CN1178569A - 内燃机的废气净化装置 - Google Patents

内燃机的废气净化装置 Download PDF

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CN1178569A
CN1178569A CN96192579A CN96192579A CN1178569A CN 1178569 A CN1178569 A CN 1178569A CN 96192579 A CN96192579 A CN 96192579A CN 96192579 A CN96192579 A CN 96192579A CN 1178569 A CN1178569 A CN 1178569A
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ceramic
pottery
hollow body
steel wire
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弗洛里安·甘贝尔
西格弗里德·卡尼
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Siegfried Kany
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Abstract

本发明关于一种用于减少从内燃机排气系统排放的炭黑粒子量的装置。由于在燃料中加入了添加剂,在二次燃烧中炭黑粒子的引燃温度降低到约300℃—350℃,使远低于容器的正常工作温度。因此,容器内的过滤器的再生过程开始得就较早。本发明的一基本组件是称为深床过滤器,它包括多个专门陶瓷线的卷管和一耐热弹性钢线。按照本发明的陶瓷卷的专门制造方法和结构保证了炭黑过滤器的使用寿命,它能经受振动和机械应力。

Description

内燃机的废气净化装置
按照权利要求1的概念，本发明涉及一种内燃机的废气净化装置，尤其用在载重车、紧急发电机组、施工机械和柴油机车的内燃发动机上，使排出的炭黑粒子在其内进行一次再燃烧，从而大大减少炭黑的排出量。
这种用陶瓷过滤器对废气再处理以降低碳黑排出量的装置和工艺在技术水平上早为大家熟悉。在燃料中加入少量的催化添加剂，借助炭黑粒子的再燃烧使过滤器材料回收交流换热也是大家了解的。这种添加剂和炭黑粒子起一种放热的化学反应，实际上起了降低炭黑粒子点火温度的作用。
过去已看到整体的陶瓷过滤元件，这对过滤器元件工作寿命不是很有益的，因为整体陶瓷过滤器元件会由于突然过热引起的热应力在短时间内破碎。
此外，称之为编织过滤装置看起来要好得多，这种过滤件原则是由多个互相并合的陶瓷纤维线编制而成。这类过滤件总的特性是更具弹性，因而能更好地承受可能出现的热应力。由马达排出的炭黑粒子通过陶瓷编织物拦住，由于用添加剂而降低了燃点，过滤件的回收交流换热过程在320℃左右。实际上在马达起动不久过滤件就可达到这一温度。因而，为了达到燃点不需要其它的措施或装置就可达到过滤件的再生利用。附加的过滤件再生装置比较贵而且能量消耗很大，就会使得整个设备不经济。
迄今为止大家所知道的、由陶瓷线编织或针织的陶瓷过滤件都有决定性的缺点是：经过一段较长时间工作，陶瓷过滤件不再保持空心体内过滤件材料的初始调定密度，因为它们相互之间会滑动。在编织物内加钢丝网使过滤件编织物有一定的刚性，由试验得到的效果不显著，因为此类过滤件的寿命不足以适应较长时间的工作。
根据上述的技术状态，本发明的任务在于提供一种内燃机的炭黑粒子过滤件，使其能在较高应力时保证内部的机械稳定性。
按照本发明通过该项任务是通过独立权利要求的特征得以解决的。
按照本发明的、减少内燃机尤其是柴油内燃机炭黑粒子排放量的装置由一个带有进、出气套管的容器和一个空心体组成。空心体内部份安放了过滤材料的编织物，在内燃机之前向燃料内加催化添加剂。其特征是，过滤器材料是由多个编织的陶瓷卷组成，陶瓷卷是用质地精细的陶瓷线的一端开始圈形编织的套管，陶瓷线内穿有一根耐热的钢丝，编织套管粗大的网眼宽度是一个决定性尺寸，耐热钢丝平行陶瓷线穿过编织物的每个网眼。
在有效的结构型式里，带有进、出气管道的容器内有一个装有陶瓷卷的空心体，空心体是圆柱形，其壁上有很多通气孔。对本发明来说，气体从外向里流动或从里向外流动都无关重要。本发明的陶瓷卷以优良的方式用编织套管制成，编织套管是从一端起卷成一个凸起的环。
按照本发明、编织所用的陶瓷线是质地精细的陶瓷纤维丝组成，直径约6μm，成品线直径约1mm。对本发明有重要意义的是平行于陶瓷线穿一根耐热钢丝，钢丝最好是VA-钢制成，钢丝直径为0.2mm。对本发明极有利的是VA钢丝穿过编织物也就是编制套管的每一个网眼。因而整个陶瓷具有内弹性，避免编织物即陶瓷卷受到附加压实。
此外，网眼宽度选在4.5mm左右、编织的分度在5mm左右、采用“右-左编结”对本发明的过滤器极有利。
所采用陶瓷线的最有利的化学成份如下：
93.5％≤Sio2(二氧化硅)
4.0％＝Al2O3(三氧化二铝)
0.8≥Na2O(氧化钠)
这种以Hakotherm-1200命名的产品在一辆柴油轿车行驶100,000公里的实际试验中已被证明是可靠的。所用的陶瓷材料可耐温度至1200℃。
用一个电控计量装置将含铁的添加剂以有利的方式在内燃机前面加到燃料中，当然其它类型不含铁的添加剂对本发明也是有效的，这里不详细谈。
按照本发明制作陶瓷卷的良好方法的特征是，一根直径约4mm、带有多个倒钩的较粗的钢丝穿过编织套管一端的圆周，当钢丝绕它的纵轴旋转时，倒钩钩在编织物内，因而可将予制的编织套管直到它的另一端而全部卷起。
本发明的其它特征可从各从属权利要求中得知。
下面将根据图纸详细介绍本发明。
图1是减少内燃机1排气管炭黑排出量的整个装置的方框图。
图2表示容器3的原理构造，容器3内有一个按照本发明的空心体4和本发明的陶瓷卷9。
图3示意性地表示一段空心体4的局部剖面，它带有本发明的已经压缩的和未压缩的陶瓷卷9，10。
图4是按本发明的编织物的陶瓷线12和金属丝13编制在一起的剖面图。
图5是透视表示一段陶瓷线12和本发明金属丝13的剖面图。
图6是制造陶瓷卷9的工具原理图。
图7是带有导入陶瓷卷9用的附件17，18的空心体4的示意图。
图1表示用于减少内燃机2排出炭黑量的整个装置的方框图。该装置用在柴油内燃机上作用效果特别好，因为在这类机上炭黑排放量大。内燃机2内生成的炭黑粒子经管道2a进入本发明的容器3，容器3代替通常的消声器而接入排气系统。排出的炭黑粒子在容器3内达到它们的燃烧温度时，其间停留较短。
最简单的情况是，降低炭黑粒子燃点的催化添加剂先已加在燃料箱11中的燃料内。重金属如铜、镍和钴可作为添加剂，它们可使燃点急剧降低。但出于对环境考虑，从一开始就不予考虑使用这些金属。稀土作为起催化作用的金属是大家熟知的，但它对环境影响至今尚未有过全方位研究。相反，铁同样可将炭黑粒子燃点显著降低到约320°至350℃，且对环境无担忧，铁看起来可作为相应添加剂的活性剂。为保持内燃机内基本的柴油燃料的特性，研制了一种含在类似柴油溶剂内的有机铁化合物，并作为添加剂已在试验中成功地试用。添加剂浓度很小，在一车中级车上100,000公里大约需要3至4升，这说明为再新粒子过滤件所需的添加剂量很小。
借助计量装置14添加剂从添加剂箱16取出并送入燃料箱11中。经过柴油内燃机必备的燃料注射泵19、柴油和添加剂的混合燃料进入马达2的燃烧室。
原则上讲，添加剂也可直接经过燃料注射泵19前面的旁管14’加到燃料管道。计量装置14有一只特殊的电控定量阀，这里没有标出。
燃料在内燃机2内燃烧时会产生大量的炭黑粒子，无论如何要降低其量，因为估计它可能对生命组织有较强致癌作用。
如上面已经提到，从内燃机2出来的炭黑粒子经排气管2a进入容器3，容器3内有本发明的炭黑粒子过滤元件。
图2表示带有本发明空心体(4)的容器3的原理构造。从内燃机2出来的炭黑粒子和气体进入容器3的进气管5。进气管5以适当的方式与容器3对中安装，端面16和16’通常设计成平面形，但是也可用一个锥形逐渐变细的过渡形式。
在内燃机2排气系统内安装容器3代替通常的消声器。在该结构型式内空心体4与容器3和进气管5对中。空心体4是一个圆筒，圆筒外表面7有很多通孔8，空心体4的端面用平盖20和21封住，平盖21有一个为进气管5留的孔。
含炭黑粒子的废气经进气管5进入空心体4内部并因自身形成的压力而挤压穿过过滤材料，废气中所含有炭黑粒子的90％以上被滤出。
为了不让空心体4内部的压差过分升高，必须对过滤材料的特性做相应选择。这就是实际困难并且为之本发明的任务，即要准备一种过滤件材料，这种材料不仅要保证一个较小的压差又要保证合理地起到过滤炭黑粒子作用。
在空心体4的左端象征性地表示本发明的陶瓷卷9，同样象证性表示穿过整个编织物的本发明金属丝13，本发明陶瓷卷的结构将在下面详细介绍。空心圈筒4内容有多个本发明的陶瓷卷9，用机械压力将陶瓷卷压缩到给定的密度。
陶瓷卷9的陶瓷线12表面上滤出的炭黑粒子在马达2启动的短时间后已经达到要求的燃点约320°-350℃，炭黑粒子在较低的温度迅速燃烧，因而起到深度过滤件的再生交流换热作用。
在图3再次以剖面图表示一段空心体4。该图表示了本发明的陶瓷卷9在空心体4内的装入状态和定位。由图还可看出，各个陶瓷卷9，10是用一种特殊陶瓷线从一端开始卷成套管22。陶瓷卷10表示未被挤压、未变形因而是未被压缩的原始状态的过滤件材料。
如已经提到，本发明陶瓷卷9，10是一个卷起来的纵向套管22，是以一定的编结方式编制成圆筒状。编织用“左-右”编结方式，网眼宽度(a)在4.5和7.5mm之间，编织分度约在5mm，如图4所示，这种编结方式和网眼宽度是经长时间试验后作为最理想的编结方式而确定下来的，因为它们能保证在相应的压缩时废气系统中具有所要求的必须的压差。穿过每个网眼的金属丝13同样起到了决定性作用。它一方面使整个陶瓷卷9具有所需要的弹性，又防止编织物逐渐被压实，因而能保证炭黑过滤件的耐用性。
编结套管所用的专用线12是由质地精细的、平均直径约6μm的陶瓷花丝12’组成。陶瓷花丝惯用的商业标号为Hakothem-1200，在商店可买到。陶瓷花丝的化学成份如下：
93.5％≤Sio2(二氧化硅)
4.0％＝Al2O3(三氧化二铝)
0.8％≥Na2O(氧化钠)
这种陶瓷材料具有很高的持久耐温性能，其耐温性在1000℃以上。此外，这种材料对很多化学物具有耐腐稳定性，除液态磷酸和强碱外。这种陶瓷花丝也不会伤皮肤和不损害健康。
线12是由许多精细的陶瓷花丝12’组合而成，花丝织成条纹状和搓成线。旁边或在线12断面内是本发明的金属线13，其穿过套管编织物的每个网眼，在该型式中金属线是由V4A-钢制作的，该种钢既能耐热，又有足够的弹性。
图6表示由一个纵向编结的套管22构成的本发明陶瓷卷9，10的制造工具，该工具由一根钢丝15制成，钢丝后部数厘米处(10-15cm)装有倒钩19，倒钩用所谓的挠性接头25固定在直径约4mm的钢丝15上。带有倒钩的钢丝端部在陶瓷-编织-套管的一端穿入套管22的整个圆周，然后由一个未详细介绍的传动装置24带动旋转。由于倒钩只有一端用挠性接头25同钢丝15相固定，倒钩就钩在编织物内并将套管22全部卷成肠形即所谓的陶瓷卷9。
成品卷9和10由一个专用工具装入空心体4(如图7所示)。在空心体4的外边缘位于开口端安装一配合环17，其纵向呈一个漏斗形，在空心体4中部是一个心棒18，其直径是上述陶瓷卷9，10的内径。予制好的陶瓷卷10可用手或机器放入空心体4内，装到一定数量的陶瓷卷10后，借助冲头23就可以把上面介绍的过滤材料压缩到与使用目的相适应的尺寸位置。对于外径在38mm的过滤件来说，所用的机械压力约在2kg/cm2，当长度为500mm时，陶瓷净重约850g。

Claims (19)

1.一种用于降低内燃机，尤其是柴油内燃机排放的炭黑粒子的的装置由一个带有进、出气管(5，6)的容器(3)和一个部分装有过滤材料编织物的空心体(4)组成，在内燃机前面将催化添加剂加给燃料，其特征在于：过滤材料有多个编织陶瓷卷(9)，陶瓷卷(9)用质地精细的陶瓷纤维线(12’)从端部开始卷成编结的套管(22)，陶瓷线内穿有一根耐热钢丝，套管(22)的粗网眼宽度有某一确定值且耐热钢丝(13)穿过编织物的每个网眼。
2.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：容器(3)和空心体(4)可采用任一合适形式以安装陶瓷卷(9)。
3.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：进气管(5)与容器(3)对中。
4.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：卷起来的陶瓷卷(9)以一定的压力互相挤压到某一定长度尺寸。
5.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：编织所用的陶瓷线(12)是由质地精细(6μ)陶瓷花丝(12’)组成，陶瓷线(12)直径约1mm，可织成条纹和搓成线。
6.按照权利要求1和2的装置，其特征在于：空心体(4)的壁有很多通孔(8)。
7.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：编织套管(22)的网眼宽度(a)约4.5mm，分度约5mm，采取“右-左编结”。
8.按照权利要求1和5的装置，其特征在于：过滤材料的化学成份组成为：
93.5％≤Sio2(二氧化硅)
4.0％＝Al2O3(三氧化二铝)
0.8％≥Na2O(氧化钠)
9.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：耐热钢丝由V4A-钢制成。
10.按照上述权利任一专利的装置，其特征在于：陶瓷编织物的耐热性能最高可经受1200℃。
11.按照权利要求1和2的装置，其特征在于：复壁空心体(4)的端部(20)是封住的。
12.按照权利要求1和4的装置，其特征在于：陶瓷编制卷(9)的压缩密度与单位时间内通过的气体量有关。
13.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：添加剂含铁，添加剂可将炭黑粒子的燃点降到300°-350℃。
14.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：添加剂由注射泵(12)加给燃料(柴油)。
15.按照权利要求14的装置，其特征在于：注射泵采用电控。
16.按照权利要求1的装置，其特征在于：深度过滤件可设计成插接式过滤件。
17.制造按照权利要求1的装置的方法，其特征在于：直径约4mm并带有多个倒钩的钢丝(15)穿过编织套管(22)的端部，倒钩钩在编织物内，钢丝(15)由传动装置(24)带动而旋转，直至套管(22)被卷起。
18.按照权利要求17的方法，其特征在于：卷起的编织套管(22)作为陶瓷卷(9)经一个特殊的附件(17，18)装入空心体(4)内，并由冲头(23)以2kg/cm2的力压紧，陶瓷卷(9)的陶瓷重量在其长度500mm、空心体(4)内径38mm时为850g。
19.按照权利要求18的方法，其特征在于：倒钩(19)在一个端部有一活接头(25)。
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