次,共计2周。观测给药期间小鼠体重下降情况,给药2周后解剖小鼠,测量肿瘤体重并拍照。
为了考察0831A超分子胶束的体内抗肿瘤活性,本发明建立了CT26模型对其体内药效学进行考察。结果如图14(A)所示,给药后对照组小鼠肿瘤体积增长迅速,各组药物治疗组小鼠肿瘤体积均得到不同程度的抑制。在10mg/kg相同给药剂量下,0831A的抑瘤效果优于0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD。并观察到0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组具有明显剂量依存关系,15mg/kg0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组肿瘤抑制作用明显优于10mg/kg胶束组。给药10天后将肿瘤取出,称重并计算药物对肿瘤抑瘤率。紫杉醇组的抑瘤率为49.15%,10mg/kg同剂量的0831A原料药组和0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组对小鼠的抑瘤率分别为77.12%、57.14%。当0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组剂量提高至15mg/kg时,小鼠抑瘤率达到70.14%,说明胶束组对CT26的抗肿瘤活性得到进一步提升。继而考察各组小鼠在生存期内的体重,结果如图14(B)所示。只有紫杉醇组和0831A原料药组小鼠体重有明显下降趋势,对照组以及两组不同剂量胶束组小鼠体重并未发生明显上下波动。0831A原料药组小鼠在给药后出现明显毒性反应,持续给药后两只小鼠死亡,且该组剩余小鼠体重出现明显下降,结果见图14(C)。尽管0831A-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组抑瘤效果相对较差,但高剂量组体重未出现明显减轻且抑瘤率与0831A原料药组相近,结果见图14(D),表明该胶束保留了0831A的抗肿瘤活性且对0831A的体内毒性有改善作用。
本发明在考虑利用肿瘤微环境呈现酸性的条件的基础上,引入了主客体络合超分子胶束的概念,利用金刚烷与β-环糊精之间的非共价键结合作用,制备了0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD(n=750、1000、2000)并考察了胶束的制备方法,最后优选了透析法法进行后续的胶束制备。并对mPEG的分子量进行了筛选,通过对胶束的基本性质的考察,如粒径与分散系数的考察、胶束稳定考察、胶束载药量以及临界胶束浓度等,对不同分子量的胶束进行筛选。结果显示0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD的稳定性最好,平均粒径239.6±10.14nm,胶束的分散系数为0.026±0.006,0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG2000-β-CD胶束的粒度均一性和稳定性均较差。因此后期对mPEG分子量750和1000的超分子胶束考察稳定性。通过稳定性考察以及血浆稳定性考察,进而确定了选用0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG750-β-CD胶束进行后续的体外和体内实验。
本发明通过胶束的体外释放实验验证了0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD超分子胶束在酸性环境下会缓慢释放释放0831A原料药,证明超分子胶束是酸敏感性胶束,0831A与AD之间的酰腙键在酸性条件下易发生断裂,超分子胶束在pH=5.0的条件下药物释放量随时间逐渐累积,但明显低于0831A原料药的释放曲线。比较体外释放的数据发现当pH=7.4时,0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD超分子胶束的仅释放出少量0831A原料药,证明胶束在pH=7.4时较为稳定,证明该胶束可在酸性环境下释放出药物,具有酸响应性。
由动物实验可知,对0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD超分子胶束的体外抗肿瘤活性及细胞摄取情况进行考察,发现0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束在体外摄取结果表明超分子胶束并未明显提高细胞摄取,且在不同细胞水平的细胞半数抑制浓度均略低于0831A原料药,表明胶束保留了0831A原料药的抗肿瘤细胞活性。体内实验中,10mg/kg的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组的肿瘤抑瘤率低于同等剂量的0831A原料药,但是15mg/kg的0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束组抑瘤率与原料药组近似,且0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEG-β-CD胶束的高剂量组并未表现出明显毒性,较为明显的降低了原料药在小鼠体内的毒性作用。
虽然,上文中已经用一般性说明及具体实施例对本发明作了详尽的描述,但在本发明基础上,可以对之作一些修改或改进,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
步骤一,mPEG-β-CD的制备
将mPEG经过高锰酸钾氧化后形成末端羧酸化的mPEG-COOH,再与活化的β-CD发生羟酸缩合反应形成mPEG-β-CD;
步骤二,0831A-Hyd-AD的制备:
将1-金刚烷甲醛与0831A通过氨基醛基的缩合形成0831A-Hyd-AD;
步骤三,0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束的制备
利用透析法制备得到0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤一中,mPEG经过高锰酸钾氧化后形成末端羧酸化的方法包括将mPEG水溶液缓慢滴加进高锰酸钾水溶液中,再加入稀硫酸反应至无色透明液体,萃取旋干即得白色膏状固体的mPEG-COOH。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤一中,羟酸缩合反应包括:先活化β-CD,后缓慢加入mPEG-COOH溶液,反应结束后沉淀、抽滤、透析、冻干得到mPEG-β-CD。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤二中,先1-金刚烷甲醇与对醛基苯甲酸反应后得到AD-Hyd-CHO,再将0831A与AD-Hyd-CHO反应后得到0831A-Hyd-AD。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤三中,透析法包括将0831A-Hyd-AD与mPEG-β-CD充分络合,从而使金刚烷嵌入环糊精的空腔中;搅拌透析后得到0831A-Hyd-AD/mPEGn-β-CD胶束。
6.一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束,其特征在于,所述胶束是基于酰腙键的酸敏感聚合物胶束给药体系,是一种肿瘤微环境酸响应性PEG化纳米胶束。
7.一种pH响应性酸敏感胶束在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所述抗肿瘤的靶标为微管。
9.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所述抗肿瘤药物为微管蛋白去稳定剂。
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