CN117210728A - Die-casting integrated material and method suitable for shock absorber - Google Patents
Die-casting integrated material and method suitable for shock absorber Download PDFInfo
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- CN117210728A CN117210728A CN202311179884.7A CN202311179884A CN117210728A CN 117210728 A CN117210728 A CN 117210728A CN 202311179884 A CN202311179884 A CN 202311179884A CN 117210728 A CN117210728 A CN 117210728A
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- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910018125 Al-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910018520 Al—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000914 Mn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001278 Sr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;titanium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ti] UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- YNDGDLJDSBUSEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum strontium Chemical compound [Al].[Sr] YNDGDLJDSBUSEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 aluminum-manganese Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum copper Chemical compound [Al].[Cu] WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The application discloses a die-casting integrated material and a method suitable for a shock absorber, wherein the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 4.0 to 9.0 percent of Si, 0.15 to 0.2 percent of Fe, 0.4 to 0.8 percent of Mn, 0.15 to 0.25 percent of Mg, 0.1 percent of Ti, 0.01 to 0.015 percent of S, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities, and a method for die casting an integrated material suitable for a shock absorption tower, wherein the method is a preparation method; the die-casting aluminum alloy obtained by the application has the advantages of high strength, high toughness and high extensibility, does not introduce Cu element from the material proportion, improves the yield strength and the extensibility, reduces the heat cracking coefficient, avoids the defect of no cracking during riveting of the workpiece in the later period, greatly improves the fluidity of die-casting melt, meets the mechanical property requirement of an automobile shock absorber, and meets the production requirement, wherein the tensile strength is more than or equal to 250MPa, the yield strength is more than or equal to 120MPa, the extensibility is more than or equal to 10%, the heat treatment is avoided, and the heat treatment cost is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to a die-casting integrated material and a die-casting integrated method, in particular to a die-casting integrated material and a die-casting integrated method suitable for a shock absorber.
Background
In the field of automobile part manufacturing, the shock absorber tower plays an important role as a part for installing, fixing and supporting the shock absorber, and can also be used as a fulcrum for installing a vehicle body reinforcing part under some working conditions, so that it is easy to see that the use working condition of the shock absorber tower is a continuous and/or intermittent stressed working condition.
At the moment of the increasing development of new energy automobiles, three electricity increases the overall weight of the automobile, and the strength of matched parts of the automobile is required to be higher and the weight is required to be lighter. The traditional shock absorber uses structural steel plates, and is welded or connected by using fasteners after being formed by stamping, so that the product has low strength and heavier product quality.
Furthermore, the thin-wall structural member represented by the shock absorption tower is generally subjected to a die casting process without heat treatment, so that the number of parts and connecting links are effectively reduced, the weight of the structural member is lightened, an aluminum alloy material is generally adopted in the process, the manufacturing cost caused by heat treatment is effectively reduced, and meanwhile, the cost rise caused by product defects generated by heat treatment is greatly reduced.
Meanwhile, the aluminum alloy material is required to have excellent casting performance, namely good liquid fluidity, high casting strength, high toughness and high elongation, and needs to be matched with a proper die casting process, so that the defects of no cracking and the like during riveting of the workpieces are avoided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects of the technology, the application provides an integrated material and a method suitable for die casting of a shock absorber.
In order to solve the technical problems, the application adopts the following technical scheme: the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by weight:
4.0 to 9.0 percent of Si, 0.15 to 0.2 percent of Fe, 0.4 to 0.8 percent of Mn, 0.15 to 0.25 percent of Mg, 0.1 percent of Ti, 0.01 to 0.015 percent of S, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities.
Further, the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by weight:
6.0 to 7.5 percent of Si, 0.15 to 0.2 percent of Fe, 0.35 to 0.7 percent of Mn, 0.15 to 0.25 percent of Mg, 0.1 percent of Ti, 0.01 to 0.015 percent of S, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities.
Further, the total amount of unavoidable impurities is controlled to 0.15 in weight percent, wherein each other impurity in the unavoidable impurities is < 0.05.
A method for die casting an integrated material suitable for use in a shock absorber, comprising the steps of:
(1) Quantitatively preparing raw materials according to the mass percentage;
(2) Melting pure aluminum, heating to 730-750 ℃, adding crystalline silicon and aluminum-manganese alloy, melting to obtain a first aluminum alloy melt, and preserving heat for 30min;
(3) Cooling the first aluminum alloy melt to 710-730 ℃, adding magnesium ingots, aluminum-titanium alloy and aluminum-strontium alloy, melting to obtain a second aluminum alloy melt, and preserving heat for 15min;
(4) Raising the temperature of the second aluminum alloy melt to 730-750 ℃ and carrying out slag dragging treatment on the second aluminum alloy melt;
(5) Raising the temperature of the second aluminum alloy melt to 730-760 ℃ and refining the second aluminum alloy melt for the first time to obtain a third aluminum alloy melt;
(6) The temperature of the third aluminum alloy melt is reduced to 720-730 ℃, and the second refining and degassing are carried out on the third aluminum alloy melt to obtain a fourth aluminum alloy melt;
(7) Adjusting the temperature of the fourth aluminum alloy melt to 675-695 ℃, then injecting the fourth aluminum alloy melt into a die, and obtaining a die-casting aluminum alloy after solidification forming, namely the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorption tower;
further, the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber, which is obtained by the method, has the tensile strength of more than or equal to 250MPa, the yield strength of more than or equal to 120MPa and the elongation rate of more than or equal to 10 percent.
Further, the injection speed in die casting is 2.5m/s to 3.5m/s.
The application discloses a die-casting aluminum alloy with tensile strength more than or equal to 250MPa, yield strength more than or equal to 120MPa, elongation more than or equal to 10%, no heat treatment, reduced heat treatment cost, high strength, high toughness and high elongation, the Cu element is not introduced from the material proportion, the yield strength and the elongation are improved, the thermal cracking coefficient is reduced, the defect that the hand piece is not cracked in the later riveting process is avoided, the fluidity of the die-casting melt is greatly improved, the mechanical property requirement of the automobile damping tower is met, and the production requirement is met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a sectional golden phase diagram of example 1 of the present application.
FIG. 2 is a sectional golden phase diagram of example 2 of the present application.
FIG. 3 is a sectional golden phase diagram of example 3 of the present application.
FIG. 4 is a sectional golden phase diagram of example 4 of the present application.
Detailed Description
The application will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
Example 1
The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si6%, fe0.18%, mn0.8%, mg0.25%, ti0.1%, S r0.012%, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.
The preparation method is suitable for the die-casting integrated material of the shock absorber, and comprises the following steps:
(1) Quantitatively preparing raw materials according to the mass percentage;
(2) Melting pure aluminum, heating to 730-750 ℃, adding crystalline silicon and aluminum-manganese alloy, melting to obtain a first aluminum alloy melt, and preserving heat for 30min;
(3) Cooling the first aluminum alloy melt to 710-730 ℃, adding magnesium ingots, aluminum-titanium alloy and aluminum-strontium alloy, melting to obtain a second aluminum alloy melt, and preserving heat for 15min;
(4) Raising the temperature of the second aluminum alloy melt to 730-750 ℃ and carrying out slag dragging treatment on the second aluminum alloy melt;
(5) Raising the temperature of the second aluminum alloy melt to 730-760 ℃ and refining the second aluminum alloy melt for the first time to obtain a third aluminum alloy melt;
(6) The temperature of the third aluminum alloy melt is reduced to 720-730 ℃, and the second refining and degassing are carried out on the third aluminum alloy melt to obtain a fourth aluminum alloy melt;
(7) And (3) adjusting the temperature of the fourth aluminum alloy melt to 695 ℃, then injecting the fourth aluminum alloy melt into a die, and obtaining the die-casting aluminum alloy after solidification and molding, namely the die-casting aluminum alloy is suitable for the shock absorber die-casting integrated material, and preferably, the injection speed during die casting is 3.5m/s.
Example two
The same parts as those of the first embodiment will not be described in detail, and the difference between them is that:
the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si8.7%, fe0.15%, mn0.4%, mg0.2%, ti0.1%, sr0.01%, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities.
The injection speed at the time of die casting was 3.5m/s.
Example III
The same parts as those of the first embodiment will not be described in detail, and the difference between them is that:
the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si9%, fe0.15%, mn0.35%, mg0.15%, ti0.1%, S r0.015%, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.
The injection speed in die casting was 3m/s.
Example IV
The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si4%, fe0.2%, mn0.35%, mg0.15%, ti0.1%, S r0.015%, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.
The injection speed at the time of die casting was 3.5m/s.
Example five
The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si7.5%, fe0.16%, mn0.7%, mg0.25%, ti0.1%, sr0.013%, the balance Al and unavoidable impurities.
The injection speed at the time of die casting was 3.3m/s.
Comparative example 1
The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si6%, fe0.18%, cu0.4%, mn0.8%, mg0.25%, ti0.1%, S r0.012%, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.
Weighing pure aluminum, crystalline silicon, aluminum-copper alloy, aluminum-manganese alloy, magnesium ingot, aluminum-titanium alloy and aluminum-strontium alloy according to the weight percentage.
The injection speed at the time of die casting was 2.5m/s.
Comparative example 2
The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si8.7%, fe0.15%, mn0.4%, mg0.2%, ti0.1%, sr0.01%, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities.
The injection speed at the time of die casting was 2.5m/s.
Comparative example 3
The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si5.3%, fe0.18%, mn0.6%, mg0.25%, ti0.1%, sr0.012%, and the balance Al and unavoidable impurities.
The temperature of the fourth aluminum alloy melt was adjusted to 675 ℃.
The die-cast integrated materials for shock towers prepared in examples 1-2 and comparative example 1 were sampled and tested, respectively, to obtain the performance test results shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Performance test results
| Yield strength Rp0.2 (MPa) | Tensile strength Rm (MPa) | Elongation EI (%) | Fluidity (%) | |
| Example 1 | 123.1 | 276.4 | 13.5 | X |
| Example 2 | 137.4 | 269.8 | 12.6 | Y |
| Example 3 | 121.7 | 254.9 | 11.2 | A |
| Example 4 | 125.3 | 256.7 | 11.7 | B |
| Example 5 | 133.5 | 264.3 | 12.1 | C |
| Comparative example 1 | 118.6 | 283.2 | 10.2 | X-30.3 |
| Comparative example 2 | 136.6 | 270.5 | 12.9 | Y-43.7 |
| Comparative example 3 | 125.9 | 277.1 | 13.4 | X-8.8 |
As can be seen from the test results of the table, the die-casting integrated material for the shock absorber, which is prepared by the embodiment of the application, has the advantages of high strength, high toughness and high elongation, meets the mechanical property requirement of the shock absorber of an automobile, and meets the production requirement, wherein the tensile strength is more than or equal to 250MPa, the yield strength is more than or equal to 120MPa, and the elongation is more than or equal to 10%.
According to comparison of the proportioning parameters and experimental parameters of the embodiment 1 and the comparative embodiment 1, the proportioning parameters and experimental parameters are a control group with adaptive variables, the comparative embodiment 1 introduces Cu0.4% on the basis of the embodiment 1 and reduces the injection speed to 1.8m/s, and as can be seen from the table 1, the introduction of Cu reduces the yield strength of the obtained die-casting aluminum alloy, the tensile strength is slightly improved, the elongation is reduced by more than 24%, and the fluidity is greatly reduced by 30.3;
in addition, in order to ensure that the workpiece is free from cracking during riveting, the influence of Cu element on the thermal cracking coefficient is detected, and a thermal cracking coefficient calculation formula is utilized:
wherein,as the number of nodes of the crack,in order to achieve a degree of cracking,the number of the actual nodes;
the thermal cracking coefficient of the embodiment 1 is found to fluctuate from 0.1 to 0.13 through multiple experimental calculation, and the thermal cracking coefficient of the comparative embodiment 1 is found to be from 0.22 to 0.26, namely, the thermal cracking coefficient of the die-casting aluminum alloy is greatly increased due to the introduction of Cu element, and the embodiment 1 of the application has better thermal cracking resistance.
It is known that the injection speed has no influence on the thermal cracking coefficient.
The ratio parameters and experimental parameters according to example 2 were compared with those of comparative example 2, which were control groups having unique variables, differing in injection speed.
As can be seen from table 1, the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of example 2 and comparative example 2 are all within reasonable fluctuation range, while the fluidity of comparative example 2 is reduced by 43.7% as compared with example 2, which indicates that the liquid fluidity of the die-cast aluminum alloy at the time of die casting is improved along with the improvement of the injection speed.
The ratio parameters and experimental parameters according to example 1 were compared with those of comparative example 3, which were control groups having only variables, and they were different in that the temperature of the fourth aluminum alloy melt was different, that is, the die casting temperature was different.
As can be seen from table 1, the yield strength, tensile strength, elongation of example 1 and comparative example 3 are all within reasonable fluctuation range, while the fluidity of comparative example 3 is reduced by 8.8% compared with example 1, which shows that the liquid fluidity of die-cast aluminum alloy at the time of die casting is reduced with the reduction of the die-casting temperature.
Therefore, the die-casting aluminum alloy suitable for the die-casting integrated material and the die-casting aluminum alloy die-casting integrated method for the shock absorber, disclosed by the application, has the advantages that the tensile strength is more than or equal to 250MPa, the yield strength is more than or equal to 120MPa, the elongation is more than or equal to 10%, the heat treatment is avoided, the heat treatment cost is reduced, the die-casting aluminum alloy die-casting integrated material has the characteristics of high strength, high toughness and high elongation, cu element is not introduced from the material proportion, the yield strength and the elongation are improved, the thermal cracking coefficient is reduced, the defect that a workpiece is not cracked in the later riveting process is avoided, the fluidity of die-casting melt is greatly improved, the mechanical property requirement of an automobile shock absorber is met, and the production requirement is met.
The above embodiments are not intended to limit the present application, and the present application is not limited to the above examples, but is also intended to be limited to the following claims.
Claims (6)
1. The die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber is an Al-Si series die-casting aluminum alloy, and is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight:
4.0 to 9.0 percent of Si, 0.15 to 0.2 percent of Fe, 0.4 to 0.8 percent of Mn, 0.15 to 0.25 percent of Mg, 0.1 percent of Ti, 0.01 to 0.015 percent of S, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities.
2. The die-cast integral material suitable for a shock absorber tower according to claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by weight:
6.0 to 7.5 percent of Si, 0.15 to 0.2 percent of Fe, 0.35 to 0.7 percent of Mn, 0.15 to 0.25 percent of Mg, 0.1 percent of Ti, 0.01 to 0.015 percent of S, and the balance of Al and unavoidable impurities.
3. The die-cast integral material suitable for a shock absorber according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the total amount of the unavoidable impurities is controlled to be 0.15 in weight percent, wherein each other impurity in the unavoidable impurities is < 0.05.
4. A method for die casting an integrated material for a shock absorber according to any one of claims 1 to 3, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) Quantitatively preparing raw materials according to the mass percentage;
(2) Melting pure aluminum, heating to 730-750 ℃, adding crystalline silicon and aluminum-manganese alloy, melting to obtain a first aluminum alloy melt, and preserving heat for 30min;
(3) Cooling the first aluminum alloy melt to 710-730 ℃, adding magnesium ingots, aluminum-titanium alloy and aluminum-strontium alloy, melting to obtain a second aluminum alloy melt, and preserving heat for 15min;
(4) Raising the temperature of the second aluminum alloy melt to 730-750 ℃ and carrying out slag dragging treatment on the second aluminum alloy melt;
(5) Raising the temperature of the second aluminum alloy melt to 730-760 ℃ and refining the second aluminum alloy melt for the first time to obtain a third aluminum alloy melt;
(6) The temperature of the third aluminum alloy melt is reduced to 720-730 ℃, and the second refining and degassing are carried out on the third aluminum alloy melt to obtain a fourth aluminum alloy melt;
(7) And (3) adjusting the temperature of the fourth aluminum alloy melt to 675-695 ℃, then injecting the fourth aluminum alloy melt into a die, and obtaining the die-casting aluminum alloy after solidification molding, namely the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber.
5. The method for die casting an integrated material for a shock absorber according to claim 4, wherein: the die-casting integrated material suitable for the shock absorber, which is obtained by the method, has the tensile strength of more than or equal to 250MPa, the yield strength of more than or equal to 120MPa and the elongation rate of more than or equal to 10 percent.
6. The method for die casting an integrated material for a shock absorber according to claim 4, wherein: the injection speed during die casting is 2.5 m/s-3.5 m/s.
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| CN110541094A (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2019-12-06 | 中信戴卡股份有限公司 | Die-casting aluminum alloy and automobile part |
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| CN115198149A (en) * | 2022-07-21 | 2022-10-18 | 栋梁铝业有限公司 | Heat treatment-free die-casting aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN115287506A (en) * | 2022-07-25 | 2022-11-04 | 北京科技大学 | Heat treatment-free high-strength and high-toughness cast aluminum alloy, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116200632A (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2023-06-02 | 中信戴卡股份有限公司 | High-strength and high-toughness die-casting aluminum alloy, and preparation method and application thereof |
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- 2023-09-13 CN CN202311179884.7A patent/CN117210728A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110541094A (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2019-12-06 | 中信戴卡股份有限公司 | Die-casting aluminum alloy and automobile part |
| CN112176231A (en) * | 2020-10-20 | 2021-01-05 | 苏州有色金属研究院有限公司 | High-strength and high-toughness die-casting aluminum alloy for automobile structural member and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN115198149A (en) * | 2022-07-21 | 2022-10-18 | 栋梁铝业有限公司 | Heat treatment-free die-casting aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN115287506A (en) * | 2022-07-25 | 2022-11-04 | 北京科技大学 | Heat treatment-free high-strength and high-toughness cast aluminum alloy, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116200632A (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2023-06-02 | 中信戴卡股份有限公司 | High-strength and high-toughness die-casting aluminum alloy, and preparation method and application thereof |
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