CN117642630A - 用于非酒精性脂肪肝病的纤维化生物标志物 - Google Patents
用于非酒精性脂肪肝病的纤维化生物标志物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了用于患有非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)受试者的肝纤维化的准确非侵入性诊断或预后的生物标志物和方法。生物标志物包括血小板反应蛋白2(TSP2)的循环水平,并且可以在疾病进程期间的任何时间进行测量。该方法包括对单独的TSP2或与其他分子生物标志物、生理生物标志物或放射照相生物标志物一起的循环水平进行非侵入性评价中的任一种。该方法是高度灵敏的,并且以约或大于80%的灵敏度检测出晚期肝纤维化。该方法可以使用单独的TSP2或与其他分子生物标志物、生理生物标志物或放射照相生物标志物一起的循环水平,以准确预测受试者中发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。
Description
发明领域
本发明通常涉及用于肝脏的纤维化疾病的非侵入性诊断或预后的生物标志物和方法。
发明背景
血小板反应蛋白(TSP)是一类基质细胞蛋白,其与许多配体相互作用,这些配体包括细胞外基质(ECM)结构蛋白、细胞受体、生长因子和细胞因子。TSP调节细胞-基质相互作用并具有抗血管生成特性。在五种血小板反应蛋白(TSP1-5)中,TSP1和TSP2共有相似的结构。尽管如此,先前的研究报道,TSP1和TSP2与不同的配体结合,并且它们的表达有空间和时间差异,因此它们的作用不可互换(Agah等人,Am J Pathol;161:831-839(2002);Helkin等人,Biochem Biophys Res Commun;464:1022-1027(2015);Zhang等人,Int J Mol Med;45:1275-1293(2020))。
高血糖症可以诱导TSP1和TSP2两者表达,并且在患有2型糖尿病的患者中发现TSP1和TSP2的增加的组织表达。就非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)而言,证明了TSP1的基因抑制保护小鼠免于发展出非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH),并且发现血清TSP1水平与患有NAFLD的患者的肝脏脂肪变性程度正相关(Min-DeBartolo等人,PLoS One;14:e0226854(2019);Bai等人,EBioMedicine;57:102849(2020))。一项研究揭示了,与没有晚期纤维化的患者相比,在患有晚期纤维化的患者中,编码TSP2的THBS2基因的肝表达显著上调((Lou等人,SciRep;7:4748(2017)),但循环TSP2的临床相关性是未知的。
2型糖尿病是NAFLD的进展的重要风险因素(Younossi等人,Clin GastroenterolHepatol;2:262-265(2004);Kim等人,Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol;17:543-550e542(2019);和Zoppini等人,Am J Gastroenterol;109:1020-1025(2014))。在NAFLD谱的各个阶段中,肝纤维化是总体死亡率和肝脏相关不良结局的主要决定因素(Angulo等人,Gastroenterology;149:389-397e310(2015);Ekstedt等人,Hepatology;61:1547-1554(2015))。引人注目的是,超过70%的患有2型糖尿病的患者具有伴随的NAFLD,或更具体地说,具有使用最近提出的定义的代谢功能障碍相关的脂肪肝病(MAFLD)(Eslam等人,JHepatol.,73:202-209(2020))。NAFLD是美国最普遍的慢性肝病。NAFLD以两种占主导地位的组织学亚型存在:非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)(Kleiner等人,Hepatology.;41(6):1313–1321(2005))。NAFL与相对良性的临床进程相关,而NASH与进行性纤维化和肝硬化的增加的风险相关。NASH可以通过伴有或不伴有纤维化的肝脏脂肪变性以及伴有肝细胞损伤(膨胀)的炎症的存在来定义(Chalasani等人,Hepatology;55:2005-23(2012))。
非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)由范围从孤立性肝脏脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、晚期纤维化、肝硬化和发展出肝细胞癌(HCC)的一系列肝脏病症组成(Chalasani等人Diagnosis and Management of NAFLD:Practice Guidance from AASLD;Hepatology2018)。在排除肝脏脂肪堆积的次要原因后,可以通过影像学或组织学上的肝脏脂肪变性的存在来诊断NAFLD。然而,NASH是只能用肝活检进行诊断的组织学诊断,其包括伴有和不伴有纤维化的伴有肝细胞损伤(膨胀)的炎症。可以使用临床决策辅助(例如,NAFLD纤维化评分)、影像学(例如,VTCE、MR弹性成像)对肝纤维化进行非侵入性评估。
在NAFLD中,肝活检仍然是组织学诊断、评估活动性和分期纤维化的黄金标准。然而,肝活检的常规使用受到其侵入性质、并发症的风险、成本、取样误差和差的患者接受度所限制。这强调了对非侵入性且准确的疾病检测和分期方法的迫切需要。目前还没有区分NAFL和NASH的可靠的非侵入性方法(Siddiqui等人,Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.;17(1):156–163(2019))。此外,一些患有晚期纤维化的个体具有相对较少的NASH(Caldwell等人,Annals of Hepatology,8,346-352(2009))。
因此,对预后生物标志物有迫切需要,以识别处于疾病进展(特别是发展出晚期纤维化)的较高风险的那些患者,因为这些患者处于发展出长期肝脏相关发病率和死亡率的较高风险(Lee等人,J Diabetes Investig;8:131-133(2017))。
因此,本发明的目的是提供在NAFLD中用于纤维化和纤维化进展的预后的非侵入性检测的生物标志物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供在NAFLD中用于纤维化和纤维化进展的预后的非侵入性检测的方法。
发明内容
描述了用于非侵入性检测受试者中的晚期肝纤维化的方法。还描述了用于检测受试者中发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险的方法。该方法通常包括测量来自受试者的样品中的生物标志物血小板反应蛋白2 (TSP2)的循环水平。可以用含有一种或多种对TSP2、优选地对人TSP2具有结合特异性的抗体结合片段的捕获试剂组测量TSP2的循环水平。该捕获试剂组可以包含对TSP2具有结合特异性并且对TSP1、TSP3、TSP4和TSP5不具有结合特异性的结合片段。通常,该方法检测来自受试者的样品中纳克/ml范围内(诸如在0.2 ng/ml和10 ng/ml之间)的TSP2的循环水平。测量方法可以是免疫测定,其具有约0.156 ng/ml至约1 ng/ml,诸如约0.2 ng/ml至约0.5 ng/ml,或约0.5 ng/ml的对TSP2的最低检出限。
通常,当来自受试者的样品中的TSP2的循环水平大于约3.6 ng/ml时,该方法检测出晚期肝纤维化。通常,受试者患有非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)。受试者还可以患有一种或多种其他疾病或病况,诸如代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病(CVD)和慢性肾病(CKD)。受试者可以患有NAFLD和2型糖尿病。受试者可以患有或不患有非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)。
该方法通常利用来自受试者的血液或血清样品来测量TSP2的循环水平。
通常,该方法提供晚期肝纤维化的非侵入性检测或进展至F3级或更高级的肝纤维化的风险的非侵入性检测。通常,通过振动控制瞬时弹性成像(VCTE)来测量F3级或更高级的晚期肝纤维化。约F3级或超过F3级的晚期肝纤维化是由VCME测量的具有M探头上约9.6千帕(kPa)的或XL探头上约9.3kPa的以及更大的截止值的肝硬度(LS)测量所分级的纤维化。
当来自受试者的样品中的TSP2的循环水平高于约3.6 ng/ml时,该方法通常以约80%或大于80%的灵敏度和约60%或大于60%的特异性检测出晚期肝纤维化。该方法通常以约90%或超过90%的阴性预测值检测出晚期肝纤维化。
还描述了检测受试者中随着时间的推移发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险的方法。通常,该方法包括测量来自受试者的样品中生物标志物TSP2的循环水平。该方法检测出以ng/ml测量的对数转换的血清TSP2水平的每单位增加,随着时间的推移发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险高2.82倍。通常,该时间段是从获得样品、从测量TSP2的循环水平或从两者起的约0.1年和约3年之间。
还描述了具有捕获试剂组的试剂盒和免疫测定,该捕获试剂组含有一种或多种对TSP2、优选地对人TSP2具有结合特异性的抗体结合片段。
使用循环TSP2水平作为NAFLD中F3级或更高级纤维化的新型纤维化生物标志物,使得能够在大量NAFLD患者(伴有或不伴有2型糖尿病)中进行早期肝脏风险分层。具有高循环TSP2水平(这表明具有晚期纤维化和纤维化进展的较高风险)的患者,可以被鉴定而转诊至肝病专家以对不良肝脏结局(肝硬化、静脉曲张和肝癌等)的发展进行进一步的评估、更加警惕地监测。此外,这些患者可以优先使用可以改善肝纤维化、肝功能障碍和/或脂肪含量的抗糖尿病剂,以及临床可用的新的NAFLD治疗方法,特别是在卫生资源有限的地方。
附图简述
图1是将或不将循环TSP2水平添加至临床危险因素的情况下,用于鉴定研究参与者中的≥F3纤维化的接受者操作特征曲线图。显示的数据是AUROC与括号内的其95%CI。AUROC,接受者操作特征曲线下的面积;TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;BMI,体重指数;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶。
发明详述
I.定义
如本文所用,术语“晚期纤维化”指肝的纤维化,通过使用振动控制瞬时弹性成像进行非侵入性检测,将其表征为具有由以下的LS截止分级的F3级或更高级纤维化:F3 9.6-11.4kPa和F4≥11.5kPa(M探头);F3 9.3-10.9kPa和F4≥11.0kPa(XL Probe)(Kwok等人,Gut;65:1359-1368(2016))。
如本文所用,术语“生物标志物”指作为正常生物过程、致病过程或对暴露或干预(包括治疗干预)的响应的指示物来进行测量的分子、组织学、放射照相和/或生理学特征。生物标志物可以是用于检测组织状态或疾病、监测组织状态或疾病和/或预测组织状态或疾病的诊断和/或预后生物标志物。例如,对是生物标志物的生物分子进行测量,可以将关于组织状态的信息提供为诊断生物标志物,以及将关于组织状态的未来变化的信息提供为预后生物标志物。生物标志物的其他实例包括作为生理生物标志物的体重指数(BMI),或作为放射照相生物标志物的组织弹性,这两者都可以是诊断生物标志物和预后生物标志物。
如本文所用,术语“非侵入性”或“非侵入性地”在检测的上下文中指获得关于感兴趣器官的信息而无需从感兴趣器官物理采集样品的模式,例如无需感兴趣的器官的活组织检查。例如,非侵入性检测晚期肝纤维化指在不进行肝的活检的情况下检测晚期肝纤维化。
如本文所用,术语“抗体”指抗体,诸如多克隆或单克隆免疫球蛋白分子。除了完整的免疫球蛋白分子之外,还包括那些免疫球蛋白分子的片段或聚合物,和免疫球蛋白分子或其片段的人版本或人源化版本,只要该分子维持与表位(诸如TSP2的表位)结合的能力。可以使用体外测定或通过类似的方法测试抗体的期望的活性,之后其体内治疗和/或诊断活性可以根据已知的临床测试方法来确认和定量。
在一些实施方案中,抗体是单克隆抗体或其结合片段。单克隆抗体指群体之内的单独的抗体相同的抗体。
如本文所用,术语“分离的抗体”指基本上不含具有不同抗原特异性的其他抗体的抗体(例如,特异性结合TSP2的分离的抗体,其基本上不含特异性结合除TSP2之外的抗原的抗体)。分离的抗体特异性结合TSP2的表位、亚型或变体。此外,分离的抗体可以基本上不含其他细胞材料和/或化学品。
如本文所用,术语“结合片段”、“抗原结合片段”、“抗体结合片段”,等等,指抗体的一个或多个部分,其含有抗体的CDR和任选的框架残基,该框架残基包含抗体的“可变区”抗原识别位点,并展示出免疫特异性结合抗原的能力。此类片段包括Fab′、F(ab′)2、Fv、单链(ScFv)等,及其突变体和变体、天然存在的变体。
如本文所用,术语“片段”指包含至少5个连续氨基酸残基、至少10个连续氨基酸残基、至少15个连续氨基酸残基、至少20个连续氨基酸残基、至少25个连续氨基酸残基、至少40个连续氨基酸残基、至少50个连续氨基酸残基、至少60个连续氨基酸残基、至少70个连续氨基酸残基、至少80个连续氨基酸残基,至少90个连续氨基酸残基、至少100个连续氨基酸残基、至少125个连续氨基酸残基、至少150个连续氨基酸残基、至少175个连续氨基酸残基、至少200个连续氨基酸残基,或至少250个连续氨基酸残基的氨基酸序列的肽或多肽。
可变区还可以以不消除可变区或CDR的结合和结合特异性的方式进行取代和改变。对于具有除了可变区之外(或除了CDR之外)的抗体部分具有取代、改变、消除等的公开的抗体和多肽,优选的是可变区序列和CDR序列是公开的单克隆抗体的可变区或CDR,或根据公开的单克隆抗体的可变区或CDR进行建模。
如本文所用,术语“结合特异性”、“特异性”、“特异性反应”、“特异性相互作用”或“对……具有特异性”指抗体或其他剂可检测地结合呈现于抗原上的表位(诸如TSP2的表位)的能力,而具有与其他结构的相对较小的可检测反应性。可以使用例如Biacore仪器通过结合或竞争测定来相对确定特异性。特异性可以通过例如约5:1、约10:1、约20:1、约50:1、约100:1、约10,000:1或更大比率的结合至特异性抗原的亲和力/亲合力与非特异性结合至其他不相关分子的亲和力/亲合力来展示。在公开的抗体和多肽的情况下,“双特异性”和相似术语指含有至少两个不同的特异性结合元件的抗体或多肽,每个元件特异性地结合至不同的表位或配体。
如本文所用,术语“检测”或“确定”通常指获得信息。检测或确定可以利用本领域技术人员可获得的多种技术中的任一种,包括例如本文明确所指的特定技术。检测或确定可以涉及物理样品的操纵、数据或信息的考虑和/或操纵,例如利用计算机或适应于执行相关分析的其他处理单元,和/或从来源接收相关信息和/或材料。检测或确定还可以意指将获得值与已知值(诸如已知测试值、已知对照值或阈值)进行比较。检测或确定还可以意指基于获得值和已知值之间的差异来形成结论。
如本文所用,术语“灵敏度”是指测试正确鉴定真阳性(即患有肝纤维化的受试者)的能力。例如,灵敏度可以表达为百分比,即正确识别的实际阳性的比例(例如,通过测试将患有肝纤维化的测试受试者正确鉴定为患有肝纤维化的百分比)。具有高灵敏度的检测具有低假阴性(即未鉴定出肝纤维化的病例)率。通常,公开的测定和方法具有至少约80%、至少约85%、至少约90%、至少92%、至少94%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%、至少99%,或至少100%的灵敏度。
如本文所用,术语“特异性”指测试正确鉴定出真阴性(即不患有肝纤维化的受试者)的能力。例如,特异性可以表达为百分比,即正确鉴定的实际阴性的比例(例如,通过测试将不患有肝纤维化的测试受试者正确鉴定为不患有肝纤维化的百分比)。具有高特异性的测试具有低假阳性(即通过测试将不患有肝纤维化的个体提示为患有肝纤维化的病例)率。通常,公开的方法具有至少约60%、至少约70%、至少约80%、至少约90%、至少92%、至少94%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%、至少99%、或至少100%的特异性。
如本文所用,术语“准确”指测试提供具有高灵敏度和高特异性的结果的能力,诸如具有超过约80%的灵敏度和超过约60%的特异性、具有超过约85%的灵敏度和超过约65%的特异性,或具有超过约90%的灵敏度和超过约80%的特异性。
如本文所用,术语“样品”指从受试者分离的体液、身体涂片、细胞、组织、器官或其部分。样品可以是单个细胞或多个细胞。样品可以是通过活检(例如,手术活检)获得的标本。样品可以是来自受试者的细胞,其置于或已置于或适应于组织培养。样品可以是细胞、组织、血清、血浆、尿液、唾液、痰和粪便中的一种或多种。样品可以是唾液、痰、泪液、汗液、尿液、渗出液、血液、血清、血浆或阴道分泌物中的一种或多种。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”、“个体”或“患者”指人或非人哺乳动物。受试者可以是一个非人灵长类、家畜、农场动物或实验动物。例如,受试者可以是狗、猫、山羊、马、猪、小鼠、兔等等。受试者可以是人。受试者可以是健康的,患有或易患疾病、病症或病况。患者指患有疾病或病症的受试者。术语“患者”包括人和兽医受试者。
“对照”样品或值指作为参考(通常是已知的参考)的样品,用于与测试样品进行比较。例如,测试样品可以取自测试受试者,并且对照样品可以取自对照受试者,诸如取自已知的正常(非疾病)个体。对照还可以代表从相似个体(例如有相似医学背景、相同年龄、体重等的疾病患者或健康个体)的群体采集的平均值。技术人员将认识到,可以设计对照来评估任意数量的参数。
如本文所用,术语“治疗”指向受试者或系统施用组合物以治疗疾病的一种或多种症状。向受试者施用组合物的效果可以是但不限于停止病况的特定症状、减轻或预防病况的症状、减轻病况的严重性、完全消融病况、稳定或延迟特定事件或特征的发展或进展,或最小化特定事件或特征将发生的机会。
如本文所用,术语“有效量”和“治疗有效量”可互换地使用,如应用于本文所述的纳米颗粒、治疗剂和药物组合物,指导致期望的治疗结果所必需的量。例如,有效量是对治疗、治愈或减轻正在为疾病施用的组合物和/或治疗剂或药物组合物的该疾病的症状有效的水平。对所寻求的特定治疗目标有效的量将取决于多种因素,包括正在治疗的疾病及其严重性和/或发展/进展的阶段;所使用的特定化合物和/或抗肿瘤药物或药物组合物的生物利用度和活性;施用途径或方法以及在受试者上的引入位置。
除非本文另有说明,否则本文中值范围的列举仅旨在用作单独提及落入该范围之内的每个单独的值的速记方法,并且每个单独的值并入说明书中,如同其在本文中单独记载一样。
使用术语“约”旨在描述高于或低于规定值的大约+/-10%范围内的值;在其他实施方案中,值的范围可以在高于或低于规定值的大约+/-5%的范围内;在其他实施方案中,值的范围可以在高于或低于规定值的大约+/-2%的范围内;在其他实施方案中,值的范围可以在高于或低于规定值的大约+/-1%的范围内。
II.晚期肝纤维化的生物标志物
用于非侵入性检测受试者中的晚期肝纤维化或用于确定发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险的生物标志物,包括分子生物标志物、放射照相生物标志物和/或生理生物标志物。生物标志物可以单独使用或以任何组合使用。例如,任何一种或多种分子生物标志物可以与任何一种或多种放射照相生物标志物和/或与任何一种或多种生理生物标志物一起使用。在一些实施方案中,一种或多种分子生物标志物与一种或多种生理生物标志物和/或与一种或多种放射照相生物标志物一起使用,以检测晚期肝纤维化或预测发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。
通常,分子生物标志物包括TSP2和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)。通常,生理生物标志物是体重指数(BMI,kg/m2)。通常,放射照相生物标志物包括肝硬度(LS,kPa)和振动控制瞬时弹性成像上的受控衰减参数(CAP,dB/m)读数。
A.肝纤维化中的血小板反应蛋白2
TSP家族含有代表多聚体糖蛋白的五个成员(TSP1-5),其结合Ca2+,与其他ECM蛋白相互作用,并有助于细胞之间以及细胞和ECM之间的关联。TSP家族分为两个亚组:三聚体亚组A(TSP1和TSP2)和五聚体亚组B(TSP3、TSP4和TSP5)。TSP具有复杂的多域结构。C末端结构域、III型重复和表皮生长因子(EGF)样重复存在于所有TSP中,并突出了TSP家族。寡聚结构域也可以在所有家族成员中找到,但与其他共有结构相比,其更加可变。A亚组具有三个EGF样重复和I型重复(也称为血小板反应蛋白重复;TSR)、C型血管性血友病因子(vonWillebrand factor type C)(vWC)结构域和N末端结构域。B亚组含有四个EGF样重复但丢失了vWC结构域和TSR(Chistiakov等人,Int.J.Mol.Sci.,18,1540:1-29(2017))。
TSP2蛋白以细胞结合形式以及以循环形式存在。TSP2是一组功能相关的细胞外基质(ECM)糖蛋白的成员,可以介导细胞外基质组装、细胞与基质相互作用、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9的降解以及血管生成的抑制。除了血管生成之外,已经报道,TSP2还与多种细胞受体、生长因子和ECM蛋白相互作用,以及调节细胞凋亡、细胞增殖和黏附。TSP2的表达及其预后价值已在几种癌症中进行了调查(Tian等人,JBUON;23(5):1331-1336(2018))。
TSP2是从各种类型的细胞释放的150kDa钙结合蛋白。人TSP2的氨基酸序列如下。
NP_003238.2(SEQ ID NO:1)
MVWRLVLLALWVWPSTQAGHQDKDTTFDLFSISNINRKTIGAKQFRGPDPGVPAYRFVRFDYIPPVNADDLSKITKIMRQKEGFFLTAQLKQDGKSRGTLLALEGPGLSQRQFEIVSNGPADTLDLTYWIDGTRHVVSLEDVGLADSQWKNVTVQVAGETYSLHVGCDLIDSFALDEPFYEHLQAEKSRMYVAKGSARESHFRGLLQNVHLVFENSVEDILSKKGCQQGQGAEINAISENTETLRLGPHVTTEYVGPSSERRPEVCERSCEELGNMVQELSGLHVLVNQLSENLKRVSNDNQFLWELIGGPPKTRNMSACWQDGRFFAENETWVVDSCTTCTCKKFKTICHQITCPPATCASPSFVEGECCPSCLHSVDGEEGWSPWAEWTQCSVTCGSGTQQRGRSCDVTSNTCLGPSIQTRACSLSKCDTRIRQDGGWSHWSPWSSCSVTCGVGNITRIRLCNSPVPQMGGKNCKGSGRETKACQGAPCPIDGRWSPWSPWSACTVTCAGGIRERTRVCNSPEPQYGGKACVGDVQERQMCNKRSCPVDGCLSNPCFPGAQCSSFPDGSWSCGSCPVGFLGNGTHCEDLDECALVPDICFSTSKVPRCVNTQPGFHCLPCPPRYRGNQPVGVGLEAAKTEKQVCEPENPCKDKTHNCHKHAECIYLGHFSDPMYKCECQTGYAGDGLICGEDSDLDGWPNLNLVCATNATYHCIKDNCPHLPNSGQEDFDKDGIGDACDDDDDNDGVTDEKDNCQLLFNPRQADYDKDEVGDRCDNCPYVHNPAQIDTDNNGEGDACSVDIDGDDVFNERDNCPYVYNTDQRDTDGDGVGDHCDNCPLVHNPDQTDVDNDLVGDQCDNNEDIDDDGHQNNQDNCPYISNANQADHDRDGQGDACDPDDDNDGVPDDRDNCRLVFNPDQEDLDGDGRGDICKDDFDNDNIPDIDDVCPENNAISETDFRNFQMVPLDPKGTTQIDPNWVIRHQGKELVQTANSDPGIAVGFDEFGSVDFSGTFYVNTDRDDDYAGFVFGYQSSSRFYVVMWKQVTQTYWEDQPTRAYGYSGVSLKVVNSTTGTGEHLRNALWHTGNTPGQVRTLWHDPRNIGWKDYTAYRWHLTHRPKTGYIRVLVHEGKQVMADSGPIYDQTYAGGRLGLFVFSQEMVYFSDLKYECRDI
NP_001368868.1(SEQ ID NO:2)
MVWRLVLLALWVWPSTQAGHQDKDTTFDLFSISNINRKTIGAKQFRGPDPGVPAYRFVRFDYIPPVNADDLSKITKIMRQKEGFFLTAQLKQDGKSRGTLLALEGPGLSQRQFEIVSNGPADTLDLTYWIDGTRHVVSLEDVGLADSQWKNVTVQVAGETYSLHVGCDLIDSFALDEPFYEHLQAEKSRMYVAKGSARESHFRGLLQNVHLVFENSVEDILSKKGCQQGQGAEINAISENTETLRLGPHVTTEYVGPSSERRPEVCERSCEELGNMVQELSGLHVLVNQLSENLKRVSNDNQFLWELIGGPPKTRNMSACWQDGRFFAENETWVVDSCTTCTCKKFKTICHQITCPPATCASPSFVEGECCPSCLHSVDGEEGWSPWAEWTQCSVTCGSGTQQRGRSCDVTSNTCLGPSIQTRACSLSKCDTRIRQDGGWSHWSPWSSCSVTCGVGNITRIRLCNSPVPQMGGKNCKGSGRETKACQGAPCPNGCLSNPCFPGAQCSSFPDGSWSCGSCPVGFLGNGTHCEDLDECALVPDICFSTSKVPRCVNTQPGFHCLPCPPRYRGNQPVGVGLEAAKTEKQVCEPENPCKDKTHNCHKHAECIYLGHFSDPMYKCECQTGYAGDGLICGEDSDLDGWPNLNLVCATNATYHCIKDNCPHLPNSGQEDFDKDGIGDACDDDDDNDGVTDEKDNCQLLFNPRQADYDKDEVGDRCDNCPYVHNPAQIDTDNNGEGDACSVDIDGDDVFNERDNCPYVYNTDQRDTDGDGVGDHCDNCPLVHNPDQTDVDNDLVGDQCDNNEDIDDDGHQNNQDNCPYISNANQADHDRDGQGDACDPDDDNDGVPDDRDNCRLVFNPDQEDLDGDGRGDICKDDFDNDNIPDIDDVCPENNAISETDFRNFQMVPLDPKGTTQIDPNWVIRHQGKELVQTANSDPGIAVGFDEFGSVDFSGTFYVNTDRDDDYAGFVFGYQSSSRFYVVMWKQVTQTYWEDQPTRAYGYSGVSLKVVNSTTGTGEHLRNALWHTGNTPGQVRTLWHDPRNIGWKDYTAYRWHLTHRPKTGYIRVLVHEGKQVMADSGPIYDQTYAGGRLGLFVFSQEMVYFSDLKYECRDI
NP_001368869.1(SEQ ID NO:3)
MVWRLVLLALWVWPSTQAGHQDKDTTFDLFSISNINRKTIGAKQFRGPDPGVPAYRFVRFDYIPPVNADDLSKITKIMRQKEGFFLTAQLKQDGKSRGTLLALEGPGLSQRQFEIVSNGPADTLDLTYWIDGTRHVVSLEDVGLADSQWKNVTVQVAGETYSLHVGCDLIDSFALDEPFYEHLQAEKSRMYVAKGSARESHFRGLLQNVHLVFENSVEDILSKKGCQQGQGAEINAISENTETLRLGPHVTTEYVGPSSERRPEVCERSCEELGNMVQELSGLHVLVNQLSENLKRVSNDNQFLWELIGGPPKTRNMSACWQDGRFFAENETWVVDSCTTCTCKKFKTICHQITCPPATCASPSFVEGECCPSCLHSVDGEEGWSPWAEWTQCSVTCGSGTQQRGRSCDVTSNTCLGPSIQTRACSLSKCDTRIRQDGGWSHWSPWSSCSVTCGVGNITRIRLCNSPVPQMGGKNCKGSGRETKACQGAPCPIDGRWSPWSPWSACTVTCAGGIRERTRVCNSPEPQYGGKACVGDVQERQMCNKRSCPVDGCLSNPCFPGAQCSSFPDGSWSCGSCPVGFLGNGTHCEDLDECALVPDICFSTSKVPRCVNTQPGFHCLPCPPRYRGNQPVGVGLEAAKTEKQVCEPENPCKDKTHNCHKHAECIYLGHFSDPMYKCECQTGYAGDGLICGEDSDLDGWPNLNLVCATNATYHCIKLWRPETQRQGASGAVLPLLLPASLAQASLGFWRWWLHGPDLWSASHHFLQCLSLRKLPLPLFDKNTCGCI
NP_001368870.1(SEQ ID NO:4)
MVWRLVLLALWVWPSTQAGHQDKDTTFDLFSISNINRKTIGAKQFRGPDPGVPAYRFVRFDYIPPVNADDLSKITKIMRQKEGFFLTAQLKQDGKSRGTLLALEGPGLSQRQFEIVSNGPADTLDLTYWIDGTRHVVSLEDVGLADSQWKNVTVQVAGETYSLHVGCDLIDSFALDEPFYEHLQAEKSRMYVAKGSARESHFRGLLQNVHLVFENSVEDILSKKGCQQGQGAEINAISENTETLRLGPHVTTEYVGPSSERRPEVCERSCEELGNMVQELSGLHVLVNQLSENLKRVVGTHAGAAGVIGHGQLRRWPISAGINIPWLGSASCSM
NP_001368871.1(SEQ ID NO:5)
MRQKEGFFLTAQLKQDGKSRGTLLALEGPGLSQRQFEIVSNGPADTLDLTYWIDGTRHVVSLEDVGLADSQWKNVTVQVAGETYSLHVGCDLIDSFALDEPFYEHLQAEKSRMYVAKGSARESHFRGLLQNVHLVFENSVEDILSKKGCQQGQGAEINAISENTETLRLGPHVTTEYVGPSSERRPEVCERSCEELGNMVQELSGLHVLVNQLSENLKRVSNDNQFLWELIGGPPKTRNMSACWQDGRFFAENETWVVDSCTTCTCKKFKTICHQITCPPATCASPSFVEGECCPSCLHSVDGEEGWSPWAEWTQCSVTCGSGTQQRGRSCDVTSNTCLGPSIQTRACSLSKCDTRIRQDGGWSHWSPWSSCSVTCGVGNITRIRLCNSPVPQMGGKNCKGSGRETKACQGAPCPIDGRWSPWSPWSACTVTCAGGIRERTRVCNSPEPQYGGKACVGDVQERQMCNKRSCPVDGCLSNPCFPGAQCSSFPDGSWSCGSCPVGFLGNGTHCEDLDECALVPDICFSTSKVPRCVNTQPGFHCLPCPPRYRGNQPVGVGLEAAKTEKQVCEPENPCKDKTHNCHKHAECIYLGHFSDPMYKCECQTGYAGDGLICGEDSDLDGWPNLNLVCATNATYHCIKDNCPHLPNSGQEDFDKDGIGDACDDDDDNDGVTDEKDNCQLLFNPRQADYDKDEVGDRCDNCPYVHNPAQIDTDNNGEGDACSVDIDGDDVFNERDNCPYVYNTDQRDTDGDGVGDHCDNCPLVHNPDQTDVDNDLVGDQCDNNEDIDDDGHQNNQDNCPYISNANQADHDRDGQGDACDPDDDNDGVPDDRDNCRLVFNPDQEDLDGDGRGDICKDDFDNDNIPDIDDVCPENNAISETDFRNFQMVPLDPKGTTQIDPNWVIRHQGKELVQTANSDPGIAVGFDEFGSVDFSGTFYVNTDRDDDYAGFVFGYQSSSRFYVVMWKQVTQTYWEDQPTRAYGYSGVSLKVVNSTTGTGEHLRNALWHTGNTPGQVRTLWHDPRNIGWKDYTAYRWHLTHRPKTGYIRVLVHEGKQVMADSGPIYDQTYAGGRLGLFVFSQEMVYFSDLKYECRDI
人TSP2的mRNA序列可以在登录号NM_001381939.1下找到。
在人中,TSP2由基因THBS2(基因ID:7058)编码。
B.晚期肝纤维化
通常,晚期肝纤维化指如通过使用振动控制瞬时弹性成像的非侵入性检测确定的表征为F3级纤维化或更高级的肝的纤维化。该F3级或更高级纤维化由以下的LS截止进行分级:F3 9.6-11.4kPa和F4≥11.5kPa(M探头);F39.3-10.9kPa和F4≥11.0kPa(XL Probe)(Kwok等人,Gut;65:1359-1368(2016))。
晚期肝纤维化可以作为NAFLD期间的病理状况发生。NAFLD与代谢错乱和其他系统性病态相关联。NAFLD已经被认为是代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病(CVD)和慢性肾病(CKD)的独立危险因素。NAFLD的严重性与疾病表现相关联。
NAFLD包括宽范围的肝脏病况,范围从单纯性脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)和晚期肝纤维化。因此,NASH中可以存在也可以不存在晚期肝纤维化。
脂肪变性,也称为脂肪变化,是细胞或器官内脂肪(脂质)的异常滞留。脂肪变性可以存在于肝(脂质代谢的主要器官)中,其中该病况被常见地称为脂肪肝病。
振动控制瞬时弹性成像(VCTETM)由(Echosens,Paris,France)提供,其是分别使用受控衰减参数(CAPTM)和肝硬度(LS)检测肝脏脂肪变性和肝纤维化的非侵入性测试之一。
为了测量准确性和一致性,测量通常包括不同的探头。探头型号的范围通常匹配大多数患者形态学的测量区域。通过调整相对于肝在皮肤表面以下的距离的测量区域,可以维持一致的三立方厘米探索体积。这是通过三种探头实现的:
S+探头,儿科的:为具有小于75cm的胸围的儿科患者设计;
M+探头,中号:为从皮肤到肝包膜的距离为25mm或更小的成人设计;和
XL+探头,特大号:为从皮肤到肝包膜的距离超过35mm的较重体重成人设计。
通常,非侵入性肝纤维化(硬度)可以通过VCTETM测量,并且非侵入性肝脂肪变性可以通过CAPTM测量。硬度(kPa)和CAP(dB/m)测量可以使用同时进行测量。该扫描的S、M和XL探头与患者的所有形态兼容。CAP是用于脂肪变性的非侵入性评估和定量的工具。CAP是超声衰减的量度,其对应于超声波在其传播穿过肝时的振幅的降低。CAP由基于VCTE的复杂的指导过程驱动,该VCTE确保:
在同一肝脏体积中同时测量CAP和肝硬度;CAP以分贝每米(dB/m)表示。
肝脏脂肪变性可以由已公布的CAP截止进行分级:轻度脂肪变性248-267dB/m,中度脂肪变性268-279dB/m,重度脂肪变性≥280dB/m(Karlas等人,J Hepatol;66:1022-1030(2017))。
在存在或不存在轻度、中度或重度肝脏脂肪变性的条件下可以检测到晚期肝纤维化。表1证明,在患有轻度、中度或重度肝脏脂肪变性的受试者中检测到晚期肝纤维化。
C.作为晚期肝纤维化的生物标志物的循环TSP2
受试者中的TSP2的循环水平可以用于在受试者中检测晚期肝纤维化的存在或用于检测发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。
1.用于检测晚期肝纤维化的TSP2
首次评估时TSP2的循环水平显示出与存在晚期肝纤维化(≥F3纤维化)显著相关联。
当TSP2的循环水平为约2ng/ml或超过2ng/ml时,TSP2的循环水平通常提供存在晚期肝纤维化或发展出晚期纤维化的信息。通常,用以纳克/ml标度检测TSP2的测定来测量TSP2的循环水平。取自受试者的样品中的TSP2的循环水平范围可以在约0.2ng/ml至约10ng/ml之间。
当来自受试者的样品中的TSP2的循环水平大于约3.6ng/ml,诸如在约3.6ng/ml与10ng/ml之间时,该TSP2的循环水平通常是存在晚期肝纤维化的生物标志物并且检测出晚期肝纤维化。通常,当来自受试者的样品中的TSP2的循环水平高于约3.6ng/ml时,该TSP2的循环水平可以以约80%或大于80%的灵敏度、约60%或大于60%的特异性,和约90%或大于90%的阴性预测值检测晚期肝纤维化。
当与其他生理生物标志物和/或放射照相生物标志物组合时,检测灵敏度可以为约80%或大于80%,并且特异性可以为约80%或大于80%。当TSP2的循环水平当与体重指数(BMI)和血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)结合时,该TSP2的循环水平可以以约80%或大于80%的灵敏度以及约80%或大于80%的特异性检测晚期肝纤维化。
在患有2型糖尿病的受试者中,约3.6ng/ml的TSP2的循环水平可以是检测出晚期肝纤维化的截止值。当TSP2的循环水平为约3.6ng/ml或大于3.6ng/ml时,患有2型糖尿病的受试者可能患有晚期肝纤维化。
2.用于发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险的TSP2
首次评估时TSP2的循环水平也显示出与肝纤维化进展显著相关联,并且可以用于检测随着时间的推移发展出晚期肝纤维化(≥F3纤维化)的风险。
TSP2的循环水平通常为预测发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险提供信息。通常,用以纳克/ml标度检测TSP2的方法来测量TSP2的循环水平。
通常,检测随着时间的推移发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险包括测量TSP2生物标志物的循环水平并检测发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。通常,以ng/ml测量的对数转换的血清TSP2水平的每单位增加,受试者具有高出2.82倍的随着时间的推移发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。通常,该时间段是从从受试者获得样品、从测量该样品中的TSP2的循环水平或从两者起约0.1年和约3年之间。
当与其他生理生物标志物和/或放射照相生物标志物结合时,对发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险的检测具有更高的准确性。例如,当TSP2的循环水平与体重指数(BMI)、血小板计数和CAP值结合时,TSP2的循环水平可以以更高的NRI和IDI检测发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。
在可能患有代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病(CVD)和慢性肾病(CKD)的一种或多种疾病的受试者中,该方法可以检测出在患者中随着时间的推移发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。
3.受试者
受益于所公开的方法的受试者是人。受试者可以是健康的,患有或易患疾病、病症或病况。
受试者可以没有疾病。受试者可以患有代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、CVD和CKD的一种或多种疾病。受试者可以患有代谢综合征,伴有肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病、血脂异常和高血压中的一种或多种。受试者可以患有糖尿病、肝病、或糖尿病和肝病的组合。受试者可以患有2型糖尿病。受试者可以患有NAFLD。受试者可以患有2型糖尿病和NAFLD。受试者可以患有或不患有NASH。
III.测量TSP2的方法
A.用于测量的测定
1.亲和层析
TSP2的循环水平可以通过亲和层析来检测,该亲和层析使用具有固定化的TSP2配体或对TSP2的抗体的树脂或柱。当样品或稀释样品穿过柱时,靶蛋白TSP2通常会从样品或稀释样品中被吸附,而其他物质则被洗涤掉。然后通过逆转现有的实验条件洗脱靶标并使其可用于分析。
TSP2与包括以下的细胞外基质配体结合:TGF-β-1、富含组氨酸糖蛋白、TSG6、肝素、MMP-2和硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖。TSP2与包括以下的细胞表面受体结合:CD36、CD47、LDL受体相关蛋白1(经由钙网蛋白)以及整合素α-V/β-3、整合素α-4/β-1和整合素α-6/β-1。层析柱还可以包含用于捕获TSP2的抗体或抗体结合片段。这些配体中的任何一个或多个可以是用于亲和层析以捕获和纯化TSP2的捕获试剂或捕获试剂组。
一旦从柱中分离并洗脱,TSP2的浓度可以使用标准蛋白质定量测定来检测。
2.免疫测定
用于测量TSP2的循环水平的方法包括免疫测定,由此通过生物标志物的多肽与生物标志物特异性抗体、抗体结合片段、不同抗体的组合或不同抗体结合片段的组合的相互作用来评估或检测生物标志物的多肽。可以以定性或者定量方式检测生物标志物。可用于检测生物标志物多肽和蛋白质的示例性免疫测定包括但不限于,放射免疫测定、ELISA、免疫沉淀测定、Western印迹、荧光免疫测定和免疫组织化学、流式细胞术、蛋白质阵列、多重珠阵列(multiplexed bead array)、磁捕获,体内成像、荧光共振能量转移(FRET)和荧光漂白后荧光恢复/定位(FRAP/FLAP)。
一些免疫测定,例如ELISA,可以需要两种不同的生物标志物特异性抗体或配体(例如,捕获配体或抗体,以及检测配体或抗体)。在某些实施方案中,蛋白质生物标志物用表面上的配体或抗体捕获,并且蛋白质生物标志物用酶标记。在一个实例中,与生物素或链霉亲和素缀合的检测抗体可以用于创造与含有生物素或链霉亲和素的酶的生物素-链霉亲和素连接。通过将酶底物转换成有色分子来生成信号,并通过用光传感器测量吸光度来定量溶液颜色强度。测定可以利用产生可观察到的颜色变化的发色报告物和底物来指示蛋白质生物标志物的存在。还考虑使用产生荧光的报告物、电化学发光报告物和实时PCR报告物来产生可定量的信号。
一些测定任选地包括将一种或多种抗体固定至固体支持物,以便于在将抗体与样品接触之前洗涤和随后分离复合物。固体支持物的实例包括例如微量滴定板、条、珠或微珠形式的玻璃或塑料。抗体还可以附着至探针、底物或阵列上。
流式细胞术是基于激光的技术,可通过将颗粒悬浮在流体流中并使它们通过电子检测装置来进行计数、分选和检测蛋白质生物标志物。流式细胞仪具有基于颜色来区别不同的颗粒的能力。使用不同染料对颗粒进行差异染色,以两种或多种不同波长发射允许区分颗粒。在Fulton等人,Clinical Chemistry,43(9):1749-1756(1997)中讨论了多重分析,诸如FLOWMETRIXTM,并且可以允许人们在相同的时间在单个管中用相同的样品进行多个离散测定。
在一些具体的实施方案中,使用LUMINEX 技术测量生物标志物水平。经常将LUMINEX 与传统ELISA技术进行比较,传统ELISA技术被其仅测量单一分析物的能力所限制。ELISA和LUMINEX技术之间的差异主要集中在捕获抗体支持物上。与传统ELISA不同,LUMINEX 捕获抗体共价附着在珠表面,这有效地允许更大的表面积以及允许基质或自由溶液/液体环境与分析物进行反应。悬浮珠允许单重或多重格式的测定灵活性。
包括Luminex 技术的商业上可获得的格式包括,例如BIO-多重免疫测定系统,该系统允许在单个样品之内进行多达100种不同测定的多重测定。该技术涉及100个不同的有色珠组,这些有色珠组通过使用两种荧光染料以不同的比率创造。这些珠可以进一步与对特定生物测定特异的试剂缀合。该试剂可包括抗原、抗体、寡核苷酸、酶底物或受体。该技术使得能够进行多重免疫测定,其中针对特异性分析物的一种抗体附着至一组具有相同颜色的珠,并且针对该分析物的第二种抗体附着至荧光报告染料标签。使用不同的有色珠使得能够同时多重检测同一样品中的许多其他分析物。双检测流式细胞仪可以用于通过一个通道中的珠颜色来分选出不同的测定,并且通过测量另一通道中的报告染料荧光来确定该分析物浓度。
在一些具体的实施方案中,使用Quanterix的SIMOATM技术测量生物标志物水平。SIMOATM技术(以单分子阵列命名)基于使用标准ELISA试剂在顺磁珠上分离单个免疫复合物。Simoa和常规免疫测定之间的主要差异在于,在飞升大小的孔中捕获单个分子的能力,这允许对每个单独的珠进行“数字”读出,以确定其是否与靶分析物结合。该技术的数字性质允许灵敏度比常规检测平均提高1000倍,而CV<10%。商业上可获得的SIMOATM技术平台在各种分析物组上提供多达10重的多重选择,并且测定可以是自动化的。
多重实验可以生成大量的数据。因此,在一些实施方案中,利用计算机系统来自动化并控制数据收集设置、组织和解释。
通常,用于检测TSP2的测定包括最低检出限在约0.01ng/ml和约0.18ng/ml之间、诸如约0.01ng/ml和约0.16ng/ml之间、或约0.156ng/ml的免疫测定。在一些实施方案中,用于检测TSP2的测定具有分别小于4.6%和小于7.2%的测定内精度和测定间精度。
3.对照
包括分析一种或多种生物标志物的方法通常包括与对照进行比较。例如,可以将从受试者获得的样品中检测到的生物标志物的水平与对照进行比较。合适的对照对于本领域技术人员是已知的。对照可以包括例如从健康受试者(诸如不患有疾病或病症的受试者)或来自同一受试者的非患病组织获得的标准品。对照可以是使用相同测定的类似个体的单个值或合并值或平均值。可以通过使用已经被诊断患有具有不同的已知疾病严重性或预后的疾病或病症的受试者来建立参考指数。
B.检测肝纤维化的灵敏度和特异性
灵敏度可以表示为百分比,即正确鉴定的实际阳性的比例(例如,通过测试将患有晚期肝纤维化的测试受试者正确鉴定为患有晚期肝纤维化的百分比)。具有高灵敏度的检测具有低假阴性(即未鉴定出晚期肝纤维化的病例)率。通常,公开的测定和方法具有至少80%、至少90%的、至少92%、至少94%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%、至少99%,或至少100%的灵敏度。
特异性可以表示为百分比,即正确鉴定的实际阴性的比例(例如,通过测试将不患有晚期肝纤维化的测试受试者正确鉴定为不患有晚期肝纤维化的百分比)。具有高特异性的测试具有低假阳性(即通过测试将不患有晚期肝纤维化但提示为患有晚期肝纤维化的个体的病例)率。通常,公开的方法具有至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少90%、至少92%、至少94%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%、至少99%,或至少100%的特异性。
阳性预测值和阴性预测值受到正在被测试的群体中疾病患病率的影响。在高患病率背景中,与如果检测在具有低患病率的群体中进行相比,检测出阳性的人更可能真正患病。
通常,当来自受试者的样品中的TSP2的循环水平高于约3.6ng/ml时,该方法以约80%或大于80%的灵敏度、约60%或大于60%的特异性,和约90%或大于90%的阴性预测值检测晚期肝纤维化。
IV.用于测量TSP2的试剂盒
具有对TSP2的结合特异性的捕获试剂组可以以任何适合的组合包装在一起作为用于执行或帮助执行公开的方法的试剂盒。如果给定试剂盒中的试剂盒组分设计并适应在公开的方法中一起使用,则这是有用的。
例如,公开了具有一个或多个捕获试剂组的试剂盒。试剂盒可以包含稀释缓冲液、样品缓冲液、对照试剂、洗脱试剂和检测试剂。试剂盒可以包含用于捕获、洗脱和检测TSP2的底物。试剂盒可以包含用于捕获和检测TSP2的底物。试剂盒可以包含说明使用。
实施例
实施例1.血清TSP2水平作为用于伴有2型糖尿病的非酒精性脂肪肝病中的晚期纤维化的诊断标志物和预后标志物
研究设计与方法
研究参与者
所有参与者均从中国香港西部糖尿病NAFLD队列中招募,该队列由在中国香港的玛丽医院的糖尿病门诊定期随访的患者组成。年龄在21至80岁之间,自2017年1月起参加糖尿病并发症筛查的中国的连续患者,被邀请进行前瞻性研究,其旨在鉴定2型糖尿病中NAFLD纤维化进展的风险因素。VCTE用于以固定的时间间隔评估他们的肝脏脂肪变性和纤维化。排除了以下患者:患有活性恶性肿瘤、伴有慢性乙型肝炎或丙型肝炎,或有任何其他肝病(包括α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症、威尔逊氏症、自身免疫性肝炎、药物诱导的肝损伤、原发性胆汁性胆管炎)或长期使用脂肪形成药物(诸如胺碘酮、甲氨蝶呤或他莫昔芬)的记录的历史。此外,还排除了男性中每日饮酒量超过30g或女性中每日饮酒量超过20g的患者(Chalasani等人,Hepatology;67:328-357(2018))。该研究方案已由香港大学伦理审查委员会/香港西部医院管理局的批准。在进行任何研究相关程序之前,从所有招募的参与者获得了书面知情同意书。
在目前的研究(评价了2型糖尿病中循环TSP2水平和NAFLD之间的关系)中,仅包括了在基线处患有肝脏脂肪变性并且在2017年1月至2020年6月之间招募的参与者。此外,在检查循环TSP2水平与肝脏纤维化进展的前瞻性关联的分析中,仅包括在基线处不患有晚期纤维化或肝硬化的参与者。肝脏脂肪变性和纤维化的水平分别通过振动控制瞬时弹性成像(VCTE)上的受控衰减参数(CAP)和肝硬度(LS)测量来定义。
临床和生物化学评估
作为标准临床管理的一部分,来自糖尿病门诊的所有患者都进行了定期并发症评估。这是为了查明他们的血糖控制、心血管风险因素以及糖尿病并发症的存在。测量了人体测量参数,包括体重(BW)、身高(BH)、体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)和血压(BP)。抽取了空腹血液进行血浆葡萄糖、脂质、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、全血细胞计数、肝肾功能测试。用随机尿液样品评估白蛋白尿状态,并根据其尿白蛋白与肌酐比率进行分类(<30mg/g[A1]、≥30–<300mg/g[A2]和≥300mg/g[A3])。此外,所有患者接受由眼科医生的进行的定期视网膜照片和/或评估。对于那些同意参加NAFLD队列研究的人,使用标准化问卷获得吸烟状态、饮酒量、详细的医疗、药物和家族史,而且还检查了凝血酶原时间。此外,空腹血液储存在-70℃下的等分试样中用于测定新出现的NAFLD生物标志物。
使用已公布的公式确定包括NAFLD纤维化评分(NFS)和纤维化-4指数(FIB-4)的常规纤维化评分,并基于推荐的截止进行分类(Vilar-Gomez和Chalasani,J Hepatol;68:305-315(2018))。
血清TSP2水平的测量
使用一对识别人TSP2的不同位点的单克隆抗体,通过针对人TSP-2的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测量血清TSP2水平(抗体和免疫测定服务,香港大学)。使用的抗体是IgG。在此测定中,将血清样品稀释2倍。二抗是生物素标记的。
该测定对人TSP2具有高度特异性,并且未显示出对人TSP1、TSP3、TSP4和TSP5的任何交叉反应性。最低检出限为0.156ng/ml,其测定内和测定间精度分别<4.6%和<7.2%。
振动控制瞬时弹性成像
所有参与者在基线处均接受VCTE,此后每12-18个月进行重新评估。禁食至少8小时后进行VCTE。CAP和LS由两名具有进行超过500次测量经验的操作员使用(Echosens,Paris,France)进行测量。如对于CAP测量的0.98的组内相关性和对于LS测量的0.97的组内相关性所反映,观察者间的可靠性是合适的。CAP和LS两者由10个可靠测量值的中位数表示,当四分位数范围小于30%且成功率大于60%时定义。仅使用具有40dB/m或以上的四分位数范围的CAP值来确保结果的有效性(Wong等人,J Hepatol;67:577-584(2017))。所有检查在首次尝试中都使用M探头,并且如果BMI大于30kg/m2则使用XL探头。
肝脏脂肪变性由已公布的CAP截止进行分级:轻度脂肪变性248-267dB/m,中度脂肪变性268-279dB/m,重度脂肪变性≥280dB/m(Karlas等人,JHepatol;66:1022-1030(2017))。晚期纤维化(F3)和肝硬化(F4)由以下的LS截止进行分级:F3 9.6-11.4kPa和F4≥11.5kPa(M探头);F3 9.3-10.9kPa和F4≥11.0kPa(XL探头)(Kwok等人,Gut;65:1359-1368(2016))。纤维化进展定义为截至2020年12月31日重新评估VCTE后发展出≥F3纤维化(即晚期纤维化或肝硬化)。
临床变量的定义
向心性肥胖定义为WC在女性中≥80cm和在男性中≥90cm。高血压定义为BP≥140/90mmHg或正在服用抗高血压药物。血脂异常定义为空腹甘油三酯(TG)≥150mg/dL,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)在男性中<40mg/dL和在女性中<50mg/dL,以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)≥100mg/dL,或正在服用降脂剂。冠心病(CHD)和中风的诊断基于来自第9版的国际疾病分类(ICD-9)的诊断代码(对于CHD为410,36.01-10和对于中风为430-438)。
统计分析
所有数据均使用R 3.6.0版本(MatchIt Package,DeLong检验用于两条相关的接受者操作特征曲线)和IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0版本(IBM Corp.,Armonk,New York)进行分析。通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验确定的非正态分布的数据,诸如血清TG、ALT、AST、FIB4和TSP2水平,在分析前进行对数转换以获得近似正态。数值报告为平均值±标准偏差(SD),中位数与第25位和第75位百分位数(如果是偏斜数据,则用于变量)或百分比,视情况而定。卡方检验和ANOVA分别用于比较分类变量和连续变量。基于具有最低Akaike信息准则(AIC)的模型,进行了多变量逻辑回归分析以评价存在和发展出≥F3纤维化的独立决定因素。多变量逻辑回归分析中包括在单变量分析中有统计显著性的变量。确定了添加和不添加临床风险因素的情况下的血清TSP2的接受者操作特征曲线下的面积(AUROC),而使用DeLong方法比较不同临床模型的AUROC。基于ROC曲线上具有最大Youden j指数(y)的点导出鉴定出存在≥F3纤维化的血清TSP2水平的最佳截止,其中y=[灵敏度–(1-特异性)]。使用无类别净重新分类改进(NRI)和综合判别改进(IDI)进一步评价了各种模型的预测性能。在所有统计检验中,两侧p值<0.05被认为是显著的。
结果
血清TSP2水平与2型糖尿病中≥F3纤维化的存在显著相关联
在本研究中包括的820名患有2型糖尿病和NAFLD的参与者中,其中138名(16.8%)在基线处具有≥F3纤维化。表1汇总了研究参与者的基线特征。与不具有≥F3纤维化的参与者相比,具有≥F3纤维化的参与者显著更年轻,具有更高的BMI、WC、血清TG、ALT、AST,以及更低的HDL-C水平和血小板计数。此外,与不具有≥F3纤维化的患者相比,他们的糖尿病病程显著更短,具有更高的白蛋白尿患病率。此外,具有≥F3纤维化的参与者具有显著高于不具有≥F3纤维化的参与者的CAP、NFS和FIB4值(分别为CAP:339dB/m与299dB/m,p<0.001;NFS:-0.75与-1.13,p=0.001;FIB4:1.26与1.05,p<0.001)。值得注意的是,具有≥F3纤维化的参与者的中位血清TSP2水平显著高于不具有≥F3纤维化的参与者(分别为4.17ng/ml与2.33ng/ml;p<0.001)。
表1.通过≥F3纤维化的存在进行分层的研究参与者的基线特征(N=820)
*分析前进行对数转换。
数据以平均值±标准差或中位数(第25位至第75位百分位数)呈现。
TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;BMI,体重指数;WC腰围;BP,血压;NAFLD,非酒精性脂肪肝病;GLP1rA,胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂;SGLT2i,钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂;HbA1c,糖化血红蛋白;HDL-C,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;LDL-C,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;TG,甘油三酯;ALT,丙氨酸转氨酶;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶;eGFR,估计肾小球滤过率;CAP,受控衰减参数;NFS,非酒精性脂肪肝病纤维化评分;FIB4,纤维化-4指数。白蛋白尿定义为尿白蛋白与肌酐的比率≥30mg/g;从mmol/l到mg/dL的HDL/LDL-C的换算因子x38.9;从mmol/l到mg/dL的TG的换算因子x88.2。
表2汇总了研究参与者的基线临床变量与血清TSP2水平四分位数增加的关联。基线TSP2水平的较高的四分位数与较高基线处的BMI(p<0.001)、WC(p<0.001)、收缩BP(p=0.01)、血清HbA1c(p=0.005)、TG(p=0.001)、ALT(p<0.001)、AST水平(p<0.001)和白蛋白尿患病率(p<0.001)显著相关联,而与较低的基线处的HDL-C(p=0.02)、eGFR(p=0.001)、白蛋白水平(p<0.001)和血小板计数(p=0.023)显著相关联。此外,基线TSP2水平的较高的四分位数还与较高阶段的肝脂肪变性(对于CAP的p<0.001)和纤维化(NFS、FIB4和LS;全部p<0.001)显著相关联。
表2.所有研究参与者中基线变量与血清TSP2水平的四分位数增加的关联(N=820)
TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;BMI,体重指数;WC腰围;BP,血压;HbA1c,糖化血红蛋白;HDL-C,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;LDL-C,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;TG,甘油三酯;ALT,丙氨酸转氨酶;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶;eGFR,估计肾小球滤过率;CAP,受控衰减参数;LS,肝硬度;NFS,非酒精性脂肪肝纤维化评分;FIB4,纤维化-4指数。白蛋白尿定义为尿白蛋白与肌酐的比率≥30mg/g;从mmol/l到mg/dL的HDL/LDL-C的换算因子x38.9;从mmol/l到mg/dL的TG的换算因子x88.2。进行了多变量逻辑回归分析,包括年龄、BMI、糖尿病病程、血小板计数、血清HDL-C、TG、ALT、AST、CAP、TSP2水平和白蛋白尿。血清TSP2水平与基线处≥F3纤维化的存在(优势比OR 5.13,95%CI 3.16-8.32,p<0.001),以及BMI(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.08-1.20,p<0.001)、血清AST(OR 8.01,95%CI 4.10-15.60,p<0.001)和CAP值(OR 1.008,95%CI1.002-1.014,p=0.01)独立地相关联(表3)。
表3.显示血清TSP2水平与基线处≥F3纤维化的存在的关联的多变量逻辑回归分析(N=820)
*分析前进行对数转换。
分析中包括的变量由以下组成:年龄、BMI、糖尿病病程、白蛋白尿、HDL-C、TG、ALT、AST、血小板计数、CAP和TSP2水平。模型选择基于Akaike信息准则。
TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;BMI,体重指数;HDL-C,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;TG,甘油三酯;ALT,丙氨酸转氨酶;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶;CAP,受控衰减参数;OR,优势比;95%CI,95%置信区间。白蛋白尿定义为尿白蛋白与肌酐比率≥30mg/g。
如果用WC替换BMI,那么结果是相似的(TSP2的OR 5.67,95%CI 3.49-9.22,p<0.001,并且WC的OR 1.06,95%CI 1.04-1.08,p<0.001)。此外,在亚组分析中,无论NFS或FIB4水平如何,血清TSP2水平与≥F3纤维化之间的关联仍然显著,尽管这种关联在具有较高的常规非侵入性纤维化评分的患者中明显更强(表4)。
表4.显示通过常规非侵入性纤维化评分水平进行分层的研究参与者中血清TSP2水平与≥F3纤维化之间的关联的亚组分析。
*分析前进行对数转换。
模型包括BMI、AST和CAP。
TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;OR,优势比;95%CI,95%置信区间;FIB4,纤维化-4指数;NFS,非酒精性脂肪肝病纤维化评分;BMI,体重指数;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶;CAP,受控衰减参数。
在VCTE上血清TSP2鉴定出≥F3纤维化的存在的性能
接下来,研究了在VCTE上血清TSP2水平是否在临床上可用于鉴定出具有≥F3纤维化的个体,这些个体可能需要转诊至肝病专家进行进一步的评估。在VCTE上,表明≥F3纤维化的单独的血清TSP2的AUROC为0.80(95%CI 0.76-0.84)。值得注意的是,当将血清TSP2水平添加到由BMI和血清AST(≥F3纤维化的另外两个独立决定因素)组成的临床模型时,AUROC从0.86(95%CI,0.83-0.89)显著增加至0.89(95%CI 0.86-0.92,p=0.01)(图1)。随之而来的是,NRI(60.7,95%CI 53.1-78.3,p<0.001)和IDI(8.1,95%CI 5.0-11.0,p<0.001)两者均显著改善。使用3.6ng/ml的最佳血清TSP2截止来鉴定≥F3纤维化的存在,产生了83.6%的灵敏度、64.5%的特异性、44.3%的阳性预测值(PPV)和92.1%的阴性预测值(NPV)。
患有2型糖尿病的患者中基线血清TSP2水平与发展出≥F3纤维化独立地相关联
在基线处不具有≥F3纤维化的682名参与者中,在排除了90名由于冠状病毒疾病2019(COVID-19)拒绝返回的参与者、17名拒绝进一步TE的参与者、19名失去随访的参与者、6名已经死亡的参与者和59名不应重新评估TE的参与者之后,491名参与者在研究时段期间接受了重新评估VCTE。在中位随访的1.5年中,491名参与者中的43名(8.8%)发展出≥F3纤维化。
与没有发生≥F3纤维化的参与者相比,发生≥F3纤维化的参与者显著更年轻、具有更高的基线BMI、WC、ALT、AST、CAP和NFS水平,以及更低的血清HDL-C和血小板计数。重要的是,发展出≥F3纤维化的参与者具有比没有发展出≥F3纤维化的参与者显著较高的基线血清TSP2水平(3.21ng/ml与2.29ng/ml,p<0.001)(表5)。
表5.通过肝脏纤维化进展进行分层的研究参与者的基线临床特征(N=491)
*分析前进行对数转换。数据以平均值±标准差或中位数(第25位至第75位百分位数)呈现。TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;BMI,体重指数;WC腰围;BP,血压;NAFLD,非酒精性脂肪肝病;GLP1rA,胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂;SGLT2i,钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂;HbA1c,糖化血红蛋白;HDL-C,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;LDL-C,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;TG,甘油三酯;ALT,丙氨酸转氨酶;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶;eGFR,估计肾小球滤过率;CAP,受控衰减参数;NFS,非酒精性脂肪肝病纤维化评分;FIB4,纤维化-4指数。白蛋白尿定义为尿白蛋白与肌酐的比率≥30mg/g;从mmol/l到mg/dL的HDL/LDL-C的换算因子x38.9;从mmol/l到mg/dL的TG的换算因子x88.2。
在由基线处的年龄、BMI、血清HDL-C、ALT、AST、血小板、CAP和TSP2水平组成的多变量逻辑回归分析中,发现了基线处血清TSP2水平与发展出≥F3纤维化(OR2.82,95%CI1.37-5.78,p=0.005),以及基线BMI(OR 1.12,95%CI 1.03-1.21,p=0.007)、血小板计数(OR 0.992,95%CI 0.987-0.998,p=0.01)和CAP值(OR 1.02,95%CI 1.01-1.03,p<0.001)独立地相关联(表6)。
表6.显示基线血清TSP2水平与肝脏纤维化进展的关联的多变量逻辑回归分析(N=491)
*分析前进行对数转换。
分析中包括的变量由以下组成:年龄、BMI、HDL-C、ALT、AST、血小板计数、CAP和TSP2水平。模型选择基于Akaike信息准则。
TSP2,血小板反应蛋白2;BMI,体重指数;HDL-C,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;ALT,丙氨酸转氨酶;AST,天冬氨酸转氨酶;CAP,受控衰减参数;OR,优势比;95%CI,95%置信区间。
尽管包括基线循环TSP2水平以预测发展出≥F3纤维化的AUROC并未显著变化(有和没有TSP2的模型分别为0.837与0.816,p=0.19),但将基线循环TSP2水平添加到由基线处的BMI、血小板计数和CAP值组成的临床模型后,NRI(37.3,95%CI 6.4–68.1,p=0.02)和IDI(2.2,95%CI 0.1–4.4,p=0.045)两者都有显著改善。
基于横断面和前瞻性方法两者,本研究证明了在NAFLD中循环TSP2水平作为纤维化生物标志物的临床相关性。观察到血清TSP2水平与≥F3纤维化的存在相关联,并且还是共患NAFLD和2型糖尿病的患者中发展出晚期纤维化的独立预测因子。
在与肝纤维化相关联的与病因无关的五个优先基因中,鉴定出TSP2的基因THBS2,并且其表达与肝纤维化阶段正相关。在用四氯化碳(CCl4)处理的小鼠和具有胆管结扎的大鼠(两者都是肝纤维化的啮齿动物模型)中,发现肝脏TSP2蛋白表达增加(Chen等人,Am JPhysiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol;316:G744-G754(2019))。相似地,在另一项使用载脂蛋白E敲除(ApoE KO)小鼠的研究中,小鼠用高脂肪高胆固醇饮食饲喂,在具有严重纤维化的小鼠中肝脏THBS2基因表达也高于具有轻度纤维化的小鼠。在评价八名具有可用的肝活检组织的NAFLD患者的研究中,与具有F0/1纤维化的患者相比,在具有≥F3纤维化的患者中观察到肝脏中的THBS2基因表达显著上调(Lou等人,.Sci Rep;7:4748(2017))。
然而,解释患有晚期纤维化的患者中升高的循环TSP2水平的机制似乎并不简单。虽然TSP1和TSP2两者是涉及伤口愈合和重塑过程的基质细胞蛋白,但它们的组织表达中有空间和时间差异。例如,在伤口愈合中,已经提示TSP1可以更多地充当急性期反应物,而主要由成纤维细胞产生的TSP2更加负责随后的重塑过程。肝纤维化还是继发于慢性肝脏损伤(诸如NAFLD)的伤口愈合和重塑过程。然而,与活化潜伏的转化生长因子β(TGF-β)(经典的纤维发生细胞因子)的TSP1不同,TSP2对TGF-β活性具有极小的影响(Daniel等人,J Am SocNephrol;18:788-798(2007))。在肾小球肾炎的实验模型中,虽然在小鼠中TSP2的基因消除加速了肾损伤后的内皮细胞增殖和毛细血管修复,但与野生型小鼠相比,它还导致了加强的炎症、基质堆积以及增加的肾小球硬化。相似地,在另一项实验性脑损伤的啮齿动物研究中,还证明了在小鼠中TSP2的缺乏抑制血脑屏障的恢复,并在异物植入后延长神经炎症,伴随基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9水平的局部产量升高(Tian等人,Am JPathol;179:860-868(2011)),这两者还涉及肝纤维化的发病机制。此外,在类风湿性关节炎中,发现患有弥漫性关节炎的患者的滑膜成纤维细胞、内皮细胞和巨噬细胞产生高TSP2表达。然而,人类风湿性关节炎的体内模型证明,TSP2的过表达实际上导致病变血管化、组织浸润T细胞密度以及包括肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的促炎介质的产生的明显的减少(Park等人,Am J Pathol;165:2087-2098(2004))。另一方面,在最近的体外研究中,发现THBS2mRNA在肝星状细胞中高表达,并且过表达THBS2显著促进其活化。在糖尿病中,先前的研究还已经将TSP2提示为增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变(PDR)的生物标志物,因为在患有PDR的患者和患有活跃血管新生的患者的玻璃体液中TSP2水平显著上调(Abu El-Asrar.ActaOphthalmol;91:e169-177(2013))。该作者提出,在PDR中,肌成纤维细胞可以增强TSP2分泌,以保护组织免受过多的血管生成的伤害。最近,在患有2型糖尿病患者中发现皮肤中TSP2表达显著增加至几乎是非糖尿病患者中TSP2表达的3倍。体外分析揭示了高血糖可以激活己糖胺途径和核因子κB(NFκB)信号传导,从而增加成纤维细胞中的TSP2表达,尽管此前还已表明高血糖还可以通过增加的氧化应激来上调TSP2表达(Bae等人,ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol;33:1920-1927(2013))。总的来说,不论TSP2对纤维发生的影响是否是组织特异性的,或者患有晚期纤维化的患者中的肝脏和循环TSP2水平的上调是否代表了对NASH中潜在的炎症和氧化应激的代偿反应,都需要在进一步的机制研究中进行评估。
这项研究中有一些局限性。首先,观察性研究设计不允许推断患有2型糖尿病的患者中的高循环TSP2水平与发展出≥F3纤维化之间的任何因果关系。其次,未进行肝活检。然而,已经越来越多地将VCTE用作评估NAFLD中的肝脏纤维化的准确的替代性工具,其具有高达0.93的检测活检证实的纤维化的AUROC(Castera等人,Gastroenterology;156:1264-1281e1264(2019))。这在评估大量共患2型糖尿病和NAFLD或MAFLD的稳定且无症状的患者中尤其相关(Eslam等人,J Hepatol;73:202-209(2020))。最后,中位数观察时段仅为1.5年,与先前的研究相比,这可能导致纤维化进展的相对较低的事件率。
本研究显示了使用循环TSP2水平作为晚期纤维化生物标志物的证据,这将可用于对大量共患2型糖尿病和NAFLD的患者进行肝脏风险分层。值得注意的是,凭借其在VTCE上的>90%的高NPV以及AUROC鉴定≥F3纤维化的显著改进,这将尤其可用于不容易获得VCTE的糖尿病门诊。具有高循环TSP2水平(这在VCTE上表明携带≥F3纤维化和纤维化进展的较高风险)的患者,可以经鉴定而转诊至肝病专家以进行进一步的评估。此外,这些患者可以优先考虑可以改善肝纤维化、肝功能障碍和/或脂肪变性的抗糖尿病剂,以及临床可用时的新的NAFLD治疗方法。
值得注意的是,现存的NAFLD的检测和诊断通常需要活检和组织学分析。例如,组织学变化和NAFLD活性评分仅可以使用肝活检来确定。他们的发明基于横断面和前瞻性研究。本研究涉及患有2型糖尿病的个体并且使用横断面组织学和前瞻性方法,证明了在振动控制瞬时弹性成像上,血清TSP2水平作为≥F3纤维化的标志物是有效的。如本文所述,这允许检测和诊断NAFLD中的≥F3纤维化,而不需要肝活检或组织学分析。
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<110> 香港大学
<120> 用于非酒精性脂肪肝病的纤维化生物标志物
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Ser Cys Thr Thr Cys Thr Cys Lys Lys Phe Lys Thr Ile Cys His Gln
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His Cys Glu Asp Leu Asp Glu Cys Ala Leu Val Pro Asp Ile Cys Phe
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Cys Leu Pro Cys Pro Pro Arg Tyr Arg Gly Asn Gln Pro Val Gly Val
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Pro Cys Lys Asp Lys Thr His Asn Cys His Lys His Ala Glu Cys Ile
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Gly Trp Pro Asn Leu Asn Leu Val Cys Ala Thr Asn Ala Thr Tyr His
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Cys Ile Lys Asp Asn Cys Pro His Leu Pro Asn Ser Gly Gln Glu Asp
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Cys Pro Tyr Val His Asn Pro Ala Gln Ile Asp Thr Asp Asn Asn Gly
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Glu Gly Asp Ala Cys Ser Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Asp Val Phe Asn
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Asp Gly Asp Gly Val Gly Asp His Cys Asp Asn Cys Pro Leu Val His
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Asn Pro Asp Gln Thr Asp Val Asp Asn Asp Leu Val Gly Asp Gln Cys
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Asp Asn Asn Glu Asp Ile Asp Asp Asp Gly His Gln Asn Asn Gln Asp
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Asn Cys Pro Tyr Ile Ser Asn Ala Asn Gln Ala Asp His Asp Arg Asp
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Gly Gln Gly Asp Ala Cys Asp Pro Asp Asp Asp Asn Asp Gly Val Pro
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Asp Asp Arg Asp Asn Cys Arg Leu Val Phe Asn Pro Asp Gln Glu Asp
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Asp Asn Ile Pro Asp Ile Asp Asp Val Cys Pro Glu Asn Asn Ala Ile
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Asp Arg Asp Asp Asp Tyr Ala Gly Phe Val Phe Gly Tyr Gln Ser Ser
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His Asp Pro Arg Asn Ile Gly Trp Lys Asp Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Arg
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Trp His Leu Thr His Arg Pro Lys Thr Gly Tyr Ile Arg Val Leu
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Val His Glu Gly Lys Gln Val Met Ala Asp Ser Gly Pro Ile Tyr
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Pro Val Asn Ala Asp Asp Leu Ser Lys Ile Thr Lys Ile Met Arg Gln
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Tyr Ser Leu His Val Gly Cys Asp Leu Ile Asp Ser Phe Ala Leu Asp
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Val His Leu Val Phe Glu Asn Ser Val Glu Asp Ile Leu Ser Lys Lys
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Gly Cys Gln Gln Gly Gln Gly Ala Glu Ile Asn Ala Ile Ser Glu Asn
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Thr Glu Thr Leu Arg Leu Gly Pro His Val Thr Thr Glu Tyr Val Gly
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Pro Ser Ser Glu Arg Arg Pro Glu Val Cys Glu Arg Ser Cys Glu Glu
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Leu Gly Asn Met Val Gln Glu Leu Ser Gly Leu His Val Leu Val Asn
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Gln Leu Ser Glu Asn Leu Lys Arg Val Ser Asn Asp Asn Gln Phe Leu
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Trp Glu Leu Ile Gly Gly Pro Pro Lys Thr Arg Asn Met Ser Ala Cys
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Trp Gln Asp Gly Arg Phe Phe Ala Glu Asn Glu Thr Trp Val Val Asp
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Arg Glu Thr Lys Ala Cys Gln Gly Ala Pro Cys Pro Ile Asp Gly Arg
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Trp Ser Pro Trp Ser Pro Trp Ser Ala Cys Thr Val Thr Cys Ala Gly
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Gly Ile Arg Glu Arg Thr Arg Val Cys Asn Ser Pro Glu Pro Gln Tyr
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Gly Gly Lys Ala Cys Val Gly Asp Val Gln Glu Arg Gln Met Cys Asn
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Lys Arg Ser Cys Pro Val Asp Gly Cys Leu Ser Asn Pro Cys Phe Pro
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Gly Ala Gln Cys Ser Ser Phe Pro Asp Gly Ser Trp Ser Cys Gly Ser
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Cys Pro Val Gly Phe Leu Gly Asn Gly Thr His Cys Glu Asp Leu Asp
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Glu Cys Ala Leu Val Pro Asp Ile Cys Phe Ser Thr Ser Lys Val Pro
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His Asn Cys His Lys His Ala Glu Cys Ile Tyr Leu Gly His Phe Ser
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Leu Ile Cys Gly Glu Asp Ser Asp Leu Asp Gly Trp Pro Asn Leu Asn
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Leu Pro Ala Ser Leu Ala Gln Ala Ser Leu Gly Phe Trp Arg Trp Trp
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Leu His Gly Pro Asp Leu Trp Ser Ala Ser His His Phe Leu Gln Cys
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Leu Gln Asn Val His Leu Val Phe Glu Asn Ser Val Glu Asp Ile Leu
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Ser Lys Lys Gly Cys Gln Gln Gly Gln Gly Ala Glu Ile Asn Ala Ile
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Ser Glu Asn Thr Glu Thr Leu Arg Leu Gly Pro His Val Thr Thr Glu
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Tyr Val Gly Pro Ser Ser Glu Arg Arg Pro Glu Val Cys Glu Arg Ser
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Cys Glu Glu Leu Gly Asn Met Val Gln Glu Leu Ser Gly Leu His Val
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Val Glu Gly Glu Cys Cys Pro Ser Cys Leu His Ser Val Asp Gly Glu
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Thr Cys Leu Gly Pro Ser Ile Gln Thr Arg Ala Cys Ser Leu Ser Lys
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Arg Leu Cys Asn Ser Pro Val Pro Gln Met Gly Gly Lys Asn Cys Lys
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Gly Ser Gly Arg Glu Thr Lys Ala Cys Gln Gly Ala Pro Cys Pro Ile
405 410 415
Asp Gly Arg Trp Ser Pro Trp Ser Pro Trp Ser Ala Cys Thr Val Thr
420 425 430
Cys Ala Gly Gly Ile Arg Glu Arg Thr Arg Val Cys Asn Ser Pro Glu
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Pro Gln Tyr Gly Gly Lys Ala Cys Val Gly Asp Val Gln Glu Arg Gln
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Met Cys Asn Lys Arg Ser Cys Pro Val Asp Gly Cys Leu Ser Asn Pro
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Cys Phe Pro Gly Ala Gln Cys Ser Ser Phe Pro Asp Gly Ser Trp Ser
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Cys Gly Ser Cys Pro Val Gly Phe Leu Gly Asn Gly Thr His Cys Glu
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Asp Leu Asp Glu Cys Ala Leu Val Pro Asp Ile Cys Phe Ser Thr Ser
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Cys Pro Pro Arg Tyr Arg Gly Asn Gln Pro Val Gly Val Gly Leu Glu
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Ala Ala Lys Thr Glu Lys Gln Val Cys Glu Pro Glu Asn Pro Cys Lys
565 570 575
Asp Lys Thr His Asn Cys His Lys His Ala Glu Cys Ile Tyr Leu Gly
580 585 590
His Phe Ser Asp Pro Met Tyr Lys Cys Glu Cys Gln Thr Gly Tyr Ala
595 600 605
Gly Asp Gly Leu Ile Cys Gly Glu Asp Ser Asp Leu Asp Gly Trp Pro
610 615 620
Asn Leu Asn Leu Val Cys Ala Thr Asn Ala Thr Tyr His Cys Ile Lys
625 630 635 640
Asp Asn Cys Pro His Leu Pro Asn Ser Gly Gln Glu Asp Phe Asp Lys
645 650 655
Asp Gly Ile Gly Asp Ala Cys Asp Asp Asp Asp Asp Asn Asp Gly Val
660 665 670
Thr Asp Glu Lys Asp Asn Cys Gln Leu Leu Phe Asn Pro Arg Gln Ala
675 680 685
Asp Tyr Asp Lys Asp Glu Val Gly Asp Arg Cys Asp Asn Cys Pro Tyr
690 695 700
Val His Asn Pro Ala Gln Ile Asp Thr Asp Asn Asn Gly Glu Gly Asp
705 710 715 720
Ala Cys Ser Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Asp Val Phe Asn Glu Arg Asp
725 730 735
Asn Cys Pro Tyr Val Tyr Asn Thr Asp Gln Arg Asp Thr Asp Gly Asp
740 745 750
Gly Val Gly Asp His Cys Asp Asn Cys Pro Leu Val His Asn Pro Asp
755 760 765
Gln Thr Asp Val Asp Asn Asp Leu Val Gly Asp Gln Cys Asp Asn Asn
770 775 780
Glu Asp Ile Asp Asp Asp Gly His Gln Asn Asn Gln Asp Asn Cys Pro
785 790 795 800
Tyr Ile Ser Asn Ala Asn Gln Ala Asp His Asp Arg Asp Gly Gln Gly
805 810 815
Asp Ala Cys Asp Pro Asp Asp Asp Asn Asp Gly Val Pro Asp Asp Arg
820 825 830
Asp Asn Cys Arg Leu Val Phe Asn Pro Asp Gln Glu Asp Leu Asp Gly
835 840 845
Asp Gly Arg Gly Asp Ile Cys Lys Asp Asp Phe Asp Asn Asp Asn Ile
850 855 860
Pro Asp Ile Asp Asp Val Cys Pro Glu Asn Asn Ala Ile Ser Glu Thr
865 870 875 880
Asp Phe Arg Asn Phe Gln Met Val Pro Leu Asp Pro Lys Gly Thr Thr
885 890 895
Gln Ile Asp Pro Asn Trp Val Ile Arg His Gln Gly Lys Glu Leu Val
900 905 910
Gln Thr Ala Asn Ser Asp Pro Gly Ile Ala Val Gly Phe Asp Glu Phe
915 920 925
Gly Ser Val Asp Phe Ser Gly Thr Phe Tyr Val Asn Thr Asp Arg Asp
930 935 940
Asp Asp Tyr Ala Gly Phe Val Phe Gly Tyr Gln Ser Ser Ser Arg Phe
945 950 955 960
Tyr Val Val Met Trp Lys Gln Val Thr Gln Thr Tyr Trp Glu Asp Gln
965 970 975
Pro Thr Arg Ala Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Gly Val Ser Leu Lys Val Val Asn
980 985 990
Ser Thr Thr Gly Thr Gly Glu His Leu Arg Asn Ala Leu Trp His Thr
995 1000 1005
Gly Asn Thr Pro Gly Gln Val Arg Thr Leu Trp His Asp Pro Arg
1010 1015 1020
Asn Ile Gly Trp Lys Asp Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Arg Trp His Leu Thr
1025 1030 1035
His Arg Pro Lys Thr Gly Tyr Ile Arg Val Leu Val His Glu Gly
1040 1045 1050
Lys Gln Val Met Ala Asp Ser Gly Pro Ile Tyr Asp Gln Thr Tyr
1055 1060 1065
Ala Gly Gly Arg Leu Gly Leu Phe Val Phe Ser Gln Glu Met Val
1070 1075 1080
Tyr Phe Ser Asp Leu Lys Tyr Glu Cys Arg Asp Ile
1085 1090 1095
Claims (28)
1.非侵入性检测患有非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的受试者中的晚期肝纤维化的方法,该方法包括:
(a)测量来自所述受试者的样品中的生物标志物血小板反应蛋白2(TSP2)的循环水平,以及
(b)当来自所述受试者的所述样品中的TSP2的循环水平大于约3.6ng/ml时检测出晚期肝纤维化。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中测量包括使来自所述受试者的所述样品与捕获试剂组接触,其中所述捕获试剂组包含对TSP2具有结合特异性的一种或多种抗体结合片段。
3.权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中测量包括使来自所述受试者的所述样品与捕获试剂组接触,其中所述捕获试剂组包含对TSP2具有结合特异性并且对TSP1、TSP3、TSP4和TSP5不具有结合特异性的一种或多种抗体结合片段。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中测量包括使来自所述受试者的所述样品与包含两种抗体结合片段的捕获试剂组接触,每种抗体结合片段对TSP2的不同位点具有结合特异性。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其中TSP2是人TSP2。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其中所述样品是稀释的或未稀释的血液或血清。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法,其中所述样品是以约1:5至1:500(v/v)的所述样品与样品稀释缓冲液的比率稀释的稀释样品。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项所述的方法,其中晚期肝纤维化包括如通过振动控制瞬时弹性成像(VCTE)所测量的约F3级或超过F3级的纤维化。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其中晚期肝纤维化包括如通过M探头上约9.6千帕(kPa)的或XL探头上约9.3kPa的以及更大的肝硬度(LS)测量截止值所分级的约F3级或超过F3级的纤维化。
10.权利要求1-9中任一项的方法,其中当来自所述受试者的所述样品中的TSP2的循环水平高于约3.6ng/ml时,以约80%或大于80%的灵敏度和约60%或大于60%的特异性检测出晚期肝纤维化。
11.权利要求1-10中任一项所述的方法,其中以约90%或超过90%的阴性预测值检测出晚期肝纤维化。
12.权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中通过免疫测定进行测量,所述免疫测定具有约0.01ng/ml至约0.18ng/ml的TSP2的最低检出限。
13.权利要求1-12中任一项所述的方法,其中所述受试者患有NAFLD和选自由代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病(CVD)和慢性肾病(CKD)组成的组的一种或多种疾病。
14.检测患有非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的受试者中发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)测量来自所述受试者的样品中的生物标志物血小板反应蛋白2(TSP2)的循环水平,以及
(b)检测来自所述受试者的所述样品中以ng/ml测量的TSP2的对数转换的循环水平的每单位增加发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险。
15.权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述方法检测出来自所述受试者的所述样品中TSP2的对数转换的循环水平的每单位增加发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险高2.82倍。
16.权利要求14或15所述的方法,其中检测发展出晚期肝纤维化的风险是对于从步骤(a)起约0.1年至约3年的时段之内的风险。
17.权利要求14-16中任一项所述的方法,其中测量包括使来自所述受试者的所述样品与捕获试剂组接触,其中所述捕获试剂组包含对TSP2具有结合特异性的一种或多种抗体结合片段。
18.权利要求14-17中任一项所述的方法,其中测量包括使来自所述受试者的所述样品与捕获试剂组接触,其中所述捕获试剂组包含对TSP2具有结合特异性并且对TSP1、TSP3、TSP4和TSP5不具有结合特异性的一种或多种抗体结合片段。
19.权利要求14-18中任一项所述的方法,其中测量包括使来自所述受试者的所述样品与包含两种抗体结合片段的捕获试剂组接触,每种抗体结合片段对TSP2的不同位点具有结合特异性。
20.权利要求14-19中任一项所述的方法,其中TSP2是人TSP2。
21.权利要求14-20中任一项所述的方法,其中所述样品是稀释的或未稀释的血液或血清。
22.权利要求14-21中任一项所述的方法,其中所述样品是以约1:5至1:500(v/v)的所述样品与样品稀释缓冲液的比率稀释的稀释样品。
23.权利要求14-22中任一项所述的方法,其中所述受试者患有NAFLD和选自由代谢综合征、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病(CVD)和慢性肾病(CKD)组成的组的一种或多种疾病。
24.权利要求1-23中任一项所述的方法,其包括将所述受试者鉴定为有肝纤维化治疗的需要。
25.权利要求1-24中任一项所述的方法,其包括治疗所述受试者以减少肝纤维化。
26.试剂盒,其包含权利要求2-5中任一项所述的捕获试剂组,所述捕获试剂组用于权利要求1和6-25中任一项所述的方法。
27.免疫测定,其包含权利要求2-5中任一项所述的捕获试剂组。
28.权利要求30所述的免疫测定,其用于权利要求1和6-25中任一项所述的方法。
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