CN118084566A - 一种谷子富硒增黄叶面肥及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种谷子富硒增黄叶面肥及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种谷子富硒增黄叶面肥及其制备方法和应用，本发明的叶面肥，是专用于提升谷子硒含量、黄色素含量以及总黄酮含量的叶面肥料，通过合理的试验得出适合提升谷子籽粒硒含量和籽粒黄色素含量的肥料配比，其能够在保证谷子富硒的基础上有效的提高谷子籽粒黄色素含量和功能性物质总黄酮含量，且保证产量不减产，对富硒谷子品质的提升具有十分重要的指导价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于肥料技术领域，具体涉及谷子富硒增黄叶面肥及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
硒是人类和动物健康生长的必需微量元素，参与人类和动物机体的正常运转、代谢，具有重要的生理功能。缺硒直接导致人体免疫能力下降，导致多种疾病的发生，如大骨节病、克山病、心脑血管疾病等。因此适量补硒对于提高人体免疫力、抗氧化、延缓衰老、保护和修复受损细胞、防癌抗癌、防治心脑血管疾病、减轻环境污染物的毒害具有积极作用。硒元素在人体内无法合成，只能通过外界食物的摄入保证机体的生理活动。食物是人体补硒的主要渠道，开发富硒农产品，对于保证人体日常的硒摄入，保障身体健康具有重要意义。
我国位于世界缺硒带，72％国土属于缺硒或低硒地区，尤其是北方地区农田土壤硒含量明显偏低。我国居民缺硒状况最为普遍，国内人均硒摄入量远低于建议每日摄入量55.89μg，有2/3的地区缺硒或者为低硒地区。为了补充硒元素的摄入量，人们越来越重视硒元素的研究和富硒农产品的开发。谷子(Setaria italica)是起源于中国的古老农作物，在中国有十分悠久的栽培历史，是中国北方重要的粮食作物之一。谷子脱壳后称小米(Foxtail millet)，生产富硒小米对满足主产区人们日常营养需求、改善营养结构具有现实意义。
小米与小麦和稻米相比，不仅富含蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、维生素等营养物质，而且含有丰富的功能活性成分，如酚类、活性肽、类胡萝卜素等，具有降血糖、降血脂、降血压等多种保健功能。其中黄色素是小米重要的营养成分，其化学成分与玉米黄色素基本相同，主要有玉米黄素(3，3′-二羟基-β-胡萝卜素)，隐黄素(3-羟基-β-胡萝卜素)和叶黄素(3，3′-二羟基-α-胡萝卜素)等，属天然类胡萝卜素。国内外大量研究和临床试验证明，天然类胡萝卜素不仅具有保护视觉与上皮细胞的作用，而且可以提高人体免疫力，淬灭体内过多自由基，防治多种癌症，同时对口腔溃疡、皮肤病等都有很好的疗效。所以提高小米黄色素含量，有利于提高小米食疗保健功能，应作为小米品质提升的一个重要方向。
生物总黄酮是指黄酮类化合物，是一大类天然产物，广泛存在于植物界，在自然界中最常见的是黄酮和黄酮醇，其它包括双氢黄(醇)、异黄酮、双黄酮、黄烷醇、查尔酮、橙酮、花色苷及新黄酮类等，黄酮类化合物有抗炎、抗病毒、利胆、强心、镇静和镇痛等作用。还有抗氧化、抗衰老、免疫调节和抗肿瘤等作用，因此提高小米中总黄酮的含量，也是其品质提升的一个方向。
公开号为CN 112321350 A的中国发明专利公开了“一种谷子富硒增产高效叶面喷施肥及其制备和应用”，该专利的主要目的是提供一种既促进植物对硒吸收又增加谷子产量的谷子富硒增产高效叶面喷施肥，所以其目的是提高谷子的硒含量并且增产，而忽略了谷子的重要指标黄色素以及总黄酮，因此，本研究以山西省大同云州区为试点，通过叶面喷施肥料实现小米进一步富硒，并提高谷子黄色素和总黄酮含量，进一步提高小米食疗保健功能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供谷子富硒增黄叶面肥，该叶面肥可以保证有效提高谷子籽粒硒含量、黄色素含量及功能性物质总黄酮含量，使得在谷子在实现富硒基础上进一步提高谷子黄色素和总黄酮含量，有利于提高小米食疗保健功能。
为了实现上述目的，本发明的技术方案概述如下：
一种谷子富硒增黄叶面肥，所述叶面肥的由以下重量份的原料配比组成：亚硒酸钠∶聚天冬氨酸钾∶壳寡糖∶腐殖酸＝130∶500∶100∶1000。
上述谷子富硒增黄叶面肥的制备方法，将亚硒酸钠、聚天冬氨酸钾、壳寡糖、腐殖酸按照所述比例混合后经水溶解，然后稀释至一定倍数，定容。一个具体实施例为：将130g亚硒酸钠、500g聚天冬氨酸钾、100g壳寡糖、1000g腐殖酸按照所述比例混合后经水溶解，然后稀释至30L。
具体使用时，将按照上述制备方法得到的叶面肥，按照30L/hm2的量均匀喷洒在谷子叶面。优选地，最佳的喷洒时期为谷子灌浆期开始后5天内。并且注意选择在晴朗无风的下午喷施，喷施后如遇阴雨天气则须重新喷施。
本发明另外一个重要的目的在于提供上述叶面肥在提高谷子硒含量、以及谷子籽粒黄色素含量和总黄酮含量中的应用。为了提高谷子籽粒黄色素含量和总黄酮含量，可以按照本发明的方法喷施上述叶面肥即可。有效提高谷子功能性物质含量，提升品质。
本发明的优点：
本发明的叶面肥，是专用于提升谷子硒含量、黄色素含量以及总黄酮含量的叶面肥料，通过合理的试验得出适合提升谷子籽粒硒含量和籽粒黄色素含量的肥料配比，其能够在保证谷子富硒的基础上有效的提高谷子籽粒黄色素含量和功能性物质总黄酮含量，且保证产量不减产，对富硒谷子品质的提升具有十分重要的指导价值。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例来进一步描述本发明，本发明的优点和特点将会随着描述而更为清楚。但下述实施例中所涉及的具体实验方法如无特殊说明，均为常规方法或按照制造厂商说明书建议的条件实施。
若未特别指明，实施例中所用技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。下述实施例中的试验方法，如无特别说明，均为常规方法。如无特殊说明，所采用的试剂及材料，均可以从市场中购买获得。
除非另行定义，文中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域熟练人员所熟悉的意义相同。此外，任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可应用于本发明中。文中所述的较佳实施方法与材料仅作示范之用。
本研究以地处晋北地区的山西省大同市云州区为试点进行田间试验，考察该叶面肥对谷子产量和谷子籽粒硒含量、黄色素含量、总黄酮含量等指标的影响，具体试验过程如下。
1材料与方法
1.1试验地概况
试验地设在山西省大同市云州区中国农业大学有机旱作试验站，山西省大同市云州区固定桥村中国农业大学有机旱作试验站(39°88′N，113°50′E)。试验地土类为黄土高原黄土型耕地类型区。试验前，测定土壤的全氮、土壤硒含量、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量及pH值，见表1。土壤硒含量为0.12mg/kg，属于低硒水平。
表1试验地土壤理化性质
1.2试验材料
供试作物：张杂13号谷子
叶面肥组成：亚硒酸钠；聚天冬氨酸钾；壳寡糖；腐殖酸
仪器与试剂：电子天平(MTQ-100，深圳市美孚电子有限公司)；电热鼓风干燥箱(YDL-2000，上海祁工仪器设备有限公司)；胚芽米机(JNPY-100，山东鱼台金利粮油机械有限公司)；万能粉碎机(DE-500，武义华彩工具有限公司)；冷冻干燥机(SCIENTZ-18N，宁波新芝生物科技有限公司)；数控超声波清洗器(KQ-500DE，昆山市超声仪器有限公司)；台式离心机(TG16-WS，湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司)；恒温水浴锅(DK-S26，上海精宏实验设备有限公司)；自动紫外可见分光光度计(TU-1810plus，上海析谱仪器有限公司)；谷子脱粒机(品泰机械科技有限公司)
浓硝酸(优级纯，65％-68％，沪试)；过氧化氢溶液(优级纯，30％，沪试)；硼氢化钠(98％，沪试)；正丁醇(分析纯，沪试)；β-胡萝卜素标准品(上海久心研生物科技有限公司)。
1.3试验内容
1.3.1亚硒酸钠用量的选择
于2021年在山西省大同市云州区中国农业大学有机旱作试验站，开展不同用量的亚硒酸钠喷施试验，以确定最适喷施量。该试验中谷子品种为冀张谷5号，试验处理是在谷子灌浆期叶面喷施不同用量的亚硒酸钠溶液(见表2)。谷子成熟后收获，分别测定产量与籽粒硒含量、黄色素含量和总黄酮含量。根据试验结果(见表3)，随着施硒量的增加，籽粒硒含量不断升高，但是在I4处理即亚硒酸钠129.70g/ha的用量下，谷子的产量与籽粒黄色素含量和总黄酮含量均处于较高水平，因此推荐130g/ha亚硒酸钠作为硒元素外源添加的最适用量。
表22021年谷子亚硒酸钠的叶面喷施量
表32021年谷子产量及籽粒硒含量、黄色素含量和总黄酮含量
1.3.2试验方案的确定
试验地点位于山西省大同市中国农业大学有机旱作试验站，在谷子灌浆期叶面喷施1次，具体试验处理见表4。复配方案为将上述喷施物质按一定量进行混合见表5，使用时兑水配成混合溶液。谷子成熟后收获，分别测定谷子籽粒的硒含量、黄色素含量及总黄酮含量。
表4谷子田间叶面喷施试验处理
注：L1清水用量30L/hm2，L2亚硒酸钠用量为130g/hm2，L2、L3使用时兑水至30L/hm2。
表5叶面肥(L3)复配方案
1.4测定项目与方法
1.4.1谷子籽粒硒含量
于成熟期选取具有代表性的植株若干，先放至牛皮纸袋中，带回实验室将穗剪下，而后用脱粒机进行脱粒，再用胚芽米机脱壳两次得到小米。之后将小米样品粉碎并过100目网筛后存放于自封袋中，用于谷子籽粒硒含量的测定。
植株器官锌含量的测定参考GB5009.93-2017，具体操作方式如下。
准确称取0.5000g粉末样品，置入微波消煮管中，加入5mL浓硝酸和2mL 30％过氧化氢，盖上内盖，安装好保护套，将消解罐放入微波消解仪内，设置微波消解程序如下——
步骤1：功率600W，升温时间8min，控制温度100℃，持续时间5min
步骤2：功率600W，升温时间8min，控制温度150℃，持续时间15min
开始消解试样。消解完全结束后，取出内罐，继续在电热板上于170℃赶酸至1mL左右，切不可蒸干。再加5mL盐酸溶液(6mol/L)，继续加热至溶液变为清亮无色并伴有白烟出现，冷却，将内罐中的消解液用水少量多次洗涤并转移至10ml容量瓶中，加入2.5mL铁氰化钾溶液(100g/L)，用水定容，混匀待测。使用原子荧光分光光度计测定硒元素的含量。同时做试剂空白测定。
1.4.2产量
谷子于成熟期收获，每个小区选取两膜长势均一的五米双行谷子，进行人工采收，计算有效穗数，使用小型谷子脱粒机脱粒后称量，换算为14％含水量为实测产量。
1.4.3黄色素含量
(1)样品黄色素含量测定
首先将正丁醇与纯净水按照1∶1的体积混合均匀，静置过夜分层，得到水饱和正丁醇。
挑选饱满的米粒，用研磨机充分研磨直至成细粉，而后使用冷冻干燥机干燥。干燥后准确称取0.4g小米粉，置于5mL棕色离心管中，加入4mL水饱和正丁醇，按紧管盖，置于往复震荡机上振荡提取3h，使黄色素充分提取。
振荡结束后，于4℃，8000rpm的条件下离心15min，而后收集上清液，使用紫外分光光度计测定上清液在450nm处的吸光值。
(2)黄色素标准曲线的制作
称取20mg β-胡萝卜素标准样品置于200mL容量瓶中，加入4mL三氯甲烷溶解，再加入水饱和正丁醇溶液至刻度，制得0.1mg/mLβ-胡萝卜素标准溶液；
而后分别吸取0、100、200、300、400、500μLβ-胡萝卜素溶液置于10mL离心管中，加入水饱和正丁醇溶液定容至10mL，分别得到0μg/mL、1μg/mL、2μg/mL、3μg/mL、4μg/mL、5μg/mL的β-胡萝卜素标准液，使用紫外分光光度计检测，测定β-胡萝卜素标准液在450nm处的吸光值，制作标准曲线。
1.4.4总黄酮含量
配制待用试剂：60％乙醇、10％硝酸铝溶液、1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液、5％亚硝酸钠溶液；
称取0.8g米粉送入10mL带盖离心管底端，移取8mL乙醇溶液。把带盖离心管转入超声波清洗仪中分离40min，设定温度60℃，功率300w；结束后将离心管转入高速离心机中离心10min，设定转速8000r/min；将3mL提取液转入另一10mL闲置离心管，按次序加入4.4mL乙醇溶液和0.3mL亚硝酸钠溶液，混匀，等待6min，然后加入0.3mL硝酸铝溶液，充分混合等待6min，轻轻滴入2mL氢氧化钠溶液，摇匀、等待15min，测定510nm处吸光值，计算小米总黄酮含量。
1.5数据分析
采用Excel 2023进行数据统计，并使用R 4.3.0进行数据分析和绘图。组间方差分析采用LSD检验，P＜0.05具有统计学差异显著性。
2结果与分析
2.1喷施叶面肥料对谷子产量及品质指标的影响
表6谷子产量及品质指标
注：小米指将谷子去壳后得到的商品小米，谷子指未去壳的谷子。
从表6可知，在谷子产量上，相较于L1(对照)处理，L2、L3处理产量均提高，但各处理间谷子产量的差异未达显著水平，可见喷施该叶面肥能够保证谷子产量不减产。
在谷子籽粒硒含量上，L3处理的硒含量最高，达0.512mg/kg，籽粒中硒含量显著提升，与对照L1相比提升11.7倍，与单独施硒处理L2相比提升21.9％。
在籽粒黄色素含量上，L3处理的籽粒黄色素含量最高，达59.34mg/kg，显著高于其它试验处理，与对照L1相比提升6.4％，与单独施硒处理L2相比提升3.4％。
在籽粒总黄酮含量上，L3处理的籽粒总黄酮含量最高，达151.89mg/100g，显著高于其它试验处理，与对照L1相比提升39.5％，与单独施硒处理L2相比提升7.6％。
以上所述之实施例，只是本发明的较佳实施例而已，仅仅用以解释本发明，并非限制本发明实施范围，对于本技术领域的技术人员来说，当然可根据本说明书中所公开的技术内容，通过置换或改变的方式轻易做出其它的实施方式，故凡在本发明的原理上所作的变化和改进等，均应包括于本发明申请专利范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种谷子富硒增黄叶面肥，其特征在于，所述叶面肥的由以下重量份的原料配比组成：亚硒酸钠∶聚天冬氨酸钾∶壳寡糖∶腐殖酸＝130∶500∶100∶1000。
2.权利要求1所述的谷子富硒增黄叶面肥的制备方法，其特征在于，将亚硒酸钠、聚天冬氨酸钾、壳寡糖、腐殖酸按照所述比例混合后经水溶解，然后稀释至一定倍数，定容。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，将130g亚硒酸钠、500g聚天冬氨酸钾、100g壳寡糖、1000g腐殖酸按照所述比例混合后经水溶解，然后稀释至30L。
4.一种施肥方法，其特征在于，将按照权利要求3所述的制备方法得到的叶面肥，按照30L/hm2的量均匀喷洒在谷子叶面。
5.根据权利要求4所述的施肥方法，其特征在于，喷洒时期为谷子灌浆期开始后5天内。
6.根据权利要求4所述的施肥方法，其特征在于，选择在晴朗无风的下午喷施，喷施后如遇阴雨天气则须重新喷施。
7.权利要求1所述的叶面肥在提高谷子籽粒硒含量、黄色素含量和总黄酮含量中的应用。
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