CN117430539A - 一种内酰胺的制备方法和得到的产品 - Google Patents

一种内酰胺的制备方法和得到的产品 Download PDF

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CN117430539A
CN117430539A CN202210837417.8A CN202210837417A CN117430539A CN 117430539 A CN117430539 A CN 117430539A CN 202210837417 A CN202210837417 A CN 202210837417A CN 117430539 A CN117430539 A CN 117430539A
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lactam
aminocarboxylate
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牛典
施亚男
石鹏
钱建国
郑博
宗保宁
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Abstract

本公开涉及一种化合物合成方法。一种内酰胺的制备方法和得到的产品,氨基羧酸酯与反应溶剂混合得到反应液,在惰性气体保护下,在温度为50℃~400℃、压力为1~5MPa的条件下发生氨酯交换反应生成内酰胺,反应产物脱除溶剂后得到内酰胺产品。本发明提供的内酰胺制备方法无需催化剂,简单高效,且产品产率高,可广泛用于化工材料技术领域。

Description

一种内酰胺的制备方法和得到的产品
技术领域
本发明涉及一种高效合成内酰胺的方法。该制备方法属于酯胺解反应,即氨基羧酸酯化合物在高温下发生氨酯交换反应,分子内成环形成内酰胺类化合物。
背景技术
酰胺类化合物是重要的基本化学品,被广泛应用在材料、农药、医药、生命等领域中。其中,内酰胺作为非常关键的杂环化合物,能够作为溶剂或高分子聚合的单体,应用于各类抗菌药物及功能材料的合成与制备中。例如,临床应用最为广泛的β-内酰胺类抗生素(包括最常见的青霉素与头孢菌素等)就具有活性必需的内酰胺核心骨架。酰胺化合物的有效制备是合成有机化学的基石,因此,开发内酰胺的新型合成工艺至关重要。
内酰胺可通过多种方法合成。方法一:肟在酸催化下发生Beckmann重排反应。例如,己内酰胺的制备通常是环己酮与硫酸氢盐或羟胺盐酸盐反应形成环己酮肟,使用浓硫酸或发烟硫酸为催化剂,通过Beckmann重排法将其转换成己内酰胺。虽然使用浓硫酸或发烟硫酸作催化剂具有很高的选择性,但会造成反应设备腐蚀、副产大量硫酸铵副产物等问题。
方法二:环酮与叠氮酸发生Schmidt反应。例如,以α-卤代己内酰胺为原料与叠氮化钠反应制备氨基己内酰胺(Helv.Chim.Acta,1958,41,181-188)。反应介质必须具有较强的酸性才能获得较高的产率,且反应中所使用的叠氮试剂在酸性条件下会生成易挥发的、剧毒性的叠氮酸。文献报道了利用硝基甲烷为氮源来替代叠氮试剂的酰胺制备新路径(Science,2019,367,281-285),环己酮可以被高效的转化为制备尼龙6的单体己内酰胺,但反应需要使用比较昂贵的三氟甲磺酸酐试剂,限制了工业化生产。
方法三:氨基酸环化。例如,赖氨酸环化形成七元环的氨基己内酰胺。文献Synthesis,1978,614-616、Tetrahedron Lett.,1980,21,2443-2446中均报道了在甲苯中使用过量氧化铝或硅胶作为催化剂和吸附剂制备氨基己内酰胺的方法;此外,由赖氨酸在超临界水中环化也是得到氨基己内酰胺的一条路径(J.Chem.Eng.Jpn.,2004,37,353-356),但这些合成方法产率较低,耗时较长。CN101006051B公开了赖氨酸在多碳醇中回流来完成环化反应的方法,但同时需要借助分水器不断除去反应过程中生成的水。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中存在的上述问题,本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种制备内酰胺的方法。该方法工艺路线简单,反应快速,无需催化剂,产品收率高。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供的内酰胺的制备方法,氨基羧酸酯与反应溶剂混合得到反应液,在惰性气体保护下,在温度为50℃~400℃、压力为1~5MPa的条件下发生氨酯交换反应生成内酰胺,反应产物脱除溶剂后得到内酰胺产品;所述的氨基羧酸酯的结构式如式I所示:
其中:n为0~10的整数;R1、R2各自独立地选自氢、取代或未取代的烷基、环烷基、氨基、羟基、烯基、炔基、芳基、卤素、杂环基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烯氧基或炔氧基;R3为C1~C12烷基;
所述的内酰胺的结构式如式II所示:
其中:R为C2~C10烷基,其任选地可被烷基、环烷基、氨基、羟基、烯基、炔基、芳基、卤素、杂环基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烯氧基或炔氧基中的至少一种取代。
本发明提供的内酰胺的制备方法制备得到的内酰胺产品。
本发明提供一种内酰胺的制备方法的有益效果:
与现有技术相比,本发明提供的制备方法合成路线简单,操作简便,反应高效,无需催化剂,所得内酰胺纯度较高,产率较高,易于分离和提纯。
具体实施方式
以下详细说明本发明的具有实施方式。本申请中涉及的到压力均为表压。
一种内酰胺的制备方法,氨基羧酸酯与反应溶剂混合得到反应液,在惰性气体保护下,在温度为50℃~400℃、压力为1~5MPa的条件下发生氨酯交换反应生成内酰胺,反应产物脱除溶剂后得到内酰胺产品;所述的氨基羧酸酯的结构式如式I所示:
其中:n为0~10的整数,优选n为0、1、2、3、4;R1、R2各自独立地选自氢、取代或未取代的烷基、环烷基、氨基、羟基、烯基、炔基、芳基、卤素、杂环基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烯氧基或炔氧基;R3为C1~C12烷基、优选R3为C1~C4烷基,即具有1~4个碳原子的直链或支链烷基,例如可为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基或者异丁基;
所述的内酰胺的结构式如式II所示:
其中:R为C2~C10烷基,其任选地可被烷基、环烷基、氨基、羟基、烯基、炔基、芳基、卤素、杂环基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烯氧基或炔氧基中的至少一种取代。优选地,R为C2~C6烷基。
本发明提供的方法中,所述的反应溶剂为有机溶剂或有机溶剂与水的混合溶剂,所述的反应液中,水的含量为0~50wt%;
优选地,所述的有机溶剂选自甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇,仲丁醇,叔丁醇、戊醇、己醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、四氢呋喃、二氧六环和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种;
优选地,所述的有机溶剂为氨基羧酸酯对应的醇。
本发明提供的方法中,所述的氨基羧酸酯在反应液中的浓度为0.01wt%~50wt%、优选1wt%~10wt%、更优选5wt%-8wt%。反应溶剂的量使得所述的反应液呈溶液或能够搅拌即可。
本发明提供的方法中,反应温度优选为150℃~300℃、更优选160℃~200℃;反应压力优选为1~5MPa、更优选为1.5~5MPa。
本发明提供的方法中,氨酯交换反应的反应时间为10min~5h、优选为20min~3h、更优选20-40min。
本发明提供的方法中,所述的氨基羧酸酯包括氨基羧酸酯、与无机酸结合的形式存在的氨基羧酸酯和氨基羧酸酯的水合物。其中,当所述的氨基羧酸酯以与无机酸结合的形式存在时,即以氨基羧酸酯盐酸盐、氨基羧酸酯硫酸盐、氨基羧酸酯硝酸盐、氨基羧酸酯碳酸盐的形式存在时,先加入化学计量的碱溶液中和,然后再与反应溶剂混合反应。所述的碱溶液可以为氢氧化钠水溶液。
本发明提供的方法中,内酰胺的制备方法结束后,反应产物中含有内酰胺产物和微量寡聚物,可通过后处理进一步纯化产物。所述的后处理优选包括:冷却反应体系,减压蒸去溶剂,粗产物用重结晶溶剂加热溶解,趁热除去杂质或加入不良溶剂,冷却后,过滤后取固体即为纯化的目标产物。
上述任一项所述的内酰胺的制备方法得到的内酰胺产品。
下面通过具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明,但这些实施例并不对本发明的内容构成限制。
实施例中所使用的试剂:谷氨酸二甲酯、赖氨酸甲酯、鸟氨酸甲酯、氨基己酸乙酯、氨基庚酸甲酯、氨基丁酸乙酯、天冬酰胺叔丁酯均为市售产品。
反应后反应液中内酰胺的含量由气相色谱法分析,采用外标法定量。
收率计算公式:
内酰胺生成量=反应液中内酰胺含量×反应液的质量。
内酰胺收率=内酰胺生成量/内酰胺理论生成量×100%。
实施例1
谷氨酸二甲酯制备焦谷氨酸甲酯(n=1,R1=COOCH3,R2=H,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol谷氨酸二甲酯和20mL甲醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至200℃,继续充氮气至4MPa后反应40分钟。反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,焦谷氨酸甲酯收率为96.1%。利用电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)确认分子结构:m/z理论值[M+H]+=144.0660,实测值[M+H]+=144.0650。
实施例2
赖氨酸甲酯制备氨基己内酰胺(n=3,R1=H,R2=NH2,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol赖氨酸甲酯和20mL甲醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至180℃,继续充氮气至3MPa后反应20分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,氨基己内酰胺收率为98.5%。
旋蒸浓缩反应液得到黄色油状物,用甲醇洗涤,得到淡黄色固体,纯度为99.5%。
利用电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)确认分子结构:m/z理论值[M+H]+=129.1028,实测值[M+H]+=129.1020。
实施例3
鸟氨酸甲酯制备3-氨基-2-哌啶酮(n=2,R1=H,R2=NH2,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol鸟氨酸甲酯和20mL甲醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至160℃,继续充氮气至1.5MPa后反应30分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,3-氨基-2-哌啶酮收率为96.3%。
实施例4
氨基己酸乙酯制备己内酰胺(n=3,R1=H,R2=H,R3=CH2CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol氨基己酸乙酯和20mL乙醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至180℃,继续充氮气至2MPa后反应40分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,己内酰胺收率为94.0%。
实施例5
氨基庚酸甲酯制备庚内酰胺(n=4,R1=H,R2=H,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol氨基庚酸甲酯和20mL甲醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至220℃,继续充氮气至5MPa后反应20分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,庚内酰胺收率为85.8%。
实施例6
氨基丁酸乙酯制备丁内酰胺(n=1,R1=H,R2=H,R3=CH2CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol氨基丁酸乙酯和20mL乙醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至170℃,继续充氮气至1.5MPa后反应40分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,丁内酰胺收率为89.2%。
实施例7
天冬酰胺叔丁酯制备天冬氨酰亚胺(n=1,R1=H,R2=NH2,R3=t-Bu):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol天冬酰胺叔丁酯和20mL叔丁醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至180℃,继续充氮气至3MPa后反应40分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样利用气相色谱分析所得反应液,天冬氨酰亚胺收率为93.8%。
实施例8
赖氨酸甲酯制备氨基己内酰胺(n=3,R1=H,R2=NH2,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol赖氨酸甲酯、20mL甲醇和4mL水。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气在0.15MPa下进行置换,升温至180℃,继续充氮气至3MPa后反应30分钟,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,氨基己内酰胺收率为91.6%。
实施例9
赖氨酸甲酯制备氨基己内酰胺(n=3,R1=H,R2=NH2,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol赖氨酸甲酯和20mL甲醇。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气至0.5MPa,升温至80℃反应3小时,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,氨基己内酰胺收率61.7%。由于反应温度较低,因此赖氨酸甲酯部分未转化,导致成环效率较低,反应收率不理想。
实施例10
赖氨酸甲酯制备氨基己内酰胺(n=3,R1=H,R2=NH2,R3=CH3):
在50mL高压反应釜中加入5.7mmol赖氨酸甲酯和20mL DMF。反应釜用氮气置换3次气体后,充入氮气至0.5MPa,升温至120℃反应3小时,反应结束后冷却至室温,取样于气相色谱分析所得反应液,氨基己内酰胺收率仅32.1%。DMF作为一种为非质子型极性溶剂,溶剂中难以发生质子解离、传递,且对于该体系原料溶解性较差,因此反应收率不理想。

Claims (10)

1.一种内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,氨基羧酸酯与反应溶剂混合得到反应液,在惰性气体保护下,在温度为50℃~400℃、压力为1~5MPa的条件下发生氨酯交换反应生成内酰胺,反应产物脱除溶剂后得到内酰胺产品;所述的氨基羧酸酯的结构式如式I所示:
其中:n为0~10的整数;R1、R2各自独立地选自氢、取代或未取代的烷基、环烷基、氨基、羟基、烯基、炔基、芳基、卤素、杂环基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烯氧基或炔氧基;R3为C1~C12烷基;
所述的内酰胺的结构式如式II所示:
其中:R为C2~C10烷基,其任选地可被烷基、环烷基、氨基、羟基、烯基、炔基、芳基、卤素、杂环基、杂芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、芳氧基、烯氧基或炔氧基中的至少一种取代。
2.按照权利要求1所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的氨基羧酸酯的结构式中,n为0、1、2、3、4;R3为C1~C4烷基;所述的内酰胺的结构式中,R为C2~C6烷基。
3.按照权利要求2所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的氨基羧酸酯为赖氨酸甲酯,所述的内酰胺为氨基己内酰胺。
4.按照权利要求1-3中任一种所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的反应溶剂为有机溶剂或有机溶剂与水的混合溶剂,所述的反应液中,水的含量为0~50wt%;
优选地,所述的有机溶剂选自甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇,仲丁醇,叔丁醇、戊醇、己醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、四氢呋喃、二氧六环和二甲基亚砜中的至少一种;
优选地,所述的有机溶剂为氨基羧酸酯对应的醇。
5.按照权利要求4所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的氨基羧酸酯在反应液中的浓度为0.01wt%~50wt%;
优选地,所述的氨基羧酸酯在反应液中的浓度为1wt%~10wt%。
6.按照权利要求1所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,反应温度为150℃-300℃、优选160℃-200℃。
7.按照权利要求1所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,反应压力为1-5MPa、优选1.5-5MPa。
8.按照权利要求1所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,氨酯交换反应的反应时间为10min-5h、;
优选地,所述的反应时间为20min-3h
更优选反应时间为20min-40min。
9.按照权利要求1所述的内酰胺的制备方法,其特征在于,当所述的氨基羧酸酯以氨基羧酸酯盐酸盐、氨基羧酸酯硫酸盐、氨基羧酸酯硝酸盐、氨基羧酸酯碳酸盐的形式存在时,先加入化学计量的碱溶液中和,然后再与反应溶剂混合反应。
10.权利要求1-9中任一项权利要求所述的内酰胺的制备方法得到的产品。
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