CN118203598A - 一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用 - Google Patents
一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及生物医药技术领域,公开了一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,包括以酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物为活性成分的用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物;所述酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的分子量为20~30kDa。本方案所得酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠黄嘌呤氧化酶(尿酸生成关键酶)的抑制活性增强,能有效降低小鼠血肌酐和尿酸水平,抑制炎性细胞因子,显著改善小鼠肠道菌群结构及调控尿酸排泌相关的蛋白表达水平。这表明酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶可能对尿酸代谢具有一定促进作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物医药技术领域,具体涉及一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用。
背景技术
尿酸是人体中嘌呤化合物的末端代谢产物,尿酸产生过多和(或)尿酸排泄减少,均可导致高尿酸血症。高尿酸血症可造成炎症、氧化应激增加、内皮功能障碍、血管收缩和血小板黏附聚集等危害,是急性肾损伤、代谢综合症、糖尿病和心血管疾病的危险因素。近年来,高尿酸血症发病率持续升高,已成为继高血脂、高血压和高血糖之后的“第四高”。目前治疗高尿酸血症的药物主要有别嘌呤醇、苯溴马隆等,然而现有药物种类有限、作用靶点单一,且会造成严重肝、肾损伤。因此,优选安全性高、生理活性强的食材干预已成为关注重点。
天然多糖具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖、降血脂等多种生理活性,且对人体无损伤,可能在高尿酸血症等慢性代谢紊乱疾病的防治中发挥重要作用。臭黄荆(Premnaligustroides Hemsl.)又名豆腐柴、斑鹊子、腐婢,马鞭草科豆腐柴属多年生落叶灌木,在我国黄河以南的四川、重庆、安徽、湖北等地大量存在。其主要生长在山坡、树林下或者荒野中,对土质要求不高,可用作荒山栽培植物,防止水土流失。具有悠久食用历史的臭黄荆叶富含水溶性果胶多糖,叶中含有木栓酮、木栓醇、袖皮素等药用成分,其水提取物可解毒消肿、抗疲劳、降低胆固醇,根水提取物可抗炎、增强机体免疫力,种子提取物可治疗头痛、风疹皮痒。
因此,开发臭黄荆资源,并将其融入大健康产业,研发出一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,不仅有效弥补现有药物治疗高尿酸血症中的不足;且广东的汤,川渝的火锅,两者都是造成高尿酸血症的重要因素,通过研发充分利用本地资源解决片区居民的高尿酸血症,还具有深远的理论研究意义。
发明内容
本发明意在提供一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,以解决现有高尿酸血症的治疗药物毒副作用大、安全性较低的技术问题。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,包括以酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物为活性成分的用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物;所述酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的分子量为20~30kDa。
本方案的原理及优点是:
果胶是存在于植物细胞壁和细胞内壁的酸性杂多糖,其组成有同质多糖和杂多糖两种类型,多为半乳糖醛酸及其衍生物;分子质量在5~35kDa范围内的果胶多糖被称为小分子果胶,其具有分子结构简单和易被吸收利用等特点,具有一定的免疫调节、抗癌、抗病毒等功能活性。本方案申请人通过动物实验发现,在5~35kDa范围内的果胶多糖中,20~30kDa的臭黄荆叶小分子果胶片段对高尿酸血症小鼠黄嘌呤氧化酶(尿酸生成关键酶)的抑制活性更强,能有效降低小鼠血肌酐和尿酸水平,抑制炎性细胞因子,显著改善小鼠肠道菌群结构及调控尿酸排泌相关的蛋白表达水平。表明臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对尿酸代谢可能存在一定的促进作用,为后续研发治疗高尿酸血症的药物具有理论指导意义。
优选的,作为一种改进,所述酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物采用单独入药或与制药可接受的赋形剂结合,制成用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物。
优选的,作为一种改进,所述药物包括口服液、胶囊剂、片剂、颗粒剂、靶向剂型中的任意一种剂型,优选靶向剂型。
优选的,作为一种改进,所述组合物通过口服、鼻吸入、直肠或者胃肠外给药的方式施用于需要这种治疗的患者。
优选的,作为一种改进,本方案还提供一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物,包括纤维素酶与果胶酶协同酶解提取的分子量为20~30kDa的小分子果胶组合物。
优选的,作为一种改进,本方案还提供一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1、材料准备:将热水熟化的臭黄荆叶破碎成浆液;
S2、酶解:向浆液中加入浆液质量1%的纤维素酶和果胶酶,搅拌均匀后于50℃水浴提取5h,抽滤收集上清液,粗滤后用反渗透膜精滤得到果胶原液,低温浓缩后经喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥得到酶解果胶;
S3、分离纯化:将酶解果胶依次经无水乙醇过滤、干燥、大孔树脂吸附、超滤膜纯化后,获得分子量为5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa的小分子果胶片段。
技术效果:本方案采用上述设置,便于获得纯度高于98%的不同分子量的果胶片段,对该片段调控高尿酸血症和痛风的作用“量身定制”果胶结构,得到降尿酸活性较高的特定分子量的臭黄荆叶小分子果胶的物化基础和结构特点,为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶运用于制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的用途提供依据。
优选的,作为一种改进,所述热水熟化包括如下步骤:将臭黄荆叶置于75~85℃热水中熟化1~2h,在50~70rpm条件下搅拌15~20min,获得臭黄荆叶浆液。
优选的,作为一种改进,所述复合酶包括果胶酶和纤维素酶,果胶酶和纤维素酶的质量比为1~1.5∶1~1.5。
技术效果:本方案采用上述设置,便于获得高质量的小分子果胶。申请人通过长期实验发现,相比于采用水浸提法得到的水提果胶、以单一果胶酶辅助提取法所得果胶酶提取果胶中小分子果胶含量较少,提取率低而言,本方案采用果胶酶和纤维素酶辅助提取法提取复合酶酶解果胶具有更高含量的小分子果胶。具体的,水提果胶中几乎不含有小分子果胶,单一酶提果胶中小分子果胶仅含59%,而本方案复合酶酶解果胶中小分子果胶含量高达98%,其更能获得高纯度的小分子果胶,有效提升臭黄荆叶的利用率。
优选的,作为一种改进,在S3中,吸附为20-60目的大孔树脂对酶解臭黄荆叶果胶进行吸附,超滤膜纯化,获得分子量为5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa的小分子果胶片段。
本方案的原理和优点:
1、本方案通过纤维素酶与果胶酶协同酶解提取的果胶分子量为5~35kDa,溶解性好,并对其理化性质、结构和生物活性进行了初步研究。申请人通过动物实验发现,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶(尤其是分子量为20-30kDa的小分子果胶片段)对高尿酸血症小鼠黄嘌呤氧化酶(尿酸生成关键酶)的抑制活性增强,能有效降低小鼠血肌酐和尿酸水平,抑制炎性细胞因子,显著改善小鼠肠道菌群结构及调控尿酸排泌相关的蛋白表达水平。这表明酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶可能对尿酸代谢具有一定促进作用。
2、本方案通过筛选7种臭黄荆树,其叶含果胶最高可达35.73%,蛋白质9.71%、纤维素6.79%,还含有矿质元素、多酚(24.56mg/g)、黄酮(75.67mg/g)等组分,具有良好的食用和药用价值。并通过复合酶酶解法、乙醇过滤、干燥和大孔树脂吸附、超滤膜纯化,获得纯度较高的不同分子量(5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa)果胶组分。申请人以Caco-1细胞为基础,用腺苷为诱导剂构建体外高尿酸细胞模型,评估上述不同组分臭黄荆叶小分子果胶降尿酸效果及关键酶蛋白表达,筛选降尿酸活性较高的特定分子量酶解果胶,确定其起作用的优化剂量范围。测定结果表明,分子量20~30kDa降尿酸活性最显著。在制备用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物,对该片段(即分子量为20~30kDa的小分子果胶片段)改善高尿酸血症和痛风的作用“量身定制”果胶结构,得到降尿酸活性较高的特定分子量的臭黄荆叶小分子果胶的物化基础和结构特点,为臭黄荆叶小分子果胶运用于制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的用途提供依据。
3、本方案通过优化酶解及小分子果胶分离纯化的工艺步骤及参数,有效提升臭黄荆叶中果胶提取效率和利用率,获得高纯度的小分子果胶片段,为后续制药提供理论基础。
附图说明
图1为本发明中不同分子量的酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶体外降尿酸作用。
图2为本发明中不同剂量的20-30kDa酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对OAT4蛋白表达的影响。
图3为本发明实验例1中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠体重、脏器指数的影响(a为小鼠体重、b为肝脏指数、c为肾脏指数)。
图4为本发明实验例1中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮代谢的影响(a为血尿酸含量、b为血肌酐含量、c为血清尿素氮含量)。
图5为本发明实验例1中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠的肾脏、裸关节切片观察图(a为肾脏组织、b为踝关节滑膜组织)。
图6为本发明实验例1中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肝脏酶活性及尿酸生成酶活性的影响(a为AST、b为ALT、c为XOD、d为ADA)。
图7为本发明实验例1中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏氧化应激反应指标的影响(a为MDA、b为SOD、c为GSH-Px)。
图8为本发明实验例1中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏免疫因子的影响(a为TNF-α、b为IL-18、c为IL-6、d为IL-1β、e为IL-10)。
图9为本发明实验例2中不同分组十二指肠(A)、空肠(B)、回肠(C)、结肠(D)ABCG2、PDZK1免疫荧光图和平均光密度值(1表示ABCG2,2表示PDZK1)。
图10为本发明实验例2中不同分组肾脏皮质、髓质PDZK1(A)、URAT1(B)、GLUT9(C)、OAT4(D)免疫荧光图和平均光密度值(1表示皮质,2表示髓质)。
图11为本发明实验例2中不同分组肾脏皮质、髓质OAT1(A)、UAT(B)、NPT1(C)、NPT4(D)、ABCG2(E)免疫荧光图和平均光密度值(1表示皮质,2表示髓质)。
图12为本发明实验例3中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肠道菌群的影响(A、PCOA;B、PLS-DA;C、PERMANOVA/Anosim;D、门水平物种分类;E、属水平物种多样性分析;F、LDA SCORE分析;G臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组成与肠道菌群关联性分析)。
图13为本发明实验例4中尿酸代谢相关蛋白MSU、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase 1蛋白表达测定结果。
图14为本发明实验例4中尿酸代谢相关蛋白TLR2、TLR4、MyD8、NF-κB、NLRP3蛋白表达测定结果。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步详细的说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。若未特别指明,下述实施例以及实验例所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段,且所用的材料、试剂等,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1
本方案提供一种酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物,包括纤维素酶与果胶酶协同酶解提取的分子量为20~30kDa的小分子果胶组合物。
本方案还提供一种酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法,具体包括如下步骤:
S1、材料准备:将臭黄荆叶置于10倍质量、75~85℃的热水中熟化1~2h,在50~70rpm条件下搅拌15~20min,获得臭黄荆叶浆液;
S2、酶解:向浆液中加入浆液质量1%的复合酶(果胶酶和纤维素酶的质量比为1~1.5∶1~1.5),搅拌均匀后于50℃水浴提取5h,抽滤收集上清液,粗滤后用反渗透膜精滤得到酶解果胶原液,低温浓缩后经喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥得到酶解臭黄荆叶果胶;
S3、分离纯化:将酶解臭黄荆叶果胶依次经无水乙醇过滤、干燥、20-60目的大孔树脂吸附、不同粒径超滤膜纯化后,获得分子量为5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa的小分子果胶片段。
实施例1~3、实施例1~9中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法的差异及提取所得酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的得率详见表1。
合并各小分子果胶片段,按照质量法测定实施例1~3、实施例1~9中果胶提取率(干基计),计算如式(1)所示:
按照质量法计算5-35kDa小分子果胶在提取所得所有酶解臭黄荆叶果胶中的质量占比。计算如式(2)所示:
表1实施例1~3、实施例1~9中酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法及得率差异
实验数据表明,本方案采用将臭黄荆叶进行热水熟化后粉碎匀浆的方式提供酶解原料,再通过控制1~1.5:1~1.5质量比的果胶酶和纤维素酶对原料浆液进行酶解,能有效提高臭黄荆叶中果胶物质的溶出率,果胶提取率及果胶提取物中小分子果胶组合物的占比均显著提高,从而有效提升原料利用率,提高产能。
本方案还提供一种酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,包括以酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物为活性成分的用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物;酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的分子量为20~30kDa;酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物采用单独入药或与制药可接受的赋形剂结合,制成用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物。组合物制成的药物包括口服液、胶囊剂、片剂、颗粒剂、靶向剂型中的任意一种剂型;组合物制成的药物通过口服、鼻吸入、直肠或者胃肠外给药的方式施用于需要这种治疗的患者。
本方案以臭黄荆叶为原料,运用双酶一步法制备酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶,利用醇沉和膜分离技术分离纯化得到纯度较高的不同分子量(5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa)果胶组分。且申请人以Caco-1细胞为基础,用腺苷为诱导剂构建体外高尿酸细胞模型,评估上述不同组分臭黄荆叶小分子果胶降尿酸效果及关键酶蛋白表达,筛选降尿酸活性较高的特定分子量酶解果胶,确定其起作用的优化剂量范围。测定结果表明,分子量20~30kDa、浓度为10mg/mL的酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶降尿酸活性最显著(结果详见图1、图2和表2所示)。后续以分子量为20~30kDa的酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶片段为例,探索其对小鼠高尿酸血症的治疗效果。
表2不同剂量的分子量为20~30kDa酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶体外降尿酸作用
实验例1:高尿酸血症小鼠模型构建及酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠的影响
实验操作步骤如下:
(1)高尿酸血症模型的建立:42只小鼠适应性喂养1w后随机分为空白组(6只)和模型组(36只)。全部饲喂基础标准日粮,自由进食。每天下午3点定时灌胃,模型组灌胃次黄嘌呤(200mg/kg)和氧嗪酸钾(200mg/kg),空白组灌胃同等剂量羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na),连续造模10天后,眼眶静脉取血,测定小鼠血清尿酸浓度,尿酸浓度高于110μmol/L即为造模成功,共计造模成功30只。
CMC-Na的配制:称取CMC-Na 5g,加入1000mL蒸馏水,制成0.5% CMC-Na溶液,灭菌1h后冷却备用。
200mg/kg次黄嘌呤+200mg/kg氧嗪酸钾(造模药):称取适量次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾,研细后加入灭菌的0.5% CMC-Na,超声30min。
别嘌呤醇(20mg/kg)的配制:称取适量别嘌呤醇,碾碎后加入灭菌的0.5% CMC-Na,超声30min。
(2)动物实验分组干预:空白组(Blank组)继续灌胃CMC-Na,将上述建模成功的高尿酸血症小鼠随机分为5组(n=6):高尿酸血症模型组(Model组),模型+阳药别嘌呤醇组(别嘌呤醇10mg/kg,PC组),模型+臭黄荆高剂量组(分子量为20~30kDa的酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶片段607mg/kg,HD组),模型组+臭黄荆中剂量组(分子量为20~30kDa的酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶片段303mg/kg,MD组),模型组+臭黄荆低剂量组(分子量为20~30kDa的酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶片段152mg/kg,LD组)。整个过程每天继续灌胃次黄嘌呤(200mg/kg)和氧嗪酸钾(200mg/kg),持续3周,期间定期更换垫料和水。
图3为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠体重、脏器(包括肝脏和肾脏)指数的影响。实验数据表明,小鼠体质量总体呈增长趋势,与Blank组差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。如图3b、图3c所示,PC组小鼠的肝脏指数和肾脏指数都有一定程度升高,且与其它各组差异显著,提示别嘌呤醇可能存在一定肝肾毒性。
图4为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮代谢的影响。实验数据表明,小鼠血清中尿酸含量如图4a所示,与Blank组相比,Model组小鼠在次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾处理后尿酸水平显著性升高(p<0.05),说明高尿酸血症小鼠模型建立成功。与Model组相比,PC组血尿酸降低了47.88%,恢复到Blank组水平,说明别嘌呤醇对高尿酸血症小鼠起到很好的降尿酸作用。同时,高中低三个剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶处理组血尿酸水平分别降低了59.32%、38.98%、16.09%,均表现出显著性差异(p<0.05)。因此,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶具有降尿酸的作用。
小鼠血清中肌酐含量如图4b所示,与Blank组相比,Model组的小鼠血清肌酐显著性升高(p<0.05)。与Model组相比,臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预组缓解了高尿酸血症小鼠的血清BUN和Cr水平升高。结果说明,臭黄荆叶小分子果胶处理能有效排出体内积累的BUN和Cr,回调BUN与Cr水平,逆转高尿酸血症造成的肾损伤,提示臭黄荆叶小分子果胶具有改善肾损害的能力。
图5为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠的肾脏、裸关节切片观察。图5a中,黑色箭头指示上皮细胞损伤脱落;蓝色箭头指示空泡样变性;绿色箭头指示足细胞肥大、增生;黄色箭头指示炎性细胞浸润。图5b中,黑色箭头指示结缔组织增生;黄色箭头指示炎性细胞浸润。
各组小鼠肾脏病理切片结果见图5a。由图可以看出,Blank组小鼠肾脏组织细胞间排列整齐,肾小球、肾小管结构清晰,细胞形态正常。Model组小鼠肾脏组织中可见个别肾小管上皮细胞排列不规则,部分上皮细胞损伤脱落,伴有空泡样变性,肾小球局部可见少量足细胞肥大、增生,间质内可见零散炎性细胞浸润。PC组、HD组、MD组和LD组可见肾脏表面光滑,色泽正常,与Blank组小鼠肾脏外观相比无明显变化,未见病理学改变。酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预对肾脏病理有一定改善作用。各组小鼠踝关节滑膜组织病理切片结果见图5b。相较于Blank组,Model组小鼠踝关节滑膜组织结构不全,滑膜组织内可见结缔组织增生,伴有明显炎性细胞浸润。酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预对踝关节组织病理有一定改善作用。
图6为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肝脏酶活性(AST和ALT)及尿酸生成酶活性(XOD和ADA)的影响。酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肝脏AST、ALT活性的影响如图6a和图6b。与Blank组相比,Model组小鼠的AST和ALT水平都显著提高(p<0.05),说明高尿酸血症组小鼠肝脏功能受损;与Model组相比,不同剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组小鼠肝脏ALT、AST水平显著下降(p<0.05),表明臭黄荆叶小分子果胶能够回调高尿酸血症造成的肝损伤。
酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肝脏XOD、ADA活性的影响如图6c和图6d所示。与Blank组相比,经次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸血症小鼠肝脏XOD、ADA酶活性显著增强(p<0.05),表明高尿酸血症模型小鼠尿酸合成增多;与之相比,PC组和不同剂量臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预组都显著降低XOD和ADA的活性,且HD组效果更好。作为体内尿酸合成途径中的关键酶,抑制其活性可降低体内尿酸水平。臭黄荆叶小分子果胶可以通过抑制肝脏中尿酸合成途径中的关键酶来减少尿酸的生成,发挥降尿酸药效,且在抑制尿酸生成酶活性方面,高剂量组显著性较好。
图7为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏氧化应激反应(MDA、SOD和GSH-Px)的影响。与Blank组相比,Model组MDA含量显著升高(p<0.05),且SOD及GSH-Px含量明显下降(p<0.05),表明尿酸成功诱导了小鼠氧化应激损伤;与Model组比较,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶可使MDA含量降低,SOD及GSH-Px含量呈剂量依赖性上升(p<0.05)。
图8为酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏免疫因子的影响。TNF-α、IL-18、IL-6和IL-1β均是促炎性因子,与机体的炎症反应有关。IL-10为抗炎性因子,可降低机体炎症反应。由图8可知,和Blank组对比,Model组小鼠肾脏炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6和TNF-α水平都显著提高(p<0.05)。酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后,IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著下降(p<0.05),与PC组差异不显著(p>0.05)。抑炎因子IL-10含量Model组最低,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后有增大的趋势。说明臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠的肾脏炎症具有一定的改善作用。
实验例2:酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶通过NLRP3炎症小体对PDZK1/尿酸盐转运子在肠道和肾脏中的定位调控和蛋白表达
通过免疫荧光定位分析各组高尿酸血症小鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠中尿酸盐转运相关蛋白的水平,以评估酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠尿酸排泄的影响。图9为不同分组十二指肠(A)、空肠(B)、回肠(C)、结肠(D)ABCG2、PDZK1免疫荧光图和平均光密度值(1表示ABCG2,2表示PDZK1)。实验结果显示,次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导后小鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠中ABCG2和PDZK1蛋白表达显著下降。别嘌呤醇和不同剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶都增强了十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠中ABCG2和PDZK1的表达水平。值得注意的是,ABCG2在肠道中的表达均高于PDZK1,且在回肠中表达量最高。
图10为不同分组肾脏皮质、髓质PDZK1(A)、URAT1(B)、GLUT9(C)、OAT4(D)免疫荧光图和平均光密度值(1表示皮质,2表示髓质)。肾脏免疫荧光显示,次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导后小鼠肾脏中URAT1、GLUT9、OAT4蛋白表达显著升高,在肾脏髓质和皮质中表达趋势一致,且在皮质中表达更强烈。酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后,均显著性下降。肾脏皮质和髓质中PDZK1蛋白表达趋势与肠道中一致,即在次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导下均表现出表达水平下降,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后蛋白表达量显著性增加。三种剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶都抑制了肾脏皮质和髓质中URAT1、GLUT9、OAT4尿酸重吸收蛋白的表达,且增高了PDZK1的表达水平,在逆转URAT1表达的增加上显示出剂量依耐性。
图11为不同分组肾脏皮质、髓质OAT1(A)、UAT(B)、NPT1(C)、NPT4(D)、ABCG2(E)免疫荧光图和平均光密度值(1表示皮质,2表示髓质)。
对肾脏皮质和髓质中尿酸分泌蛋白OAT1、UAT、NPT1、NPT4、ABCG2进行分析。结果如图11所示,和Blank组相比较,Model组肾脏皮质和髓质中OAT1、UAT、NPT1、NPT4、ABCG2蛋白相对表达水平显著下降(p<0.01);与Model相比,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组和PC组蛋白表达水平上升(p<0.05),且在肾脏皮质中表达水平均高于肾脏髓质,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶表现出剂量依耐性。提示酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶通过下调肾脏皮质和髓质中尿酸重吸收蛋白,上调肾脏和小肠中尿酸分泌蛋白表达来降低体内尿酸,且存在剂量依耐性。
实验例3:酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶对高尿酸血症小鼠肠道菌群的影响
图12为beta多样性分析(A:PCOA,B:PLS-DA,C:PERMANOVA/Anosim),门水平物种分类(D),属水平物种多样性分析(E),LDA SCORE分析(F),臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组成与肠道菌群关联性分析(G)。
图12D为门水平的物种分类柱状图,表示各样本物种组成及相对丰度。在所有样本中,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占主要地位,相对丰度之和大于80%。次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸血症小鼠的肠道菌群组成厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)显著增加,Verrucomicrobiota减少,别嘌呤醇(PC组)及中剂量(MD组)、高剂量(HD组)酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后,菌群组成逐渐恢复至Blank组水平,所以本研究重点关注以上三种菌门。图12E为各样本相对丰度前20属水平物种分类组成。从属水平看,NC组以unclassfied_Muribaculaceae、unclassified_Lachnospirace占主导。次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导高尿酸后,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group、uncultured_Bacteroidales_bacterium增加,Bacterodides减少、Akkermansia几乎消失。别嘌呤醇及中、高剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后,肠道菌群组成有向Blank组恢复的趋势。别嘌呤醇及中、高剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶提高了Bacteroides菌属的丰度。可以看出,次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾使小鼠肠道菌群紊乱,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预恢复肠道菌群。
Akkermansia是一种粘蛋白降解细菌,对调节肠道屏障功能起着关键作用,是一种潜在的有益菌。在我们的研究中,中高剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶使小鼠肠道菌群中Akkermansia菌属较Model组的相对丰度增加,提示酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶的浓度可能与Akkermansia菌属的相对丰度呈正相关。Lachnospiraceae菌属可以产SCFAs,并且与高尿酸血症与痛风患者相比,在正常健康人的肠道微生物中富集。有研究表明,在肥胖小鼠中Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group减少,而补充亚精胺后肥胖小鼠增加了这种菌属,并且其变化与亚精胺诱导的肠道屏障功能增强显著相关。另一项研究用植物蛋白的饮食干预营养不良的断奶大鼠,干预后大鼠的色氨酸和甘氨酸-丝氨酸-苏氨酸代谢途径增强,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group的相对丰度增加。此外,有研究报道补充益生菌可通过增加小鼠肠道Lachnospiraceae菌属的相对丰度来改善屏障功能从而预防乙二醇诱导的肾结石。我们的结果表明发现中、高剂量酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae菌属相对丰度明显提高,并且通过LAD score分析发现,f_Lachnospiraceae,o_Lachnospirales作为MD组的biomaker。说明其可能与高尿酸血症有关,并且是高尿酸血症的关键菌群。进一步,选取前10个富集菌属进一步分析酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶成分与高尿酸血症小鼠肠道菌群之间的Spearman相关性分析,如图12G所示,发现其组成与unclassified_Lachnospiraceae显著性相关。进一步证实了上述结果。
综上所述,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶可能通过减少Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group、uncultured_Bacteroidales_bacterium菌属的丰度,增加Bacterodides、Akkermansia的丰度改善次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸血症小鼠肠道菌群紊乱及尿酸代谢。
实验例4:酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶基于NLRP3炎症小体调控高尿酸血症的分子机制实验步骤具体如下:
(1)取100mg样品与1mL RIPA和10μL PMSF均质后以12000r/min 4℃离心5min;
(2)取中间蛋白层溶液,用BCA蛋白质定量试剂盒进行蛋白质定量;
(3)根据已定量好的蛋白将各组样品稀释至合适的浓度;
(4)将稀释好的蛋白与Sample Buffer按4:1混合后使用100℃加热5min后降温变性;
(5)Acrylamide,Resolving Buffer,Starcking Buffer,Ditilled Water,10%APS,和TEMED按比例混合制成SDS-PAGE的分离胶和浓缩胶,灌入跑胶板中待用;
(6)将Prestained Protein Ladder与样品分别点样入跑胶板的样品孔中;
(7)将载有蛋白的SDS-PAGE胶进行50min垂直凝胶电泳,直至条带与marker分明;
(8)将跑胶板分开,取出SDS-PAGE胶并切除多余部分;
(9)将PVDF膜用甲醇活化后1min后按照负极→海绵→滤纸→SDS-PAGE胶→PVDF膜→滤纸→海绵→正极的顺序放好转膜模块进行转膜45min;
(10)转膜完成后将PVDF膜用含5%脱脂乳的TBST溶液进行封闭1h;
(11)用TBST清洗PVDF膜,用一抗在25℃孵育2h;
(12)用TBST清洗PVDF膜,最后用二抗于25℃孵育1h;
(13)用Supersignal West Pico PLUS洒满PVDF膜并于iBright FL1000观察。
图13为尿酸代谢相关蛋白MSU、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase 1蛋白表达测定结果。次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸血症小鼠MSU-NLRP3-ASC-caspase 1轴中的蛋白表达显著升高(p<0.05)。别嘌呤醇和酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后MSU-NLRP3-ASC-caspase 1途径被抑制(p<0.05)。NLRP3控制Caspase 1的激活,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶的干预有效保护了机体功能,改善了肠道菌群结构,并显著降低机体炎症反应。本结果表明,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶有效抑制了NLRP3-ASC-caspase 1轴的激活,降低了Caspase 1蛋白的表达。结合上述研究结果分析其原因在于:酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶干预后肾脏IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6和TNF-α水平均极显著下降,抑炎因子IL-10含量增大,说明酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶通过改善高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏炎症反应达到降尿酸的目的。
图14为尿酸代谢相关蛋白TLR2、TLR4、MyD8、NF-κB、NLRP3蛋白表达测定结果。高尿酸血症会引发体内炎症反应。炎症信号能通过TLR4激活NLRP3炎性小体。NLRP3能促进Caspase 1表达,最终促进IL-1β产生。由图14A、B、C可知,与Blank组相比,Model组小鼠肾脏中TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-kB和NLRP3相对表达量均显著上调。经酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶处理后,与Model组相比,TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-kB和NLRP3相对表达量均显著性下调。说明酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶缓解了高尿酸血症在肾脏中引发的炎症反应。
总之,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶通过调节肠道菌群结构,改善高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏中的炎症表达,抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化,从而减轻肾小管炎症和肾间质纤维化,促进尿酸排泄。酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶在减少尿酸含量、保护肾功能、改善肾脏炎症和纤维化方面表现出优异的性能,与治疗高水平尿酸的经典药物别嘌呤醇相比,酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶不会引起过敏反应,对肝脏和肾脏无毒。
以上所述的仅是本发明的实施例,方案中公知的具体技术方案和/或特性等常识在此未作过多描述。应当指出,对于本领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明技术方案的前提下,还可以作出若干变形和改进,这些也应该视为本发明的保护范围,这些都不会影响本发明实施的效果和专利的实用性。本申请要求的保护范围应当以其权利要求的内容为准,说明书中的具体实施方式等记载可以用于解释权利要求的内容。
Claims (9)
1.一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,其特征在于:包括以酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物为活性成分的用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物;所述酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的分子量为20~30kDa。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,其特征在于:所述酶解臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物采用单独入药或与制药可接受的赋形剂结合,制成用于预防或治疗高尿酸血症和痛风的药物或者保健食品组合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,其特征在于:所述药物包括口服液、胶囊剂、片剂、颗粒剂、靶向剂型中的任意一种剂型。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物在制备治疗高尿酸血症和痛风药物中的应用,其特征在于:所述组合物通过口服、鼻吸入、直肠或者胃肠外给药的方式施用于需要这种治疗的患者。
5.一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物,其特征在于:包括纤维素酶与果胶酶协同酶解提取的分子量为20~30kDa的小分子果胶组合物。
6.一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
S1、材料准备:将热水熟化的臭黄荆叶破碎成浆液;
S2、酶解:向浆液中加入浆液质量1%的纤维素酶和果胶酶,搅拌均匀后于50℃水浴提取5h,抽滤收集上清液,粗滤后用反渗透膜精滤得到小分子果胶原液,低温浓缩后经喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥得到酶解臭黄荆叶果胶;
S3、分离纯化:将酶解臭黄荆叶果胶依次经无水乙醇过滤、干燥、大孔树脂吸附、超滤膜纯化后,获得分子量为5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa的小分子果胶片段。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述热水熟化包括如下步骤:将臭黄荆叶置于75~85℃热水中熟化1~2h,在50~70rpm条件下搅拌15~20min,获得臭黄荆叶浆液。
8.根据权利要求6所述的一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述热水熟化包括如下步骤:所述复合酶包括果胶酶和纤维素酶,果胶酶和纤维素酶的质量比为1~1.5∶1~1.5。
9.根据权利要求6所述的一种臭黄荆叶小分子果胶组合物的制备方法,其特征在于:在S3中,20-60目的大孔树脂对臭黄荆果胶进行吸附,超滤膜纯化,获得分子量为5~10kDa,10~20kDa,20~30kDa,30~35kDa的小分子果胶片段。
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