CN1178813C - 半挂车底盘的底架及制造半挂车底盘的底架纵梁的方法 - Google Patents

半挂车底盘的底架及制造半挂车底盘的底架纵梁的方法 Download PDF

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CN1178813C
CN1178813C CNB018036694A CN01803669A CN1178813C CN 1178813 C CN1178813 C CN 1178813C CN B018036694 A CNB018036694 A CN B018036694A CN 01803669 A CN01803669 A CN 01803669A CN 1178813 C CN1178813 C CN 1178813C
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简·J·维尔哈格
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    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
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    • B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种车辆底架，该底架为鹅颈状类型，且包括至少两条纵梁(6)，所述纵梁的最前部的高度被减小，所述鹅颈形状是通过改变纵梁的高度而形成的；还包括至少一条横梁(7)和至少一根轮轴(11)，从而，至少纵梁(6)由包含具有加强纤维的热塑性合成材料的复合材料制成。利用塑性变形纵梁(6)的最前部的高度被减小。

Description

半挂车底盘的底架及制造半挂车底盘的底架纵梁的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种半挂车底盘的底架，该底盘底架为鹅颈状类型，且包括至少两条纵梁，纵梁最前部的厚度被减小，所述鹅颈状是通过改变纵梁的厚度而形成的；至少一条横梁及至少一条轮轴，由此至少纵梁由包含具有加强纤维的合成材料的复合材料制成。本发明还涉及一种制造用于半挂车底盘的鹅颈状底架纵梁的方法。
关于车辆，可采用被牵引车辆和机动车辆，即在两末端都具有至少一根轴和仅在后端具有至少一根轴。
具体地但不是排他地，本发明涉及一种半挂车，在后端具有一根或多根轴。
背景技术
在国际专利申请NO.97/48589中对这种车辆底架进行了说明。
纵梁，最好还有横梁以及轮轴可能通过其被连接到纵梁的支架应用由玻璃纤维、碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维及类似材料加强的热固性树脂，即聚酯制成。
然而，这种复合材料显示出对于老化的敏感性，在经历一段时间之后，包含这种复合材料的梁和其它部件会产生细微的裂缝。
此外，这种复合材料难于重复利用。
横梁和支架在纵梁处的固定通过胶合来实现，从而难以检查连接。
在多数情况下通过拉挤而成型且包括具有热固性合成材料的复合材料的纵梁的变形是困难的。结果是，不能以经济的方法制造具有所谓鹅颈状部件的半挂车。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服这些缺陷，且提供一种具有良好机械性能的底架，这种良好的机械性能在经历一段特定时间之后也能够保持，所述底架可以包括胶合连接之外的其它连接，且其可以更容易地达到理想形态。
根据本发明，所述目的是这样实现的，即至少用于制造纵梁的复合材料的合成材料是一种热塑性合成材料，通过塑性变形，纵梁最前部的厚度被减小。
具体地说，根据本发明提供了用于半挂车底盘的底架，该底架为鹅颈状类型，且包括至少两条纵梁，纵梁最前部分的厚度在垂直方向上被减小，以形成所述鹅颈形状；还包括至少一条横梁以及至少一根轮轴，由此，至少纵梁由包含具有加强纤维的合成材料的复合材料制成，其特征在于，所述复合材料的合成材料为热塑性合成材料，所述纵梁具有两个基本上在垂直方向上延伸的横向侧面，所述横向侧面在纵梁的最前部分处热塑性变形，从而减小该纵梁在垂直方向上的厚度。
由于复合材料包括热塑性合成材料，因此事实上通过加热可易于产生变形。
优选的是，纵梁具有两个横向侧面(lateral flanks)，在这些梁的最前部，由于热塑性变形，直立的横向侧面弯曲或凸出，这种弯曲或凸出最好是向外的。
在梁的最前部，直立的横向侧面最好向外弯曲，因此每个侧面的两个相邻的纵向部彼此接触。这些部分被胶合或熔接在一起。
适合的合成材料为聚丙烯和聚酰胺。
优选的是，横梁也由具有热塑性合成材料的复合材料制成，在轮轴通过作为中间连接物的支架连接到纵梁的情况下，根据具体化的实施形式，支架也包含具有热塑性合成材料的复合材料。
横梁或支架可以被胶合到纵梁上，然而最好是被熔接到纵梁上。
本发明还涉及一种方法，该方法特别适合于制造前述的具有鹅颈状部分的底架的纵梁。
因此，本发明涉及一种制造用于半挂车底盘的鹅颈状底架纵梁的方法，该纵梁包括具有横向侧面的空心部，根据本方法，纵梁由合成材料和加强纤维制成，在其长度方向上具有恒定的横截面，其特征在于，所述纵梁由具有加强纤维的热塑性合成材料制成，该纵梁首先具有恒定的横截面，随后其被局部加热，直到使其变形，最后其在压力的影响下变形，从而其横向侧面向外弯曲或凸出，因此其厚度被减小。
附图说明
为了更好地展示本发明的特征，以下，参考附图，作为一个没有任何限定性特征的示例，描述了根据本发明的底架和制造该底架的纵梁的方法的实施例的优选形式。其中：
图1表示具有根据本发明的底架的车辆；
图2为一较大尺寸的视图，表示图1中由F2指示的部分；
图3为一透视图，表示按照图2中线III-III的截面图；
图4为一较大尺寸的视图，表示按照图1中线IV-IV的截面图；
图5为一侧面图，示出前述附图中的用于制造底架的纵梁；
图6为按照图5中的线IV-IV的截面图；
图7为类似图5的侧面图，然而，示出了纵梁已经被制成例如存在于图1至4的底架中的形状；
图8表示按照图7中的线VIII-VIII的截面图；
图9表示按照图7中的线IX-IX的截面图；
图10表示按照图9中线X-X的截面图；
图11表示类似于图10中的一个的截面图，但是关于本发明的另一种形式的实施例；
图12为一较大尺寸视图，表示按照图11中线XII-XII的截面图；
图13为一透视图，示出了类似于图3中的一个的横截面，但它是关于图11和12的实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1中，表示了组合在一起的具有根据本发明的车辆的半挂车牵引车1表示，其构成一半挂车2，该半挂车2为所述鹅颈状类型，且通常由底盘3构成，该底盘3的后部被放置在两车轮组4上，底盘3上设置底板5和/或未表示出的上部结构。
底盘3主要由两个中空纵梁6和安装在它们之间的横梁7构成。
该纵梁6和横梁7由复合材料制成，所述复合材料包括由纤维加强的热塑性合成材料。
适合的热塑性合成材料如聚丙烯或聚酰胺，而适合的加强纤维为玻璃纤维，碳纤维，凯夫拉尔纤维或芳族聚酰胺纤维。
纵梁6具有空心的I-剖面，且包括一上凸缘8，一下凸缘9和位于它们之间的横向侧面10。它们可以由彼此固定在一起的几个基本成型部件组成，还可以由一个单独部件构成，例如在示例中表示出的那样。
这些纵梁6由例如“连续压力成型”(continuous compressingmoulding)工艺制造而成。
在图2中详细示出，车轮组4主要由轮轴11和轮13构成，轮轴11由以弹性方式连接到底盘3的轴承12支承，轮13安装在轮轴11的末端。
如图2中详细示出，每个轴承12相对于纵梁6的弹性安装是通过它们之间中间部件实现的，所述中间部件包括：一固定部件，一其上部位于纵梁6的两个横向侧面10之间的所谓支架14，该支架14位于纵梁6的下凸缘9中的中断部位15并可能位于纵梁6上凸缘8中的中断部位16。
所述支架14为管状元件，其向上达到纵梁6的上边缘，且在纵梁6下面，在其后侧斜切。
该支架14可以由钢或铝制成，然而，最好通过例如所谓的“手工制造增强塑料模(hand lag-up)”方法，或在加热和加压条件下，即所谓的“压力成型”，由具有热塑性合成材料的复合材料制成。后述工艺包括将合成材料，加强纤维或预浸渍的纤维垫放入加热的塑模中，随后利用高压，例如约100吨每m2的压力将聚合物和加强材料的混合物压成所期望的形状。
位于横向侧面10之间的支架14的末端被固定到这些具有两个平坦侧壁的横向侧面10上，例如通过胶合进行固定，但最好是通过熔接固定。而且还可以通过螺栓进一步加固。
在纵梁6下面，支架14可以稍微加宽。
在支架14的最低末端，可以以铰接方式固定有片簧17。在与支架14相距一定距离处，利用固定装置18将轴承12固定到片簧17上。
在轴承12和位于纵梁6下方的支架14的位置处，设置一减震器19，而空气弹簧气囊20位于片簧17的自由端和纵梁6之间，该空气弹簧气囊以未在图中示出的方式被连接到压缩空气源。
每条横梁7包括圆管体21和位于两端的圆法兰22。圆管体21也由前述的复合材料制成，可以通过拉绕(pulwinding)或长丝缠绕(filamentwinding)制成。
拉绕是拉挤成型的一种变化，借助这种方法一层或多层加强纤维被缠绕在心轴上，所述纤维层在被供给之前和/或之后被浸渍了合成材料，之后整体被拉动通过挤出元件，之后合成材料被硬化。
长丝缠绕是这样一种方法，通过该方法浸渍了合成材料的加强纤维或加强带被卷绕在一根旋转的心轴或滚筒上，此后合成材料硬化。
最好是利用前述的“压力成型”方法，凸缘22分别由相同复合材料制造而成，并被熔接或胶合到本体21的末端，且最好是使用双组分胶粘剂，例如环氧胶。
与分别形成的凸缘22不同，本体21可在其两末端形成扩大部分，从而横梁7可以被制造成整体式的。
通过挠性胶例如双组分胶胶合，且最好是熔接，将横梁7的凸缘22或扩大部分固定到纵梁6的横向侧面10，从而横梁7被固定。这种连接还可以借助螺栓进行加固。
横梁7也可以通过上述方式被设置在两个相对的支架14之间，且在下侧伸出。
所获得的纵梁6的管状结构提供了重量更轻的梁，且具有抗扭转特性。横梁7不仅将两条纵梁保持到位，而且沿纵向吸收底盘3的扭转力。
支架14的上部在纵梁6的横向侧面10之间凸出，使该支架14被熔接或胶合到两垂直横向壁，这样就形成了非常大的接触表面，并在纵梁6上消除了集中负载。
如果需要，在轮轴11的附近，纵梁6可以通过辅助纵梁在其下侧被加强。
由于半挂车2为所谓鹅颈状类型，纵梁6的下侧在其最前部或前部处沿向上方向被偏移设置，以便被设置在半挂车牵引车1的后部上方。这是通过在所述最前部减小纵梁6的厚度而获得的。
如图4所示，上文所述的半挂车2可在其前部包括一连结板23，其由与纵梁6相同的复合材料形成，该板被固定到纵梁6的下侧，例如通过熔接固定，在该连结板下面设置连结销24，通过该连结销半挂车2可以被连接到半挂车牵引车1的中心板25。
由于纵梁6由具有热塑性合成材料的复合材料制成，因此它们可以以一种简单方式制成前述形状，以便形成鹅颈状。
在附图5和6中，被制成整体轮廓结构的纵梁6被详细示出，例如其被首先制成这样。
随后，其最前部分被加热直到复合材料能够变形为止，其后在最前部上，纵梁6的下侧变形形成上述形状，其在图7和10中详细示出。
这种变形是在压力条件下实现的，该压力可以是通过例如液压机施加的一外部压力。该压力将例如冲头推向下凸缘9，而上凸缘8被支承。
在中空纵梁6中产生部分真空或真空的情况下，该外部压力也可以是大气压力。
如图8和9详细示出，在这两种情况下，纵梁6的空心部的两横向侧面10可由于加热而变形，并将弯曲，最好是向外弯曲。
所述变形是这样的，即侧壁横向弯曲，直到横向侧面10的两相邻纵向部分26彼此相向移动。一旦彼此相靠则这些部分彼此被熔接或胶合在一起。
为了彼此熔接这些部分26，电热丝27，例如碳丝，被插入这些部分26的一个或每个中。为了熔接部分26，电流被发送并穿过电热丝27。
很明显，纵梁6的形状并不仅限于所示形状，且这些纵梁6不一定为I-轮廓。
图11至13示出了具有不同形状的纵梁6，特别是具有不同的横截面，即矩形横截面。
如图12所示，为了形成鹅颈形状，纵梁6的最前部处厚度的降低是通过与上述相同的方法而获得的。
与这种纵梁6相应，支架14不是管状的，而是包括两块热塑性材料的平行板28，如图13所示，其上端被胶合或熔接到纵梁6的横向侧面10。
上文的实施例所说明和附图所示出的形式并不对本发明构成限定，正相反，在不背离本发明的范畴的情况下，本发明的底架可以通过不同变型而实现。

Claims (16)

1.用于半挂车底盘的底架，该底架为鹅颈状类型，且包括至少两条纵梁(6)，纵梁(6)最前部分的厚度在垂直方向上被减小，以形成所述鹅颈形状；还包括至少一条横梁(7)以及至少一根轮轴(11)，由此，至少纵梁(6)由包含具有加强纤维的合成材料的复合材料制成，其特征在于，
所述复合材料的合成材料为热塑性合成材料，
所述纵梁(6)具有两个基本上在垂直方向上延伸的横向侧面(10)，所述横向侧面在纵梁(6)的最前部分处热塑性变形，从而减小该纵梁在垂直方向上的厚度。
2.如权利要求1所述的底架，其特征在于，在纵梁(6)的最前部分处，所述横向侧面(10)向外弯曲。
3.如权利要求1所述的底架，其特征在于，在纵梁(6)的最前部分处，所述横向侧面(10)以这样一种方式向外弯曲，使每个侧面(10)的两相邻纵向部分(26)彼此接触，且被胶合或熔接在一起。
4.如权利要求1所述的底架，其特征在于，所述合成材料为聚丙烯或聚酰胺。
5.如权利要求1所述的底架，其特征在于，所述横梁(7)由具有热塑性合成材料的复合材料制成。
6.如权利要求5所述的底架，其特征在于，所述横梁(7)的末端被熔接或胶合到纵梁(6)。
7.如权利要求6所述的底架，其特征在于，所述横梁(7)在其末端设置一凸缘(22)或一增厚部分，且被熔接或胶合到两纵梁(6)的横向侧面(10)。
8.如前述权利要求中任何一个所述的底架，其特征在于，所述轮轴(11)通过若干支架(14)被连接到一根纵梁，该支架也由具有热塑性合成材料的复合材料制成，该支架(14)被熔接或胶合到所述纵梁(6)。
9.如权利要求8所述的底架，其特征在于，所述纵梁(6)具有两个横向侧面(10)，从而一个支架(14)的上端伸入纵梁(6)中，且位于这两个横向侧面(10)之间，所述支架上端通过两个平侧壁被熔接或胶合到这些横向侧面(10)。
10.如权利要求8所述的底架，其特征在于，所述纵梁(6)具有两个横向侧面(10)，一个支架(14)包括两块热塑性材料板(28)，这两块板被熔接或胶合到纵梁(6)的横向侧面(10)。
11.制造用于半挂车底盘的鹅颈状底架纵梁的方法，所述纵梁(6)包括具有横向侧面(10)的空心芯部，按照该方法，所述纵梁(6)由合成材料和加强纤维制成，其特征在于，
在第一步骤中纵梁(6)由具有加强纤维的热塑性合成材料制成，沿前长度是具有不变的截面，随后在第二步骤中，其为了形成最前部的部分被加热，直到该部分可塑性变形为止，最后，在第三步骤中，该部分最后在压力的作用下产生变形，其横向侧面(10)向外和/或向内弯曲，从而其厚度在垂直方向上被减小。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述纵梁(6)的所述部分中，横向侧面(10)被向外弯曲。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，在纵梁(6)的所述部分中，横向侧面(10)向外弯曲，直到横向侧面(10)的两相邻纵向部分(26)彼此相接触。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，横向侧面(10)的纵向部分(26)被熔接或胶合在一起。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，利用穿过至少一条被插入所述部分(26)的至少一个部分中的电热丝(27)如碳丝的电流，横向侧面(10)的纵向部分(26)被熔接在一起。
CNB018036694A 2000-01-13 2001-01-04 半挂车底盘的底架及制造半挂车底盘的底架纵梁的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1178813C (zh)

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