CN117693541A - 基于脂肪酸改性的聚醚多元醇和交联聚酯多元醇的硬质聚氨酯泡沫 - Google Patents
基于脂肪酸改性的聚醚多元醇和交联聚酯多元醇的硬质聚氨酯泡沫 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117693541A CN117693541A CN202280051128.3A CN202280051128A CN117693541A CN 117693541 A CN117693541 A CN 117693541A CN 202280051128 A CN202280051128 A CN 202280051128A CN 117693541 A CN117693541 A CN 117693541A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其中将(a)多异氰酸酯与(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、(c)任选地阻燃剂、(d)发泡剂、(e)催化剂和(f)任选地助剂和添加剂进行混合以得到反应混合物,并进行固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚多元醇(b1),其通过以下物质的反应而制备:基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的15重量%至40重量%的一种或多种平均官能度为2.5至8的多元醇或多胺,基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的2重量%至30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯,和基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的35重量%至70重量%的环氧丙烷,并且其中基于组分(b)的总重量计的至少20重量%包含具有2.8或更高的平均官能度和280mg KOH/g或更高的OH值的聚酯多元醇。本发明还涉及通过这种方法可获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于制备夹层部件的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其中将(a)多异氰酸酯与(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、(c)任选地阻燃剂、(d)发泡剂、(e)催化剂和(f)任选地助剂和添加剂进行混合以得到反应混合物,并进行固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫。其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚多元醇(b1),其通过以下物质的反应而制备:基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计的15重量%至40重量%的一种或多种平均官能度为2.5至8的多元醇或多胺(b11)、基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计的2重量%至30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯(b12)、和基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计的35重量%至70重量%的环氧丙烷(b13);以及基于组分(b)总重量计的至少20重量%的平均官能度为2.4或以上且OH值为280mgKOH/g或以上的聚酯多元醇(b2);以及任选地一种或多种胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3);一种或多种平均官能度为至少5.0的高官能聚醚多元醇(b4);以及一种或多种扩链剂和/或交联剂(b5);并且其中组分(b)除了组分(b1)至(b5)外,还包含基于组分(b)总重量计的少于20重量%的具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的其它化合物。本发明还涉及通过这种方法可获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于制备夹层部件的用途。
专利文献和其他文献中的许多出版物记载了通过多异氰酸酯与具有至少两个反应性氢原子的相对高分子量化合物的反应来制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫,具体地与由环氧烷聚合得到的聚醚多元醇或与由醇与二羧酸缩聚得到的聚酯多元醇在聚氨酯催化剂、扩链剂和/或交联剂、发泡剂和其它助剂及添加剂的存在下反应。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫通常作为保温材料用于隔热。该泡沫被用于例如生产冰箱、容器或具有至少一个外层的平面复合部件。这些要求硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有高机械强度、低导热性、高耐火性和尽可能无缺陷的表面。
特别是在建筑领域,例如对于由金属外层和聚氨酯芯组成的复合部件来说,硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有良好的阻燃性是特别重要的。出于这个原因,已开发出与硬质聚氨酯泡沫相比具有改进的阻燃性并使阻燃剂在反应组分中的比例显著降低的硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫。硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫通常被认为是指不仅含有氨基甲酸酯基团而且还含有异氰脲酸酯基团的泡沫。在本发明的上下文中,术语硬质聚氨酯泡沫也旨在包括硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫,当在大于180的异氰酸酯指数下工作时产生的聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫。与现有技术中目前已知的硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫相关的主要问题是泡沫与金属外层的粘附性不足。为了弥补这一缺点,通常在外层和泡沫之间施用粘附促进剂,如例如EP1516720中所记载的。此外,硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的加工通常需要大于60℃的高模具温度,以确保多异氰酸酯组分进行充分的三聚作用,从而获得更高的交联密度,由此获得泡沫中更良好的热稳定性、抗压强度和阻燃性。提高模具温度和施用粘附促进剂二者都会增加制备组件的复杂性并降低其成本效益,这就是为什么从生产和经济角度来看,这两种措施都是不可取的。
与硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫相比,硬质聚氨酯泡沫通常表现出明显更良好的泡沫与金属外层的粘附性,且可以在明显更低的加工温度下进行反应。
在160或以下的异氰酸酯指数下加工并通过根据DIN EN ISO 11925-2的垂直火焰测试的阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫通常包含显著更高比例的液态卤化阻燃剂。
例如,EP0757068 B1记载了一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,在该泡沫的制备中,在多元醇组分中使用了大量的氯化合物、溴化合物和磷化合物。然而,由于生态毒理学的原因和改善的二次燃烧现象,希望在多元醇组分中尽可能少地使用卤化阻燃剂,特别是溴化的阻燃剂。使用不含卤素的阻燃剂通常会导致泡沫的机械性能恶化,因为常见的液态的不含卤素的阻燃剂通常具有软化性能,且由于它们的气相活性降低,通常必须以显著更大的比例用于硬质聚氨酯泡沫的多元醇组分中,以便在泡沫中获得相当的阻燃性。
EP2561002 B1记载了组合物的多元醇组分,其包含脂肪酸基芳族聚酯多元醇和官能度为4-8且羟值为300-600mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇。该多元醇组分在平均异氰酸酯指数为170至230的范围内、在40℃至50℃的加工温度下进行反应,与传统的阻燃硬质PUR泡沫相比,可以显著节省阻燃剂。然而,这些PUR/PIR混合体系具有明显较差的固化特性,这可能导致在复合部件的制备过程中形成波纹。尤其是对厚度小于60mm的薄夹层部件的加工经常导致硬质泡沫在固化、对外层的粘附性和阻燃性方面的问题,原因在于反应混合物中的低量放热。
EP 3619250表明,将具有高比例的芳族曼尼希多元醇的特定多元醇组分与特定有机硅稳定剂组合进行使用,可以大幅度节省阻燃剂的量。然而,为此目的所需的大量曼尼希多元醇和其他的胺多元醇导致固化反应混合物中产生非常高的温度,这在夹层部件的连续生产中导致在板件中间的部件厚度显著更大,从而导致所生产的部件的平面性更差。在组件的不连续生产中,较长的脱模时间是必需的,这就是为什么不希望使用高比例的反应性芳族曼尼希多元醇的原因。
遗憾的是,使用EP 3619250中记载的泡沫稳定剂也经常导致泡沫稳定性不足,这就是为什么改善泡沫表面和减小平均泡孔尺寸是可取的,尤其是当使用含硅泡沫稳定剂时,其在根据DIN EN ISO 11925-2的火焰测试中具有有益效果。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫的一个普遍问题也是表面缺陷的形成,尤其是在与外层的界面处。这种泡沫表面缺陷导致形成不均匀的外表面,从而导致聚氨酯基组件中可见的瑕疵和增加的热导率。
因此,本发明的目的是改善已知硬质聚氨酯泡沫的性能分布。具体地,本发明的目的是提供一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其具有优异的阻燃性、优异的机械性能(例如抗压强度和脆度)、优异的导热性和优异的表面质量。另一个目的是提供一种制备这种硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,该方法即使在低于60℃,特别地50℃或以下的模具温度下也能将反应混合物快速固化为泡沫,并展现出与外层的良好粘附性,例如在制备夹层部件时。
该目的通过制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法而实现,其中将(a)多异氰酸酯与(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、(c)任选地阻燃剂、(d)发泡剂、(e)催化剂和(f)任选地助剂和添加剂进行混合以得到反应混合物,并进行固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫。其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚多元醇(b1),其通过以下物质的反应而制备:基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计的15重量%至40重量%的一种或多种平均官能度为2.5至8的多元醇或多胺(b11)、基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计的2重量%至30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯(b12)、以及基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计的35重量%至70重量%的环氧丙烷(b13);以及其中基于组分(b)总重量计的至少20重量%的平均官能度为2.4或以上且OH值为280mgKOH/g或以上的聚酯多元醇(b2);以及任选地一种或多种胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3);一种或多种平均官能度为至少5.0的高官能聚醚多元醇(b4);以及一种或多种扩链剂和/或交联剂(b5);并且其中组分(b)除了组分(b1)至(b5)外,还包含基于组分(b)总重量计的少于20重量%的具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的其它化合物。本发明还涉及通过这种方法可获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于制备夹层部件的用途。
在本发明的上下文中,硬质聚氨酯泡沫被认为是指泡沫聚氨酯,优选依照DIN7726的泡沫,其具有根据DIN 53 421/DIN EN ISO 604大于或等于80kPa,优选大于或等于150kPa,更优选大于或等于180kPa的抗压强度。此外,硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有根据DIN ISO4590大于50%,优选大于85%,更优选大于90%的闭孔含量。
有用的多异氰酸酯(a)是本身已知的脂族多官能异氰酸酯、脂环族多官能异氰酸酯、芳脂族多官能异氰酸酯和优选地芳族多官能异氰酸酯。这些多官能异氰酸酯本身是已知的,或者可以通过本身已知的方法制备。多官能异氰酸酯特别地也可以以混合物的形式使用,以使得组分(a)在这种情况下包含不同的多官能异氰酸酯。可用作多异氰酸酯的多官能异氰酸酯每分子具有两个异氰酸酯基团(这些在下文中是指二异氰酸酯)或两个以上的异氰酸酯基团。
其中具体包括:在亚烷基中具有4至12个碳原子的二异氰酸亚烷基酯,例如1,12-十二烷基二异氰酸酯、1,4-二异氰酸2-乙基四亚甲基酯、1,5-二异氰酸2-甲基五亚甲基酯、1,4-二异氰酸四亚甲基酯,且优选为1,6-二异氰酸六亚甲基酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如1,3-二异氰酸环己烷酯及1,4-二异氰酸环己烷酯以及这些异构体的任何混合物、1-异氰酸基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸基甲基环己烷(IPDI)、2,4-二异氰酸六氢甲苯基酯及2,6-二异氰酸六氢甲苯基酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二环己基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯及二环己基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,且优选为芳族多异氰酸酯,例如2,4-二异氰酸甲苯基酯及2,6-二异氰酸甲苯基酯及相应的异构体混合物(TDI)、二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯及二苯基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯及具有附加环的二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯同系物及相应的混合物(MDI)、二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯及二苯基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯的混合物,以及多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯(聚合物MDI),及MDI与TDI的混合物。
特别合适的多异氰酸酯是二苯基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯和/或二苯基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯和具有附加环的二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯同系物(MDI)、二异氰酸1,5-萘基酯(NDI)、二异氰酸2,4-甲苯基酯和/或二异氰酸2,6-甲苯基酯(TDI)、二异氰酸3,3’-二甲基联苯酯、1,2-二苯基乙烷二异氰酸酯和/或二异氰酸对亚苯基酯(PPDI)、二异氰酸三亚甲基酯、二异氰酸四亚甲基酯、二异氰酸五亚甲基酯、二异氰酸六亚甲基酯、二异氰酸七亚甲基酯和/或二异氰酸八亚甲基酯、1,5-二异氰酸2-甲基五亚甲基酯、1,4-二异氰酸2-乙基亚丁酯、1,5-二异氰酸五亚甲基酯、1,4-二异氰酸亚丁酯、1-异氰酸基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸基甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,IPDI)、1,4-双(异氰酸基甲基)环己烷和/或1,3-双(异氰酸基甲基)环己烷(HXDI)、二异氰酸1,4-环己烷酯、1-甲基-2,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯和/或1-甲基-2,6-环己烷二异氰酸酯及二环己基甲烷4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷2,4’-二异氰酸酯和/或二环己基甲烷2,2’-二异氰酸酯。
也经常使用经改性的多异氰酸酯,即,通过有机多异氰酸酯的化学反应获得的产物,所述产物的每个分子具有至少两个反应性异氰酸酯基团。可以特别提及的是含有酯基、脲基、缩二脲基、脲甲酸酯基、碳化二亚胺基、异氰脲酸酯基、脲二酮基、氨基甲酸酯基和/或氨基甲酸酯基的多异氰酸酯,经常也与未反应的多异氰酸酯一起。
组分(a)的多异氰酸酯特别优选包含2,2'-MDI或2,4'-MDI或4,4'-MDI(也称为单体二苯甲烷或MMDI)或低聚MDI(其由总共有至少3个芳环且官能度至少为3的具有附加环的MDI同系物组成)或这些异构体中的至少两种的混合物,任选地还有至少一种MDI异构体与至少一种具有附加环的MDI低聚物的混合物,或在MDI生产中获得的粗MDI,或优选至少一种带有附加环的MDI低聚物与至少一种上述低分子量MDI衍生物2,2'-MDI、2,4'-MDI或4,4'-MDI的混合物(也称为聚合MDI)。MDI异构体和同系物通常通过蒸馏粗MDI获得。
特别优选使用聚合MDI作为异氰酸酯(a)。聚合MDI的平均官能度优选在2.2至4的范围内变化,更优选在2.4至3.8的范围内,特别是在2.6至3.0的范围内。聚合MDI由例如BASF Polyurethanes GmbH以M20或M50的名称市售。
组分(a)优选包含基于组分(a)的总重量计至少70重量%,更优选至少90重量%,特别是100重量%的一种或多种选自2,2'-MDI、2,4'-MDI、4,4'-MDI和MDI低聚物的异氰酸酯。低聚MDI的含量在此处优选为至少20重量%,更优选为大于30重量%至小于80重量%,基于组分(a)的总重量计。
所使用的组分(a)的粘度可以在宽范围内变化。组分(a)优选在25℃下具有100至3000mPa·s的粘度,更优选100至1000mPa·s,特别是100至600mPa·s,尤其是200至600mPa·s,更尤其是400至600mPa.s。
具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物(b)包含至少一种脂肪酸基的聚醚多元醇(b1)和至少一种聚酯多元醇(b2),聚酯多元醇(b2)的重量比为至少20重量%,基于组分(b)的总重量计。
脂肪酸基的聚醚(b1)可以经由基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计15重量%至40重量%的一种或多种平均官能度为2.5至8的多元醇或多胺(b11)、基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计2重量%至30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯(b12)以及基于脂肪酸基聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计35重量%至70重量%的环氧丙烷(b13)的反应而制备。
聚醚醇(b1)是根据已知的方法制备的,例如通过在催化剂的存在下使包含环氧丙烷(b13)在内的环氧烷类的阴离子聚合而制备,其中加入至少一种含有2至8个,优选2至6个连接的活性氢原子的多元醇(b11)作为起始分子,以及加入一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯(b12)作为共起始剂。多元醇(b11)的比例在此处为15重量%至40重量%,优选18重量%至35重量%,特别是20重量%至30重量%,共起始剂的比例为2重量%至30重量%,优选3重量%至25重量%,特别是5重量%至20重量%,在每种情况下基于聚醚醇(b1)的总重量计。
起始分子(b11)和(b12)的平均(标称)官能度在此处为至少2.5,优选2.6至8,更优选2.7至6.5,特别是3至6。在本申请的上下文中,平均官能度是聚醚醇的平均标称官能度。这是指起始分子的官能度。如果使用具有不同官能度的起始分子的混合物,则可以获得部分官能度。标称官能度中不考虑例如副反应对官能度的影响。
作为催化剂,可以使用碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾,或碱金属醇盐,例如甲醇钠、乙醇钠、乙醇钾或异丙醇钾,或者在阳离子聚合的情况下,可以使用路易斯酸,例如五氯化锑、三氟化硼醚化物或漂白土作为催化剂。也可以使用胺型烷氧基化催化剂,例如二甲基乙醇胺(DMEOA)、咪唑和咪唑衍生物。可使用的催化剂还包括双金属氰化物化合物,即所谓的DMC催化剂。
所用的环氧烷是环氧丙烷(b13),任选地与其它环氧烷一起使用。使用的其他环氧烷优选为一种或多种在亚烷基中具有2至4个碳原子的化合物,例如四氢呋喃、1,2-环氧丙烷、环氧乙烷或1,2-环氧丁烷或2,3-环氧丁烷,在每种情况下单独或以混合物的形式使用。优选使用环氧乙烷和/或1,2-环氧丙烷,尤其是仅使用1,2-环氧丙烷。环氧丙烷的比例基于聚醚多元醇(b1)总重量计为35重量%至70重量%,优选40重量%至65重量%。
有用的多元醇(b11)是含有羟基或胺基的化合物,例如乙二醇、二甘醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、诸如蔗糖等糖衍生物、诸如山梨糖醇等己糖醇衍生物、甲胺、乙胺、异丙胺、丁胺、苄胺、苯胺、甲苯胺、甲苯二胺(TDA)、萘胺、乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、4,4'-亚甲基二苯胺、1,3-二氨基丙烷、1,6-二氨基己烷、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺,以及其他二元醇或多元醇或单官能胺或多官能胺。由于这些高官能化合物在通常的烷氧基化反应条件下以固态形式存在,因此通常习惯于将它们与其它引发剂混合进行烷氧基化。这类合适的其他引发剂的实例包括水、低级多元醇,例如丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、二甘醇、乙二醇、丙二醇及其同系物。
有用的其它引发剂(b12)的实例包括有机脂肪酸、脂肪酸单酯和脂肪酸甲酯,例如油酸、硬脂酸、油酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯或生物柴油;这些有助于提高发泡剂在制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫中的溶解度。本文中,对于本发明至关重要的是,起始分子(b11和b12)的平均官能度为至少2.5。
优选用于制备聚醚多元醇(b1)的多元醇(b11)是山梨糖醇、蔗糖、乙二胺、TDA、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、丙三醇和二甘醇。特别优选的起始分子是蔗糖、丙三醇、TDA和乙二胺,特别是蔗糖和/或丙三醇。在特别优选的实施方案中,将包含蔗糖和/或丙三醇的混合物,特别是丙三醇和蔗糖的混合物作为多元醇(b11)使用。
组分(b1)中使用的脂肪酸基的聚醚多元醇优选官能度为2.5至8,特别优选2.8至7,更优选3至6,以及特别是3.5至5.5且数均分子量优选为100至1200,更优选150至800,特别是250至600。组分(b1)的聚醚多元醇的OH值优选为1200至100mg KOH/g,优选1000至200mg KOH/g,以及特别是800至350mg KOH/g。
根据本发明,组分(b)包含至少20重量%,优选至少30重量%,特别是至少40重量%的一种或多种聚酯多元醇(b2),其平均官能度为2.4或以上,优选2.4至8,更优选2.4至5,且OH值为280mg KOH/g或以上,优选290至500mg KOH/g,特别是300至400mg KOH/g。合适的聚酯多元醇(b2)可以通过使多羧酸(特别是二羧酸)和多元醇反应而获得,其中所用的醇组分过量。所用的多羧酸可以是脂族多羧酸、芳族多羧酸或其混合物及其衍生物。选择起始物质的官能度,使得获得官能度为至少2.4的聚酯多元醇。所用的羧酸衍生物可以是例如具有1至4个碳原子的醇的单体、二聚体、低聚体或聚合多羧酸酯或者多羧酸酐。多羧酸还包括官能化的羧酸,例如羟基羧酸。
在特别优选的实施方案中,使用至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)作为聚酯多元醇(b2)。芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)包含至少50摩尔%,优选至少80摩尔%,特别是100摩尔%的母体酸组分(芳族多羧酸)。术语“母体酸组分”包括多羧酸及其衍生物,例如酸酐和酯。芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)优选官能度为2.4至3.5,更优选2.4至3.0,以及特别是2.45至2.8,且OH值为280至330mg KOH/g,更优选290至320mg KOH/g。
在进一步优选的实施方案中,使用至少一种脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)作为聚酯多元醇。脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)包含至少50摩尔%,优选至少80摩尔%,特别是100摩尔%的母体酸组分(脂族多羧酸)。脂肪族聚酯多元醇(b2b)优选官能度为2.4至4.5,更优选大于2.8至4.0,特别是大于3.0至3.5,且OH值为300至400mg KOH/g,更优选340至380mg KOH/g。
芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)和脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)可以一起使用,但优选使用芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)或脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)两者中的一种。
多羧酸包括二羧酸和诸如三羧酸等的更高官能羧酸。所用的脂族二羧酸或脂族二羧酸衍生物优选为己二酸、戊二酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、丙二酸、马来酸、草酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸或其衍生物。脂族多羧酸衍生物的实例是己二酸二甲酯和己二酸二乙酯。特别优选使用己二酸、戊二酸或琥珀酸或其衍生物,最优选己二酸或己二酸的衍生物。
优选的脂族官能化羧酸是羟基羧酸、氨基羧酸、卤代羧酸、醛基羧酸或酮基羧酸。优选使用诸如6-羟基己酸等的羟基羧酸或酮基羧酸。优选仅使用官能化多羧酸用于制备脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b),即芳族聚酯多元醇(b1a)优选不包含残留量的官能化羧酸。
作为芳族二羧酸或作为芳族二羧酸衍生物,优选使用邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸或其衍生物,例如对苯二甲酸二甲酯、对苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、低聚或聚合对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯及其再循环物,和低聚或聚合对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯及其再循环物,以混合物或单独的形式使用,优选使用邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐和对苯二甲酸。特别优选使用对苯二甲酸或对苯二甲酸二甲酯,尤其是对苯二甲酸。
除了脂族多羧酸和/或芳族多羧酸和/或官能化的脂族羧酸之外,还可以使用单官能羧酸或单官能羧酸的反应产物。所使用的单官能羧酸可以是例如具有1至24个碳原子的饱和或不饱和单羧酸。实例为甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丙烯酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、苯甲酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、癸酸和脂肪酸,例如月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、蓖麻油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸。
作为单官能羧酸的反应产物,也可以使用生物基的原料和/或其衍生物,例如蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、经羟基改性的油、葡萄籽油、黑色小茴香油、南瓜籽油、琉璃苣种子油、大豆油、小麦籽油、菜籽油、向日葵籽油、花生油、杏仁油(apricot kernel oil)、开心果油、杏仁油(almond oil)、橄榄油、夏威夷坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、大麻籽油、榛子油、月见草油、野玫瑰油、红花油、胡桃油,及基于肉豆蔻油酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、异油酸、岩芹酸、鳕油酸、芥子酸、神经酸、亚麻油酸、o-次亚麻油酸及y-次亚麻油酸、十八碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鲱鱼酸及二十二碳六烯酸的脂肪酸酯。
在将单官能羧酸或其衍生物用于制备聚酯多元醇(b2)中的情况下,优选在量上使得聚酯多元醇(b2)包含基于其总重量计≤5重量%,特别是≤2.5重量%的脂肪酸部分以及尤其完全不含脂肪酸部分。
多元醇的实例有:乙二醇、二甘醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷和季戊四醇及其醇盐。优选使用乙二醇、二甘醇、丙二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷或其醇盐,或至少两种所列举的多元醇的混合物,特别是二甘醇和/或丙三醇。
在一个具体的实施方案中,所用的芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)是在聚酯多元醇(b2)中1,2-苯二甲酸、1,3-苯二甲酸和1,4-苯二甲酸部分的含量为至少30重量%,优选35重量%至75重量%,更优选40重量%至70重量%,特别是45重量%至65重量%的聚酯多元醇,在每种情况下基于聚酯多元醇(b2)的总重量计。高芳族化合物含量在此处对耐火性能具有有益效果。
在另一个具体的实施方案中,所用的脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)是使用在环己烷氧化为环己醇和环己酮中形成的废料与诸如己二酸、6-羟基己酸、戊酸、丁酸、乙酸、己酸、甲酸、琥珀酸、丙酸、异戊酸等的羧酸和水以及诸如低聚物、酮酸、环己酮二聚体或焦油物质的其它物质的混合物制备而成的脂族聚酯多元醇。这种酯的制备记载于例如US 9 982 089 B2中。
特别优选地,脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)的缩合通过使混合物缩合来实现,所述混合物包含20重量%至27重量%的己二酸、10重量%至15重量%的6-羟基己酸、10重量%至13重量%的戊酸、20重量%至45重量%丁酸、2重量%至3重量%的乙酸、1重量%至3重量%的己酸、最高至1.5重量%的甲酸、最高至1重量%的琥珀酸、最高至1%重量的丙酸、最高至0.5重量%的异戊酸和约10重量%至22重量%的水,以及最高至25%未进一步确认的物质,例如低聚物、酮酸、环己酮二聚体或焦油。
高脂族化合物含量对泡沫质量和可加工性具有有益效果。此外,使用这种聚酯多元醇可以使回收材料在所得到的硬质泡沫中的比例增加。
聚酯多元醇(b2)的制备是已知的。为了制备聚酯多元醇(b2),脂族多羧酸和/或芳族多羧酸或其衍生物以及(如果有的话)单羧酸和/或其衍生物和/或官能化羧酸和/或其衍生物可以在没有催化剂或优选存在酯化催化剂的情况下与多元醇进行缩聚作用(适当地在诸如氮气等的惰性气体氛围中,在150℃至280℃,优选180℃至260℃的温度下处于熔化状态,任选地在减压条件下)至所需的酸值,酸值有利地小于10,优选小于2。在一个优选的实施方案中,酯化混合物在上述温度下、在大气压下、以及在小于500毫巴,优选40至400毫巴的压力下进行缩聚至80至20,优选40至20的酸值。合适的酯化催化剂的实例是金属、金属氧化物或金属盐形式的铁、镉、钴、铅、锌、锑、镁、钛和锡催化剂。然而,缩聚也可以在液相中在稀释剂和/或夹带剂(例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯或氯苯)存在下进行,以通过蒸馏冷凝水进行共沸去除。
除了脂肪酸基的聚醚多元醇(b1)和聚酯多元醇(b2)之外,具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物(b)可以包含胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3)和高官能聚醚多元醇(b4)以及扩链剂和交联剂(b5)。
胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3)和高官能聚醚醇(b4)可通过起始分子的烷氧基化以类似于聚醚多元醇(b1)的方式获得。就胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3)而言,优选使用乙二胺、甲苯二胺或其混合物作为起始分子。在本发明的上下文中,不认为曼尼希化合物是胺起始多元醇。胺起始聚醚(b3)的羟基值优选为200至850,更优选为400至800,特别是500至800mg KOH/g。
就高官能聚醚多元醇(b4)而言,平均(标称)官能度为至少5.0,优选5.5至8,更优选5.6至6.5。所用的起始分子优选为诸如蔗糖等的糖分子,更优选与丙三醇的混合物。高官能聚醚(b4)的羟基值优选为至少400,更优选为400至900,特别是410至700mg KOH/g。
用于制备胺起始聚醚醇(b3)和高官能聚醚醇(b4)的环氧烷可以是在(b1)中提及的环氧烷,单独或以混合物形式使用。优选使用环氧乙烷和/或1,2-环氧丙烷,尤其是仅使用1,2-环氧丙烷。胺起始聚醚醇(b3)和高官能聚醚醇(b4)可以同样通过与用于制备聚醚醇(b1)的方法类似的方法而制备。
组分(b)可以进一步包含扩链剂和/或交联剂(b5),用于例如改变机械性能,如硬度。所使用的扩链剂和/或交联剂是二醇和/或三醇以及分子量小于150g/mol,优选为60至130g/mol的氨基醇。有用的化合物包括例如具有2至8个,优选2至6个碳原子的脂族二醇、脂环族二醇和/或芳脂族二醇,例如乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、二甘醇、二丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、邻二羟基环己烷、间二羟基环己烷和对二羟基环己烷,以及双(2-羟乙基)对苯二酚。同样有用的化合物是脂族三醇和脂环族三醇,例如丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷和1,2,4-三羟基环己烷和1,3,5-三羟基环己烷。
在将扩链剂、交联剂或其混合物用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的情况下,适当地以0重量%至15重量%,优选0重量%至5重量%的量使用,基于组分(b)的总重量计。组分(b)优选包含小于2重量%的扩链剂和/或交联剂(b5),更优选小于1重量%,特别地完全不包含。
如果在此处聚醚多元醇(b1)是胺起始的或具有5.0或更大的官能度,则在本发明的上下文中认为它是聚醚多元醇(b1),而不是聚醚多元醇(b3)或聚醚多元醇(b4)。
组分(b)优选包含10重量%至40重量%,优选12重量%至35重量%的脂肪酸基的聚醚多元醇(b1);20重量%至65重量%,优选25重量%至65重量%,更优选30重量%至60重量%,特别是40重量%至60重量%的聚酯多元醇(b2);0重量%至20重量%,优选5重量%至15重量%的胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3);0重量%至30重量%,优选5重量%至25重量%的高官能聚醚多元醇(b4);以及0重量%至5重量%的扩链剂和/或交联剂(b5),在每种情况下基于组分(b)的总重量计。
除了组分(b1)至(b5)之外,组分(b)优选还包含在每种情况下基于组分(b)的总重量计小于20重量%,更优选小于10重量%的具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的其它化合物,特别地不包含这种其它化合物。组分(B)的平均官能度在此处优选为3.0至6.0,且羟基值为350至900mg KOH/g。
本发明所用的组分(b)更优选具有300至600mg KOH/g,特别是350至550mg KOH/g的平均羟基值。羟基值根据DIN 53240进行测定。
一般可用作阻燃剂(c)的是现有技术中已知的阻燃剂。合适的阻燃剂的实例为溴化酯、溴化醚(Ixol)或溴化醇(如二溴新戊醇、三溴新戊醇及2-(2-羟乙氧基)乙基2-羟丙基3,4,5,6-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯(PHT-4-二醇TM),以及氯化磷酸酯(如,磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(1,3-二氯丙基酯)、磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸三(2,3-二溴丙基)酯、亚乙基二磷酸四(2-氯乙基)酯、甲烷膦酸二甲酯、二乙醇氨基甲基膦酸二乙酯,以及市售的卤化的阻燃剂多元醇。可作为液体阻燃剂采用的其他磷酸酯或膦酸酯包括乙烷膦酸二乙酯(DEEP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)、丙基膦酸二甲酯(DMPP)和磷酸二苯甲苯酯(DPC)。
为使硬质聚氨酯泡沫能够阻燃,除上文提及的阻燃剂外,还可使用无机或有机阻燃剂,如红磷、包含红磷的制剂、水合氧化铝、三氧化锑、氧化砷、聚磷酸铵及硫酸钙、可膨胀石墨或三聚氰酸衍生物(如三聚氰胺),或至少两种阻燃剂的混合物,例如聚磷酸铵与三聚氰胺及任选的玉米淀粉,或聚磷酸铵、三聚氰胺、可膨胀石墨及任选的芳香族聚酯多元醇。
优选使用在室温下为液体的阻燃剂。特别优选TCPP、TEP、DEEP、DMPP、DPC、PHT4二醇TM、溴化醚和三溴新戊醇,尤其是TCPP、TEP和PHT4-二醇TM,特别是TCPP。在特别优选的实施方案中,阻燃剂(c)包含含磷的阻燃剂,并且磷的含量基于组分(a)至(f)的总重量计优选为0.9重量%至1.5重量%。特别优选仅使用含磷的阻燃剂作为阻燃剂。
阻燃剂(c)的比例通常为10重量%至55重量%,优选20重量%至50重量%,更优选25重量%至35重量%,基于组分(b)至(f)的总和计。
根据本发明,使用至少一种发泡剂(d)。用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的发泡剂优选包括水、甲酸及其混合物。这些发泡剂与异氰酸酯基反应,形成二氧化碳,且在甲酸存在的情况下,形成二氧化碳及一氧化碳。这些发泡剂被称为化学性发泡剂,因为它们通过与异氰酸酯基进行反应来释放气体。此外,可以使用物理性发泡剂,如低沸点烃。适合的材料为对所用的异氰酸酯呈惰性且在大气压下沸点低于100℃,优选为低于50℃的液体,从而使其在放热加成聚合反应的影响下蒸发。优选使用的这些液体的实例为具有4至8个碳原子的脂族烃或脂环族烃,如庚烷、己烷及异戊烷,优选为正戊烷与异戊烷、正丁烷与异丁烷及丙烷的工艺混合物;环烷烃,如环戊烷和/或环己烷;醚类,如呋喃、二甲醚及二乙醚;酮类,如丙酮及甲基乙基酮;羧酸烷基酯,如甲酸甲酯、草酸二甲酯及乙酸乙酯;及卤化烃,如二氯甲烷、二氯单氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、三氟甲烷、二氟乙烷、四氟乙烷、氯二氟乙烷、1,1-二氯-2,2,2-三氟乙烷、2,2-二氯-2-氟乙烷及七氟丙烷。也可以使用这些低沸点液体彼此间的混合物和/或其与其他经取代或未经取代的烃的混合物。其他合适的化合物的实例为有机羧酸,如甲酸、乙酸、草酸、蓖麻油酸及含羧基的化合物。优选不使用卤代烃作为发泡剂。优选使用水、甲酸-水混合物或甲酸作为化学发泡剂,特别优选的化学发泡剂是水或甲酸-水混合物,特别地仅使用水。
优选地,发泡剂(d)包含作为物理发泡剂的具有4至8个碳原子的脂族烃或脂环族烃,更优选戊烷异构体,或戊烷异构体的混合物。化学发泡剂可以单独使用,即不添加物理发泡剂使用,或者与物理发泡剂一起使用。化学发泡剂优选与物理发泡剂一起使用,优选将水或甲酸-水混合物与戊烷异构体或戊烷异构体的混合物一起使用。
发泡剂或发泡剂混合物的用量通常为1重量%至30重量%,优选1.5重量%至20重量%,更优选2.0重量%至15重量%,在每种情况下基于组分(b)至(f)的总和计。如果水或甲酸-水混合物用作发泡剂,则优选以0.2重量%至6重量%加入组分(b)中,基于组分(b)计。水或甲酸-水混合物可以与使用其他所述发泡剂组合进行添加。优选将水或甲酸-水混合物与戊烷组合使用。
用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的催化剂e)特别地为能够大幅加速多异氰酸酯a)与含有反应性氢原子(特别是羟基)的组分b)中的化合物反应的化合物。
使用碱性聚氨酯催化剂是有利的,例如叔胺,如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基苯甲胺、二环己基甲胺、二甲基环己胺、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基二氨基二乙醚、双(二甲基氨基丙基)脲、N-甲基吗啉或N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基丁烷二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基己烷-1,6-二胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、二甲基哌嗪、N-二甲基氨基乙基哌啶、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环-[2.2.0]辛烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(Dabco),及烷醇胺化合物,如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺及N-乙基二乙醇胺、二甲基氨基乙醇、2-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇、N,N’,N”-三(二烷基氨基-烷基)六氢三嗪,例如N,N’,N”-三(二甲基氨基丙基)-s-六氢三嗪,及三亚乙基二胺。
其他有用的催化剂包括:脒类,如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶;氢氧化四烷基铵,如氢氧化四甲基铵;碱金属氢氧化物,如氢氧化钠;及碱金属醇盐,如甲醇钠及异丙醇钾;具有10至20个碳原子且任选具有侧OH基的长链脂肪酸的碱金属羧酸盐及碱金属盐。
同样有用的用于NCO基团彼此间三聚合反应的催化剂包括:形成异氰脲酸酯基的催化剂,例如单独或与叔胺结合的铵离子盐或碱金属盐,特别为羧酸铵或碱金属羧酸盐。异氰脲酸酯的形成导致比氨基甲酸酯键更大的泡沫中的交联以及更高的阻燃性。
优选使用至少一种碱性聚氨酯催化剂,优选选自叔胺。特别优选使用发泡催化剂,如双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、2-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇或N,N,N-(三甲基-N-羟乙基(双(氨基乙基)乙醚))。最优选使用双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚或五甲基二亚乙基三胺作为唯一的胺型聚氨酯催化剂。优选地,另外使用选自三聚催化剂的至少一种催化剂,优选铵离子盐或碱金属盐,更优选铵羧酸盐或碱金属羧酸盐。最优选使用乙酸钾或甲酸钾作为唯一的三聚催化剂。
特别优选使用包含叔胺作为聚氨酯催化剂以及金属羧酸盐或铵羧酸盐作为三聚催化剂的催化剂混合物作为催化剂(e)。
催化剂适当地以最小的有效量使用。组分(e)在组分(b)至(e)的总量中的比例优选为0.01重量%至15重量%,特别是0.05重量%至10重量%,尤其是0.1重量%至5重量%。
可以任选地将其他助剂和/或添加剂(f)添加到反应混合物中用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫。实例包括泡沫稳定剂、表面活性物质、泡孔调节剂(cell regulator)、填充剂、染料、颜料、水解抑制剂、抑真菌物质及抑细菌物质。
所采用的含硅泡沫稳定剂(F)是使具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基(B)呈反应性的氢原子的化合物的表面张力降低的硅基化合物。这些物质优选为具有两亲性结构的化合物,即在其中分子的两个部分具有不同的极性。硅基的泡孔稳定剂优选具有包含有机硅单元(例如二甲基硅氧烷或甲基苯基硅氧烷)的分子的一部分,以及具有类似于来自组分(B)的多元醇的化学结构的分子的一部分。这些优选为聚氧亚烷基单元。所采用的含硅泡孔稳定剂(F)优选为聚硅氧烷-聚氧亚烷基嵌段共聚物,其氧亚乙基含量为大于20重量%,更优选大于75重量%,基于聚氧亚烷基单元的总比例计。这些优选地具有聚环氧乙烷单元和/或聚环氧丙烷单元。聚氧亚烷基侧链的分子量优选至少为1000g/mol侧链。这些化合物是已知的,记载于例如“Kunststoffhandbuch”《塑料手册》,第7卷,“Polyurethane”《聚氨酯》,CarlHanser Verlag,第3版,1993,第3.4.4.2章,并可以例如通过硅氧烷(如聚二甲基硅氧烷)与聚氧亚烷基(特别是聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧丙烷或者聚环氧乙烷与聚环氧丙烷的共聚物)的反应而制备。这使得可以获得具有氧亚烷基链作为端基或作为一个或多个侧链的聚硅氧烷-聚氧亚烷基嵌段共聚物。含硅泡沫稳定剂可以具有OH基团。特别优选使用这类物质作为含硅泡沫稳定剂,如EP 3619250中所记载的。
含硅泡沫稳定剂优选以0.1重量%至10重量%,更优选0.5重量%至5重量%,特别是1重量%-4重量%的含硅泡沫稳定剂使用,基于组分(b)至(f)的总重量计。此处除含硅泡沫稳定剂外,还优选使用小于20重量%,特别优选小于10重量%,更优选小于5重量%的其它在聚氨酯中通常用作泡沫稳定剂的化合物,特别是不使用这样的其它化合物。所示的量在每种情况下基于含硅泡沫稳定剂和其它泡沫稳定剂的总重量计。
有用的表面活性物质包括例如支持原料均化的化合物。实例包括乳化剂(如蓖麻油硫酸盐或脂肪酸的钠盐),以及脂肪酸与胺的盐(如二乙胺油酸盐、二乙醇胺硬脂酸盐、二乙醇胺蓖麻油酸盐),磺酸盐(如十二烷基苯磺酸或二萘基甲烷二磺酸的碱金属盐或铵盐),及蓖麻油酸盐;乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂肪醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯或蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油(Turkey red oil)及花生油;及泡孔调节剂,如石蜡、脂肪醇及二甲基聚硅氧烷。适用于改善乳化作用、泡孔结构和/或使泡沫稳定的其他材料为上述具有以聚环氧烷基团及氟烷烃基团作为侧基的寡聚丙烯酸酯。
填料,特别是增强填料,应理解为是指常规的有机及无机填料、增强剂、增重剂、用于改善油漆磨损行为的助剂、涂料组合物等,这些物质是本身已知的。具体实例包括:无机填料,如含硅矿物,例如层状硅酸盐,如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石类、纤蛇纹石(chrysotile)及滑石;金属氧化物,如高岭土、铝氧化物、钛氧化物及铁氧化物;金属盐,如,白垩、重晶石;及无机颜料,如硫化镉及硫化锌,以及玻璃等。优选使用高岭土(瓷土)、硅酸铝,及硫酸钡与硅酸铝的共沉淀物,以及天然及合成纤维矿物(如硅灰石)、金属纤维且特别是各种长度的玻璃纤维,其可任选地经调整尺寸。有用的有机填料的实例包括:碳、三聚氰胺、松香、环戊二烯基树脂及接枝聚合物,以及纤维素纤维、聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯腈纤维、聚氨酯纤维以及源自芳香族和/或脂肪族二羧酸酯的聚酯纤维且特别是碳纤维。
无机填充剂及有机填充剂可单独使用或以混合物形式使用,如果使用,则有利地以0.5重量%至50重量%,优选为1重量%至40重量%的量添加至反应混合物中,基于组分b)至f)的重量计;然而由天然及合成纤维制成的毡片、无纺布及机织物的含量可达至多80重量%,基于组分b)至f)的重量计。
关于上述助剂及添加剂(f)的其他详情可见于技术文献中,例如下述的专题著作:J.H.Saunders and K.C.Frisch“High Polymers”卷XVI,Polyurethanes,部分1和2,VerlagInterscience Publishers 1962和1964,或Kunststoff-Handbuch《塑料手册》,Polyurethane《聚氨酯》,卷VII,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第1和2版,1966和1983及1993。
为制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫,将多异氰酸酯(a)和化合物(b)、(d)、(e)以及(如果有的话)(c)和(f)以异氰酸酯指数在90和180之间,优选在100和160之间,更优选在105和150之间的量进行反应。异氰酸酯指数是异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的基团的摩尔比乘以100。
在15℃至90℃,优选20℃至60℃,特别是20℃至45℃的温度下混合起始组分。可以通过高压或低压计量机器将反应混合物倒入封闭的支撑工具中。该技术用于生产例如不连续的夹层部件。
此处优选使用多元醇组分(B)。用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的多元醇组分(B)是本发明组分(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物和(e)催化剂的预混合物。向该预混物中可进一步添加(全部或部分地)组分(d)发泡剂以及(如果有的话)(c)阻燃剂和(f)助剂及添加剂。这有助于制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,因为必须计量加入来制备反应混合物的组分更少。
优选在连续运行的双带设备上制备本发明的硬质泡沫。此处,多元醇组分(B)和异氰酸酯组分(a)通过高压机器计量加入并在混合头中混合。具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的化合物(b)也可以预先用单独的泵、催化剂和/或发泡剂计量加入。将反应混合物连续地施用至下部外层上。带有反应混合物的下部外层和上部外层进入双带,在其中反应混合物发泡并固化。在离开双带时,连续的片材被切割成所需的尺寸。可以用这种方式制备具有金属外层的夹层部件或具有柔性外层的隔热部件。
作为下部外层和上部外层(其可以相同或不同),可以使用通常在双带工艺中采用的柔性外层或硬质外层。这些包含由诸如铝或钢的金属制成的外层、由沥青、纸、无纺布、塑料板(例如聚苯乙烯板)、塑料膜(例如聚乙烯膜)制成的外层或由木材制成的外层。此处外层也可以是被涂覆的,例如涂覆有常规的表面涂层。
通过本发明的方法制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的密度为0.02至0.75g/cm3,优选0.025至0.24g/cm3,特别是0.03至0.1g/cm3。它们特别适合作为建筑领域或制冷领域的保温材料,例如作为用于夹层部件的中间层或用于制冷机的隔热材料。
本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的特点是具有特别高的阻燃性,因此可以使用减少量的阻燃剂,特别是减少量的有毒卤代阻燃剂。在根据EN ISO 11925-2的测试中,本发明的硬质泡沫优选地表现出小于15cm,优选小于14cm,特别是小于13.5cm的火焰高度。
此外,即使在小于55℃的低模具温度下,本发明的硬质PUR泡沫在良好的可加工性和成品性能方面也满足所有必需的要求,且无需额外施用粘附促进剂:泡沫固化快速,泡沫与金属外层的粘附性良好,泡沫表面缺陷少,抗压强度良好,并且隔热性能良好。
通过本发明方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的特点是机械性能优异(例如抗压强度良好)、泡沫固化快速、泡沫与金属外层的粘附性良好、泡沫表面缺陷少、细孔发泡均匀和隔热性能良好。此外,本发明的方法使得反应混合物快速固化为硬质聚氨酯泡沫,而不会产生过高的芯部温度,这意味着泡沫可以更快地脱模,或者双带中的压力区可以在设计上更短。
下面将借助实施例来说明本发明:
实施例
使用以下原料:
聚醚醇1
脂肪酸改性聚醚醇的制备:
首先在25℃下向6L反应器中加入616.5g丙三醇、3.0g咪唑、1037.6g蔗糖和806.2g油酸甲酯。然后用氮气使其惰性化。将容器加热至130℃,并加入3505.4g环氧丙烷。反应时间3小时后,在100℃的全真空下对反应器抽真空60分钟,然后冷却至25℃。
所获得的脂肪酸改性聚醚醇具有415mg KOH/g的OH值。
聚醚醇2:具有750mg KOH/g的羟基值和4.0的官能度的聚醚醇,基于环氧丙烷并且乙二胺作为起始剂。
聚醚醇3:具有490mg KOH/g的羟基值和4.3的平均官能度的聚醚醇,基于环氧丙烷并且蔗糖与丙三醇的混合物作为起始剂。
聚醚醇4:具有400mg KOH/g的羟基值和3.0的官能度的聚醚醇,基于环氧丙烷并且丙三醇作为起始剂。
聚醚醇5:具有430mg KOH/g的羟基值和5.9的官能度的聚醚醇,基于环氧丙烷并且蔗糖与丙三醇的混合物作为起始剂。
聚酯醇1:Polios NT 361,一种来自Purinova的脂族聚酯,其具有350mg KOH/g的羟基值和3.1的官能度。
聚酯醇2:具有240mg KOH/g的羟基值和2.0的官能度的芳族聚酯,其由邻苯二甲酸酐和二甘醇形成。
聚酯醇3:Isoexter 3061,一种来自Coim的芳族聚酯,其具有320mg KOH/g的羟基值和2.0的官能度。
聚酯醇4:Terol 925,一种来自Huntsman的芳族聚酯,其具有305mg KOH/g的羟基值和2.45的官能度。
TCPP:磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯,其具有32.5重量%的氯含量和9.5重量%的磷含量。
DC 193:来自Evonik的泡沫稳定剂
催化剂A:三聚催化剂由40重量%的甲酸钾溶解于54.0重量%的单乙二醇和6.0重量%的自来水组成。
催化剂B:催化剂由23重量%的双(2-二甲氨基乙基)醚和77重量%的二丙二醇组成。
M50:聚合二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI),其在25℃时粘度为约500mPa·s。
戊烷S 80/20:80重量%的正戊烷和20重量%的异戊烷的混合物。
进行实验室发泡以设定相同的密度和硬化时间(凝胶时间)
由上述原料制备表1中所示的相稳定的多元醇组分。通过改变自来水和催化剂B将多元醇组分调节为40秒±1秒的相同的硬化时间和42kg/m3±1kg/m3的杯状泡沫密度。选择戊烷和催化剂A的量,使得所有设置的最终泡沫包含相同的浓度。以这种方式调节的多元醇组分与M50以混合比例进行反应使得所有设置的指数为145±5。
通过使用来自Vollrath的实验室搅拌器在1500rpm下剧烈混合混合物10秒使80g反应混合物在纸杯中以这种方式进行反应。
表1:多元醇组分
抗压强度的测定:
为了根据DIN EN 844测定抗压强度,从相同的泡沫块中另外取9个尺寸为50mm x50mm x 50mm的试样。在此处,总是以相同的方式采集试样。在9个试样中,旋转3个试样,使试验逆着泡沫的上升方向(顶部)进行。在9个试样中,旋转3个试样,使试验垂直于泡沫的上升方向(在x方向上)进行。在9个试样中,旋转3个试样,使试验垂直于泡沫的上升方向(在y方向上)进行。然后计算所有测量结果的平均值,其在表2中记录为“抗压强度”。
根据EN-ISO 11925-2的小型燃烧器试验
将设定为相同反应时间和泡沫密度的260g反应混合物在纸杯中使用实验室搅拌器以1500rpm剧烈搅拌10秒,并转移到内部尺寸为15cm x 25cm x 22cm(长x宽x高)的箱形模具中。在反应混合物固化24小时后,将所得的硬质泡沫块脱模并在所有边缘上缩短3cm。然后将尺寸为190x90x20mm的试样在20℃和65%湿度下老化24小时。从每种硬质泡沫块中取5个试样,并根据DIN EN-ISO 11925-2通过在90mm侧的边缘上施加火焰进行测试。火焰高度的平均值在表2中记录为“火焰高度,EN-ISO 11925-2“。
泡沫脆性的测定
在混合反应组分8分钟后,通过在侧向上边缘用相当的力压入所制备的杯状泡沫中来测定硬质泡沫的脆性。在分级体系的基础上根据以下标准评估泡沫脆性:
1.无脆性:当压入泡沫中时,看不到泡沫中的裂缝,也听不到破裂声。
2.轻微脆性:当压入泡沫中时,看不到泡沫中的裂缝,但可以听到轻微的破裂声。
3.中等脆性:当压入泡沫中时,可以看到泡沫中的细微裂缝,并可以听到明显的破裂声。
4.高脆性:当压入泡沫中时,可以看到泡沫中的明显裂纹(包括材料碎屑),并可以听到明显的破裂声。
泡沫表面质量的测定:
为了评估泡沫表面质量,用反应材料填充透明的平轧TPU管,当平时宽度为7.0cm,当打开时直径为4.5cm。为填充反应材料,从线圈上解下约100cm的管,并将开口端连接到实验室台面上方约30cm的支架上。在开口(管口的上端)使用宽漏斗以便于填充反应材料。漏斗正下方的线缆扎带可以在填充反应材料后立即在管道中形成严密封口。为进行测量,将设定为相同反应时间和泡沫密度的100g反应混合物在纸杯中以1500rpm剧烈混合7秒,并立即倾倒至管中10秒。然后立即用线缆扎带关闭管道的开口侧,迫使膨胀的泡沫通过扁平管路流向线圈。在反应材料倾倒至管中之后,立即对具有残留反应混合物的杯进行重新称重,以确定管中存在的反应材料的确切量。为了评估泡沫表面质量,只使用含有65g±5g反应混合物的管。在泡沫完全膨胀和固化后,在两侧均匀地截去管,以便直接从管的中间取一节15cm段。将所获得的泡沫中间段纵向切成两半,并将这两半用于评估表面质量和测量泡孔尺寸。
为了评估表面,使用计算机程序计算空隙面积与总面积的关系,并使用以下分级体系评价表面质量:
1.表面质量非常良好(空隙面积为总面积的1-1.5%)
2.表面质量良好(空隙面积为总面积的1.5-2.0%)
3.表面质量中等(空隙面积为总面积的2.0-2.5%)
4.表面质量差(空隙面积为总面积的2.5-3.0%)
5.表面质量非常差(空隙面积大于总面积的3.0%)
泡孔尺寸
为了确定泡孔大小,从与半切面成平行面的半管上切出窄切片,并在新切割的一侧进行测量。
在测量之前,用来自Goldlücke GmbH的炭黑喷雾均匀地喷涂切割面,以便用不透光层覆盖半透明的泡沫,这样的结果是,当用平坦的LED环形灯照明时,上部的切割泡孔网与下部的未照明泡孔内部内部以高对比度形成对比。
然后用来自Goldlücke GmbH的Pore!Scan显微镜在所对比的泡沫的无空隙区域进行观察。
在调整放大倍数(旨在每张图像获得300至500个泡孔)并聚焦显微镜后,进行测量。计算机软件应用程序自动计算每个图像的泡孔数量和泡孔直径。在每种情况下在每个管道中间段的5个不同点位进行测量。然后从5次测量中确定平均泡孔直径分布。记录于表2中的“泡孔大小”描述了所有测得的泡孔直径的总和除以测得的泡孔数量。
表2:泡沫性能
比较例2中的聚醚多元醇3和4的组合平均得到与实施例1、实施例5和实施例6的聚醚多元醇1相同的官能度和OH值。令人惊讶的是,发现比较例2的泡沫具有比实施例1、实施例5和实施例6的泡沫明显更差的泡沫表面。泡孔尺寸测量还导致较大的泡孔直径,根据经验,这与较差的泡沫表面一起对泡沫的隔热效果具有负面影响。此外,比较例2的泡沫在根据DIN EN ISO 11925-2的测试中出人意料地导致显著更高的火焰峰,这导致测试失败,因为平均火焰高度超过15cm水平。与实施例1、实施例5和实施例6的泡沫相比,比较例2的泡沫也具有较低的抗压强度。
用具有较低OH值和/或官能度的聚酯多元醇2(比较例3)和聚酯多元醇3(比较例4)代替交联的聚酯多元醇(聚酯醇1和聚酯醇4),尽管所制备的泡沫的指数相同,但令人惊讶地得到明显更差的耐火性,并且同样导致根据DIN EN-ISO 11925-2的测试失败。此外,与实施例1、实施例5和实施例6的泡沫相比,比较例3和比较例4的泡沫具有更差的表面质量和增大的平均泡孔尺寸。
此外,与实施例1、实施例5和实施例6的泡沫相比,比较例3和比较例4的泡沫具有增大的泡沫脆性。表面处增大的脆性是不利的,因为经验表明这会导致泡沫与外层材料的粘附性更差。
只有实施例1、实施例5和实施例6中描述的原料的组合才有可能制备满足所有要求的反应混合物。
Claims (15)
1.一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其中将
a)多异氰酸酯与
b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物,
c)任选地阻燃剂,
d)发泡剂,
e)催化剂,以及
f)任选地助剂和添加剂
进行混合以得到反应混合物,并进行固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫,
其中所述组分(b)包含:
(b1)至少一种聚醚多元醇,其通过以下物质的反应而制备:
(b11)基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的15重量%至40重量%的一种或多种平均官能度为2.5至8的多元醇或多胺,
(b12)基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的2重量%至30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯,和
(b13)基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的35重量%至70重量%的环氧丙烷
以及
(b2)基于组分(b)的总重量计的至少20重量%的平均官能度≥2.4和OH值≥280mgKOH/g的聚酯多元醇和任选地
(b3)一种或多种胺起始聚醚多元醇,
(b4)一种或多种平均官能度为至少5.0的高官能聚醚多元醇,和
(b5)一种或多种扩链剂和/或交联剂
并且
除了组分(b1)至(b5)之外,组分(b)还包含基于组分(b)总重量计小于20重量%的具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的其它化合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,为了制备所述聚醚多元醇(b1),使用丙三醇和蔗糖的混合物作为多元醇(b11)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述聚酯多元醇(b2)包括至少一种官能度为2.4至3.0且OH值为280至330mg KOH/g的芳族聚酯多元醇(b2a)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述聚酯多元醇(b2)包括至少一种官能度大于2.8至3.4且OH值为300至400mg KOH/g的脂族聚酯多元醇(b2b)。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述聚酯多元醇(b2)包含基于其总重量计的≤5重量%的脂肪酸基团。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中组分(b)包含至少一种通过将乙二胺、甲苯二胺或其混合物烷氧基化而制备的聚醚多元醇(b3)。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中组分(b)包含至少一种平均官能度≥5.0且OH值≥400mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇(b4)。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法,其中组分(b)包含10重量%至40重量%的聚醚多元醇(b1)、20重量%至65重量%的聚酯多元醇(b2)、0重量%至20重量%的胺起始聚醚多元醇(b3)和0重量%至30重量%的聚醚多元醇(b4),在每种情况下基于组分(b)的总重量计。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中异氰酸酯指数为100至160。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法,其中所述发泡剂(d)包含至少一种具有4至8个碳原子的脂族烃或脂环族烃。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述催化剂(e)是包含叔胺与金属羧酸盐或羧酸铵的催化剂混合物。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述阻燃剂(c)包含含磷阻燃剂,并且基于所述组分(a)至(f)的总重量计,磷的含量为0.9重量%至1.5重量%。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法是用于制备夹层部件的方法,并且在双带设备中进行。
14.一种可通过权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
15.一种用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的多元醇组分,其包含(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、(c)任选地阻燃剂、(d)任选地发泡剂、(e)催化剂和(f)任选地助剂和添加剂,
其中组分(b)包含至少一种聚醚多元醇(b1)和芳族聚酯多元醇(b2),并且所述聚醚多元醇(b1)可通过使以下物质反应而制备:
基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的15重量%至40重量%的一种或多种平均官能度为2.5至8的多元醇或多胺(b11),
基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的2重量%至30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸单酯(b12),以及
基于聚醚多元醇(b1)的总重量计的35重量%至70重量%的环氧丙烷(b13),
并且其中组分(b)包含基于组分(b)的总重量计的至少20重量%的平均官能度为2.4或以上及OH值为280mg KOH/g或以上的聚酯多元醇(b2),
并且其中组分(b)任选地包含:
(b3)胺起始聚醚多元醇,
(b4)平均官能度为至少5.0的高官能聚醚多元醇,和
(b5)扩链剂和交联剂,
并且
除了组分(b1)至(b5)之外,组分(b)还包含基于组分(b)总重量计小于20重量%的具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的其它化合物。
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