CN1173891C - 用紫外光使小隐孢子虫和贾第虫属孢囊灭活的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种使隐孢子虫属卵囊、贾第虫属孢囊和类似生物体灭活的方法,该方法包含用波长范围为200-300nm的连续紫外光以1mJ/cm2至175mJ/cm2的剂量对水进行照射。所述方法可用于含有隐孢子虫属卵囊、贾第虫属孢囊的饮用水的处理。
Description
本申请是1998年5月13日提交的序列号为09/078,116、标题为“用紫外光防止小隐孢子虫复制的方法”的部分继续申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及在水中使小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)灭活的方法,特别涉及用低剂量的紫外光防止小隐孢子虫和其他原生生物如Giardia muris在人体宿主中造成感染(正如通过对感染新生小鼠的能力所测量的)的方法。
背景技术
众所周知,要想使原生动物的卵囊不能感染易感宿主,杀死或使其灭活是必需的。这一点对饮用水尤其重要。这类方法之一是使用紫外(“UV”)光。现有技术认为要使小隐孢子虫(Lorenzo-Lorenzo等人,J.Parasitol.1993,79,67-70)和Giardia muris(E.L.Jarol,“杀菌剂对贾第虫属(Giardia)孢囊的影响”,CRC Critical Reviewsin Environmental control,1988,18,1-28)灭活,至少需要UV的剂量为3000mJ/cm2。Snowball及其同事(英国专利申请#9416287.2,1984年11月8日;Wat.Res.,1995,29,2583-2586)开发了一种仪器,首次过滤出隐孢子虫属(Cryptosporidium)卵囊并将其暴露在剂量为700-800mJ/cm2的UV下。该专利提出使用2μm的筛网过滤器来捕获隐孢子虫属卵囊,然后用UV剂量为350-400mJ/cm2的低压汞灯系列对其进行照射。然后将该过滤器反洗到第二个过滤器上并重复照射,总剂量为700-800mJ/cm2。该专利公开指出这种方法能“杀死”生物体。
M.J.Lorenzo-Lorenzo,M.E.Area-Mazea,I.Villacorta-Martinez.De Maturana and D.Duran-Oreiro[“饮用水的紫外线消毒对小隐孢子虫卵囊生存能力的影响”J.Parasitol.1993 79(1),67-70] 曾报告在暴露于(大概是)来自低压汞灯的UV至少150分钟后防止小鼠感染的情况。尽管该论文不是很清晰,但可以推断出要想使感染力降低2个对数以上,施加的UV剂量应高于5000mJ/cm2。这些作者宣称暴露于UV下150分钟或更长时间将“消除”感染力,但他们除了说明“UV照射通过引起胸腺嘧啶二聚体(thy[ia]minedimer)的形成瓦解DNA,高水平可以导致细胞死亡”外,没有给出作用机理。根据他们施加的UV剂量,观察到的结果几乎肯定地是由于细胞死亡引起的。
在A.Bushnell,W.Clark,J.Dunn and K.Salisbury的一篇论文[“用Blow-Fill-Seal技术包装产品的脉冲光线灭菌”,Pharm.Engin.1997年9月/10月,74-83]中,描述了用于含有细菌、真菌、孢子、病毒、原生动物和卵囊的表面进行灭菌的脉冲紫外技术。据报告需要使用的UV剂量超过1000mJ/cm2。用小鼠的感染力对该种方法的效力进行了测定。根据报告的UV剂量,相信结果是由于细胞的死亡引起的。
在R.LaFrenz的论文[“用于饮用水处理的高强度脉冲UV”,Proc.AWWA WQTC Conference,Denver,CO,1997年11月]中,描述了类似的脉冲系统。文章没有给出太多的细节,但可以看出使用了小鼠感染力测定,在大约200mJ/cm2和更强的能量水平下,获得了6个对数的隐孢子虫属灭活。该文宣称脉冲UV克服了“DNA的修复机理”;但是,施加的UV剂量远大于本文中使用稳态中压或低压汞灯所要求的剂量。
从上面引述的参考资料,我们可以推断出现有技术认为要想通过“杀死”生物体的方法使隐孢子虫属灭活,需要非常大的UV剂量(大于200mJ/cm2并上至5000mJ/cm2)。因此,本发明的目的就是提供一种以有效方式用紫外光处理水的方法,以使隐孢子虫属卵囊不能感染易感宿主,或者换言之,对可能存在隐孢子虫属卵囊的水进行“消毒”。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种使用来自中压汞灯的紫外光使隐孢子虫属卵囊丧失感染能力的方法。本发明的再一个目的是提供一种使用紫外光处理饮用水的有效益的方法,以消除隐孢子虫属卵囊和贾第虫属孢囊造成感染的可能性。本发明的最后一个目的是提供一种使用来自低压汞灯的紫外光使隐孢子虫属卵囊和贾第虫属囊丧失感染能力的方法。
发明概要
通常,人们已经发现用紫外光“杀死”病原体如小隐孢子虫或Giardia muris以防止感染是没有必要的;人们只需要施加足够的紫外光阻止生物体的“复制”即可。本发明的方法是通过使DNA灭活阻止复制(细胞有丝分裂)从而防止感染。阻止复制所需的UV剂量在数量级上低于“杀死”卵囊所需的剂量。这就意味着用UV处理防止隐孢子虫属卵囊感染的成本将显著地低。
人们已经发现当生物体暴露在范围为200至300nm的紫外光(UV)时,UV可以被DNA、RNA和蛋白质吸收。蛋白质吸收紫外线可以导致细胞壁破裂和生物体的死亡。已知,DNA或RNA(特别是胸腺嘧啶碱)吸收紫外线会通过形成胸腺嘧啶二聚体引起DNA或RNA双螺旋股灭活。如果在DNA中产生了足够的这种二聚物,DNA的复制过程将被中断,因而在有丝分裂中细胞不能复制。不能复制的细胞不能感染。本发明利用数量级上实质性低于引起卵囊死亡所需剂量的UV剂量(UV达到复制受阻的状态)。
因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,利用连续紫外光以1mJ/cm2至175mJ/cm2的剂量对含有或可能含有隐孢子虫属卵囊和贾第虫属孢囊中至少一种的水进行照射。本发明优选利用一个宽带(200-300nm)中压汞UV灯达到消毒目的。在本发明的另外一个实施方案中,也可以采用一个UV低压汞(必须是单色的)UV灯。用中压灯所需剂量测出为11mJ/cm2,能达到好于5.9个对数的消毒效果。从这里可以推断7mJ/cm2的剂量可以达到好于4个对数的消毒效果(99.99%)和3.6mJ/cm2可以达到好于2个对数的消毒效果(99%)。对低压灯来说,要想达到4.1和4.3个对数的消毒效果,需要的剂量分别是8和16mJ/cm2。因此,UV剂量水平显著低于以前所用的剂量,导致达到这些结果所需的动力水平显著降低。目前已经发现隐孢子虫属和类似的生物体如贾第虫属的灭活从大约1mJ/cm2剂量就发生了。因此,就可能存在的隐孢子虫属卵囊和贾第虫属孢囊的污染饮用水的消毒而言,本方法在UV的成本效益方面提供了一个实质性的改进。其他优点可以从细读下列本发明优选实施方案的详细描述明显看出。
附图说明
图1是显示小型实验与示范规模实验之间的相关关系以及“体外”与“体内”方法之间差异的图。
图2是显示用低压和中压汞UV灯所做实验之间相关关系的图。
具体实施方式
在两套不同的仪器上进行实验:一套是小型(bench-scale)平行光束装置(collimated beam apparatus),另一套是示范规模(demonstration scale)UV反应器。
实验中使用了人们熟知的小型平行光束仪器。上部的灯罩里可以含有一个15W的低压汞灯(单色的,254nm)或者一个1KW的Rayox中压汞灯(在200-300nm的宽范围内发射)。每个灯在下部的机罩中都有自己的动力供应。从灯罩处垂直延伸下来一个中间有气动开关的黑塑料平行光管(collimator)(长48cm,直径6.4cm)。将要被照射的细胞悬浮液(在来自加拿大安大略Kitchener的Mannheim水处理厂处理过的水中)放置在一个位于平行光管下面的搅拌马达顶部的Petri盘(带一个搅拌棒)中,暴露一个固定的时间以达到需要的UV剂量。UV辐射度用配有SED240型检测器的国际光模型1400辐射仪来测量。合适的计算要考虑到检测器对波长敏感度的变化,辐射度在水中的衰减以及在Petri盘顶部辐射度分布的衰减。UV剂量(mJ/cm2)是在水中的平均UV辐射度(mW/cm2)与暴露时间的乘积。
对小隐孢子虫和Giardia muris示范规模实验是使用一个111L(29.4gal)的UV反应器在加拿大安大略Kitchener的Mannheim水处理厂的过滤水上进行的,该反应器含有水平横跨塔型UV反应器固定的6×1KW Rayox SentinelTM中压紫外线灯。生物体被引入反应器前面一个固定的混合器的上游,然后在反应器后用1微米滤器进行收集。每次实验过程中总的流速大约是215gpm(814L/min)。这些滤器被送往VT(佛蒙特)的St.Albans,在那里将生物体从滤器中提取并浓缩。所有的生物体都进行体外测定(荧光活性染色(fluorgenic vitaldyes)和脱囊);四份隐孢子虫属样本被送往Arizona大学的系/实验室进行小鼠感染力测定。
用血细胞计数器对UV处理过的卵囊计数,用亮视野显微技术确定每个试管中存在的卵囊的浓度。这些初步的数据被用来计算制备新生小鼠卵囊接种物所必须的稀释度。
卵囊到达Arizona大学时,其感染力通过将其接种进4-6天大的CD-1远交小鼠体内来确定。用在pH值调整为7的无菌水中制备的卵囊接种物攻击小鼠。所有的接种物通过预先记数的卵囊悬浮液的系列衡稀来制备。用已校准的移液管进行所有的稀释,稀释后,卵囊接种物在被喂给小鼠之前重新计数。计数由两位技术人员执行并交叉检查。卵囊用一个配有一个标准吸头并已校准的专用移液管经口服给予,剂量为10微升。小鼠被技术员轻柔地端在手掌里,缓慢给予接种物,直至接种物全部被小鼠吞服。小鼠在接种7天后处死,切下大约2厘米的末端回肠。将组织样本固定于福尔马林中,包埋入石蜡,切片,固定在显微镜的载玻片上,染色,并检查在肠绒毛刷状缘中小隐孢子虫内生阶段的存在情况。有寄生物的样本记为阳性,无寄生物的记为阴性。
在反应器中施加的UV剂量(mJ/cm2)通过平均辐射度(mW/cm2)(根据一个成熟的反应器点源累加模型确定)乘以在反应器中的停留时间(大约8.3秒)算出。UV剂量可以通过将一盏或两盏灯置于“低”或“满”能量位置而改变。
随后进行一系列小型实验以评估低压汞灯与中压汞灯之间的差异。用于这些实验的条件与前面描述的小型实验本质上是相同的,除了一组实验用低压汞灯进行,另一组用中压汞灯进行。
结果概述
测定
对于小型和示范规模实验,均用两项体外测定(荧光活性染色和最大化脱囊)和一项体内测定(新生小鼠感染力)来评估小隐孢子虫卵囊的生存能力和感染力。另外,在示范规模实验中还对Giardiamuris孢囊进行了一项体外测定(最大化脱囊)。同时还进行了贾第虫属体内实验。
小型研究
未处理过的和过程对照下的隐孢子虫属卵囊的生存能力和感染力
用荧光活性染色(91%±2%)和最大化体外脱囊(76%±4%)进行的在旅程对照(trip control)(未处理的卵囊悬浮液)下最初的生存能力评估显示出很高的生存能力。这些结果可用小鼠感染力证实,其表明要在CD-1新生小鼠中造成56%的感染需要75个卵囊。在过程对照(process control)(卵囊在未暴露在UV的情况下经历了全部实验过程)下,荧光活性染色显示了85%±3%的生存能力,最大化体外脱囊显示了86%的生存能力。对于过程对照,50个卵囊的接种物引起大约80%新生小鼠的感染。这些数据被用于用于体外测定实验性的生存能力的“标准化”,在荧光活性染色的情况下,结果乘以(1/0.85=1.18),在最大化脱囊的情况下,产生结果乘以(1/0.86=1.16)。暴露于UV的卵囊的生存能力和感染力
检测四种UV剂量以评估它们对卵囊生存能力和感染力的影响。表1a中给出了UV辐射过的卵囊的标准化体外生存能力数据。生存能力因子的对数是生存能力百分比相对于过程对照生存能力百分比之比的对数。
表1b中给出了新生小鼠体内感染力数据,并已从感染后七天小鼠回肠组织切片的显微检查中得到确认。给定剂量的感染力百分比由受感染的小鼠与接受该剂量的小鼠总数的数量之比确定。为了确立对感染的生存能力对数,从一个对数的剂量响应模型中推导出感染力百分比值,该模型从以前的感染力研究中得到并具有下列方程式:
响应对数=-7.536+3.867log10剂量=ln[P/(1-P)]
这里P是受感染小鼠的比例。响应对数非常类似于Finch等人描述过的概念[Finch,G.R.,Daniels,C.W.,Black,E.K.,Schaefer III,F.W.and Belosovic,M.1993,“在远交新生CD-1小鼠体内小隐孢子虫的剂量反应”Applied and Environmental Microbiology.59(11):3661-3665.],可用于确定给定的卵囊接种物中具感染力的卵囊的数量。
例如,暴露于123mJ/cm2中压紫外线的卵囊在含有1.0×105个卵囊的接种物中引起1/25小鼠的感染。将这些数据代入对数响应方程后表明
响应对数=ln[0.04/0.96]=-3.178
替换:
-3.178=-7.536+3.867log10剂量
log10(感染力的卵囊数量)=(7.536-3.178)/3.867=1.127
感染力的卵囊数量=13这个计算表明含有1.0×105个卵囊的接种物经过UV处理并给予后,大约13个卵囊能引起小鼠的感染。
感染力的生存能力对数用下列方程计算:
生存能力(对感染而言)对数=log10[(感染力的卵囊数目)/(最初的接种物)
在本例实施中,
生存能力(对感染力而言)对数=log10[13/100,000]=-3.9表1b中的这些感染力数据显示,当与小鼠体内感染力比较时,体外测定极大地低估了卵囊的灭活。
表1a.体外实验室实验的标准化生存能力因子(百分比)
生存能力百分比 | log(生存能力) | |||
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 活性染色 | 脱囊 | 活性染色 | 脱囊 |
41 | 100 | 98 | 0.00 | -0.01 |
82 | 98 | 99 | -0.01 | 0.00 |
123 | 78 | 98 | -0.11 | -0.01 |
246 | 4.4 | 1.3 | -1.36 | -1.89 |
注:超过100%的数值被认为是100%
表1b.用于体外小型实验的新生小鼠感染力百分比
感染力百分比和接种物(黑体数字) | ||||
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 接种物1 | 接种物2 | 接种物3 | log(生存能力对数) |
0(旅程对照) | 35%(8/23)25 | 56%(14/25)75 | 79%(19/24)150 | |
0(过程对照) | 82%(22/27)50 | 100%(24/24)500 | 100%(27/27)5,000 | 0.00 |
41 | 0%(0/28)1,000 | 0%(0/26)10,000 | 0%(0/24)100,000 | <-4.5 |
82 | 0%(0/27)1,000 | 0%(0/26)10,000 | 0%(0/24)100,000 | <-4.5 |
123 | 0%(0/25)1,000 | 0%(0/23)10,000 | 4%(1/25)100,000 | -3.9 |
246 | 0%(0/24)1,000 | 0%(0/27)10,000 | 0%(0/27)100,000 | <-4.5 |
示范规模研究
未处理过的和过程对照隐孢子虫属卵囊和贾第虫属孢囊的生存能力和感染力
用荧光活性染色(82%±4%)和最大化体外脱囊(81%±8%)对旅程对照(未处理的隐孢子虫属卵囊悬浮液)进行最初的生存能力评估,显示出很高的生存能力。这些结果用小鼠感染力得到证实,其表明要对CD-1新生小鼠造成35%的感染需要75个卵囊。在两个过程对照(卵囊在未暴露于UV光的情况下经历了全部实验过程)中,荧光活性染色显示了77%±5%的平均生存能力,同时,在最大化体外脱囊方面,隐孢子虫属显示了38%±8%的平均生存能力,贾第虫属显示了53%±23%的平均生存能力。对于过程对照而言,含50个卵囊的接种物引起大约44%的新生小鼠感染。这些数据被用来将用于体外测定的实验性的生存能力“标准化”,在荧光活性染色的情况下,结果乘以(1/0.72=1.39),在最大化脱囊的情况下,结果乘以(1/0.38=2.63)(对隐孢子虫属卵囊),或乘以(1/0.53=1.89)(对贾第虫属)。
暴露于UV的卵囊的生存能力和感染力
在示范规模消毒实验中,检测五种UV剂量以评估它们对小隐孢子虫生存能力的影响,同时用三种剂量来评估对感染力的影响。仅仅体外脱囊实验被用来评估Giardia muris孢囊的生存能力。表2a给出了暴露于UV的卵囊和孢囊的标准化体外生存能力数据。表2b中给出了新生小鼠体内感染力数据。这些数据再一次显示,当与体内感染力比较时,体外测定大大地低估了卵囊的灭活。
表2a.用于体外示范规模实验的标准化的生存能力因子(百分比)
生存能力百分比* | log(生存能力) | |||||
隐孢子虫属 | 贾第虫属 | 隐孢子虫属 | 贾第虫属 | |||
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 活性染色 | 脱囊 | 脱囊 | 活性染色 | 脱囊 | 脱囊 |
19 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
66 | 100 | 82 | 100 | 0.00 | -0.09 | 0.00 |
131 | 35 | 90 | 69 | -0.46 | -0.05 | -0.16 |
151 | 12 | 32 | 43 | -0.92 | -0.50 | -0.37 |
159 | 6.8 | 36 | 38 | -1.17 | -0.44 | -0.42 |
注:超过100%的数值被认为是100%
表2b.用于对隐孢子虫属体外示范规模实验的新生小鼠感染力百分比
感染力百分比和接种物(黑体数字) | ||||
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 接种物1 | 接种物2 | 接种物3 | log(生存能力) |
0(旅程对照) | 5%(2/38)25 | 35%(14/40)75 | 65%(15/23)150 | |
0(过程对照) | 44%(11/25)50 | 100%(20/20)500 | 100%(23/23)5,000 | 0.00 |
19 | 0%(0/18)1,000 | 0%(0/18)10,000 | 4.5%(1/22)100,000 | -3.9 |
66 | 0%(0/22)1,000 | 0%(0/26)10,000 | 0%(0/25)100,000 | <-4.5 |
159 | 0%(0/24)1,000 | 0%(0/12)10,000 | 0%(0/24)100,000 | <-4.5 |
小型和示范规模消毒研究的比较以评估卵囊的灭活
图1中以log(生存能力比率)对UV的方式说明了卵囊灭活的数据。生存能力比率被定义为UV处理过的卵囊的生存能力与过程对照卵囊的生存能力之比。体外测定(荧光活性染色和脱囊)和体内测定(新生小鼠感染力)之间的引人注目的差异可以这样解释,就是体外测定测量的是卵囊壁的完整性/渗透性,而不是卵囊感染其宿主的能力;相反,体内测定测量的则是卵囊感染一个易感宿主的能力。
示范规模研究中UV剂量的有效性
对于示范规模的研究,UV剂量依赖于从一个复杂数学模型中计算出的平均辐射度。因此,对这种计算的准确性的独立评估就非常重要。对图1的检查显示:在小型研究和示范规模研究之间有着极好的一致性,尤其是考虑到与这些测定有关的诸多不确定性。因此,根据与从平行光束实验中获得的实验数据具有极好的一致性,可以认为示范规模研究中计算出的UV剂量是有效的。
低压汞灯和中压汞灯影响比较的小型研究
检测了三种低压UV剂量(8,16和33mJ/cm2)和两种中压UV剂量(11和20mJ/cm2)对小隐孢子虫卵囊(悬浮在Mannheim成品水中)的生存能力和感染力的影响。
未处理过的和过程对照下的隐孢子虫属生存能力和感染力
未处理的卵囊悬浮液中起始生存能力评估显示出80%±4%生存能力(使用荧光活性染色)和71%±6%的生存能力(通过体外最大化脱囊)。在过程对照(卵囊在未暴露在UV的情况下经历了全部实验过程)中,荧光活性染色显示了68%±4%的生存能力,最大化体外脱囊显示了67%的生存能力。对于过程对照而言,50个卵囊的培养物可以引起大约53%新生小鼠的感染。这些数据被用来将实验性的生存能力标准化,在荧光活性染色的情况下,结果乘以(1/0.68=1.47),在最大化脱囊的情况下,结果乘以(1/0.67=1.49)。
暴露于UV的卵囊的生存能力和感染力
表3a中给出了UV辐射过的卵囊经标准化的体外生存能力数据,表3b中给出了新生小鼠体内感染力数据。这些数据再次显示,当与小鼠体内感染力比较时,体外测定大大地低估了卵囊的灭活。另外,在低压汞灯数据与中压汞灯数据之间也有明显的差异。在任何一组中压实验中,没有一只小鼠被感染,而至少在两组最低的低压UV剂量中,有明确的感染指征。要达到5.9个对数的灭活,低压汞灯的剂量优选至少在11和22mJ/cm2之间。通常,对中压汞灯来说,11mJ/cm2就足够了。然而,目前已经发现在中压汞灯和低压汞灯之间UV的敏感性差异很小。
表3a.用于体外小型实验的标准化生存能力因子(百分比),将低压(LP)汞灯和中压(MP)汞灯进行比较
生存能力百分比* | Log(生存能力) | |||
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 活性染色 | 脱囊 | 活性染色 | 脱囊 |
LP-8 | 94 | 78 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
LP-16 | 100 | 88 | 0.00 | -0.06 |
LP-33 | 91 | 91 | -0.04 | -0.04 |
MP-11 | 100 | 61 | 0.00 | -0.22 |
MP-20 | 100 | 72 | 0.00 | -0.14 |
*注:超过100%的数值被认为是100%
表3b.体外小型实验的新生小鼠感染力百分比,将低压(LP)汞灯和中压(MP)汞灯进行比较
感染力百分比和接种物(黑体数字) | ||||
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 接种物1 | 接种物2 | 接种物3 | log(生存能力) |
0(过程对照) | 53%(10/19)50 | 79%(19/24)100 | 100%(6/6)1000 | 0.00 |
LP-8 | 0%(0/17)104 | 5%(1/19)105 | 42%(8/19)106 | -4.1 |
LP-16 | 0%(0/27)104 | 0%(0/20)105 | 26%(5/19)106 | -4.3 |
LP-33 | 0%(0/21)104 | 4%(1/23)105 | 0%(0/24)106 | <-5.9 |
MP-11 | 0%(0/20)104 | 0%(0/25)105 | 0%(0/19)106 | <-5.9 |
MP-20 | 0%(0/23)104 | 0%(0/22)105 | 0%(0/24)106 | <-5.9 |
表4 隐孢子虫属和贾第虫属剂量关系的初步结果
UV剂量(mJ/cm2) | 隐孢子虫属 | 贾第虫属 |
0 | 0 | |
3.4 | 2.0 | |
4.8 | 2.0 | |
8 | 3.5 | |
16 | 3.0 | |
34 | 3.5 | |
0 | 0 | |
5 | 2.3 | |
10 | 2.6 | |
21 | 2.9 | |
83 | 2.8 |
尽管已经对本发明目前的参考实施方案做了描述,本发明还可以在所附权利要求范围内用其它方法具体化。
Claims (16)
1.使隐孢子虫属卵囊、贾第虫属孢囊中至少一种灭活的方法,其包含用连续紫外光以1mJ/cm2至175mJ/cm2的剂量对含有或可能含有隐孢子虫属卵囊和贾第虫属孢囊中至少一种的水进行照射。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的紫外光以宽波长带方式发射。
3.权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述宽带是用中压汞紫外线灯产生的200至300nm的波长范围。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中紫外光是含有254nm波长的单色光。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述的紫外光用一个低压汞紫外线灯产生。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述灭活可防止饮用水中发现的隐孢子虫属卵囊、贾第虫属孢囊或上述两者的感染,其包含用具有波长带为200nm-300nm的连续紫外光照射所述的水。
7.权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述的紫外光包含254nm的波长。
8.权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述的紫外光由低压汞灯或中压汞灯之一产生。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述的紫外光由低压汞灯产生。
10.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述的紫外光由中压汞灯产生。
11.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述灭活可防止隐孢子虫属卵囊或贾第虫属孢囊的复制,其包含用具有波长带为200nm-300nm的连续光源照射所述的水。
12.权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述的光包含254nm的波长。
13.权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述的光由低压汞灯或中压汞灯之一产生。
14.权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述的光由低压汞灯产生。
15.权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述的光由中压汞灯产生。
16.权利要求1所述的方法,该方法用于处理含有隐孢子虫属或贾第虫属孢囊中至少一种的饮用水。
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HK1048103B (zh) | 2005-05-06 |
CN1359354A (zh) | 2002-07-17 |
AR023783A1 (es) | 2002-09-04 |
WO2001002302A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
IL146219A (en) | 2006-09-05 |
KR20020015317A (ko) | 2002-02-27 |
JP2005186068A (ja) | 2005-07-14 |
AU4496100A (en) | 2001-01-22 |
EP1181249A1 (en) | 2002-02-27 |
IL146219A0 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
MXPA01010973A (es) | 2002-05-14 |
US6565803B1 (en) | 2003-05-20 |
HK1048103A1 (en) | 2003-03-21 |
JP2003503198A (ja) | 2003-01-28 |
CA2372427A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
NZ515162A (en) | 2004-03-26 |
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