CN117178828A - Planting method for improving soil drought and intercropping bean and grass - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, in particular to a planting method for improving soil drought and intercropping of bean and grass. The planting method comprises intercropping alfalfa and annual grass; wherein the annual grass is Hunan millet, sweet sorghum or sudan grass. The planting method can improve the problem of soil drought caused by purple flower single cropping, and can also improve the total yield of pasture. The invention provides references for elucidating the compensation growth mechanism of the intercropping system of alfalfa and annual grass, screening the intercropping system suitable for forage grass production in arid regions and screening the intercropping system for improving soil drought by analyzing the change rule and the internal connection of crop productivity and moisture absorption and utilization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture and forestry cultivation, and particularly relates to a planting method for improving soil drought and intercropping of bean and grass.
Background
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important leguminous forage grass, and is a preferred forage crop for herbivores because of the characteristics of high yield, good nutritional value (the crude protein content is more than 18%), long utilization period (4-5 years after being planted once), strong stress resistance and the like.
The intercropping is a planting mode of planting two or more crops with the same or similar growth cycle on the same land in rows or in strip intervals, and compared with the traditional single cropping mode, the intercropping can form a plurality of plants, multi-layer and multifunctional artificial compound groups through different combinations of various crops under the condition of limited resources, and the light, heat, soil, water, fertilizer and other resources are fully utilized by utilizing the space difference and time difference formed by different plants in the growth process.
Currently, the yield advantage of bean/grass intercropping is widely accepted. Researches show that perennial leguminous forage has the characteristics of high yield per unit area, continuous harvesting for many years, easy management and the like, but the continuous cropping for many years can cause soil degradation due to excessive utilization of water and nutrients by the root system because the root system grows faster and has stronger stress resistance. The root system distribution density and depth of the alfalfa increase along with the growth of continuous cropping years, the more the soil water consumption is, the more the soil water shortage is, the soil water shortage is far greater than the annual average precipitation, the soil layer is desiccated, the recovery is difficult in a long period, and the total yield of single-cropping alfalfa planting is small.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a soybean grass intercropping method for improving soil drought, which aims to overcome the defects that single-plant alfalfa can cause soil drought and the total yield of single-plant alfalfa planting is small in the prior art.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme.
The first aspect of the invention provides a planting method for intercropping soybean grass for improving soil drought, wherein alfalfa and annual grass are intercropped; wherein the annual grass is Hunan millet, sweet sorghum or sudan grass.
In some embodiments of the present invention,the sowing amount of the alfalfa is 15.0-20 kg-hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the present invention, the alfalfa has a sowing rate of 15.0 kg-hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the amount of the seeds of the Hunan millet is 90-95 kg-hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the sowing amount of the Hunan millet is 90 kg-hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the sweet sorghum has a seed weight of 22.5 to 27.5kg hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the sweet sorghum has a seed weight of 22.5kg hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the amount of the Sudan grass is 60-65 kg-hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the amount of the Sudan grass is 60 kg-hm -2 。
In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa and the Hunan millet, sweet sorghum, or sudan grass are sown to a depth of 3-5cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa has a sowing depth of 3cm; the sowing depth of the Hunan millet is 3cm; the sowing depth of the sweet sorghum is 3cm; the sowing depth of the sudangrass is 3cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa is spaced from the Hunan millet by a line spacing of 40-45cm. In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa is spaced from the Hunan millet by 40cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa is spaced from the sweet sorghum by a line spacing of 60-65cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa is spaced from the sweet sorghum by 60cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alfalfa is spaced from the sudan grass by a line spacing of 40-45cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the line spacing between the alfalfa and the sudan grass is 40cm.
In some embodiments of the invention, the field management comprises: applying base fertilizer and weeding per hectare of the test sample land; the base fertilizer is 140-145kg of nitrogen fertilizer applied per hectare and 70-75kg of phosphate fertilizer applied per hectare; weeding is carried out during the growth period of the alfalfa and the Hunan millet according to the weed growth condition.
In some embodiments of the invention, the urea for nitrogen fertilizer has a total N content of 46% and the calcium superphosphate for phosphorus fertilizer.
In some embodiments of the invention, the sweet sorghum, sudan grass, hunan millet, and alfalfa are drill-on.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the gramineous pasture selected by the planting method is annual, belongs to shallow root pasture, and the alfalfa is deep root pasture, so that the difference of underground ecological levels can be utilized for intercropping the gramineous pasture and the alfalfa, the water with different soil depths can be absorbed and utilized, and the 3 intercropping systems can improve the problem of deep soil drought caused by single alfalfa while improving the total yield by comparing the water content of the soil with the water consumption of the soil of the single plant, wherein the intercropping of the alfalfa and the lake-south millet can effectively relieve the water competition of the soil shallow layer. The invention clarifies the compensation growth mechanism of the intercropping system of alfalfa and annual grass, screens the intercropping system suitable for forage grass production in arid regions, and screens the intercropping system for improving soil drought to provide reference.
Drawings
FIG. 1A is a graph showing the change in dry matter accumulation of sweet sorghum under different treatments; FIG. 1B is a graph showing the change in dry matter accumulation of Sudan grass under different treatments; fig. 1C is a graph of the dry matter accumulation kinetics of the Hunan millet under different treatments.
FIG. 2 is a graph of total production of individual systems throughout the year;
wherein lowercase letters indicate significance between different treatments, and x numbers indicate significance for the same grass, intercropping and single-crop treatments.
FIG. 3 shows the land equivalence ratio and the competition ratio in different planting modes.
FIG. 4 shows the water content of soil treated in single pass.
FIG. 5 shows the moisture content of intercropped soil.
Fig. 6 shows WU, WUE and WER in different planting modes.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The required medicament of the invention is a conventional experimental medicament and is purchased from a commercial channel.
1. Grass variety:
the test materials include 3 kinds of annual gramineous grasses, including sweet sorghum (Dali, st. Johnst, heLa, no. 1) and Hunan millet (He, no. 1), and perennial leguminous grasses, including alfalfa (Algon gold), purchased from Ningxia green land grass technology Co. The test field is planted in 2020, alfalfa is sowed in 2020 at 5 months and 1 day, and gramineous forage grass is sowed in 2021 at 5 months and 4 days.
2. Test area
The experimental land is located in Ansai area stone kiln ditch (N36 DEG 51 '30', 109 DEG 19 '23'), the altitude is 1100m, the method belongs to a moderate temperate continental semiarid monsoon climate, the average temperature of years is 8.8 ℃, the maximum temperature is 36.8 ℃, the minimum temperature is-23.6 ℃, the average precipitation amount for years is 500mm, the average sun sunshine time is 2395.6h, the frost-free period is 157d in the whole year, the soil type is yellow cotton soil, and the method is a typical dry farming agriculture area. The volume weight of the surface layer of the soil of the test land is 1.34 g.cm -3 The organic matter content was 4.01 g.kg -1 。
The study time is 2021, 4 months to 2021, 10 months, the total precipitation amount of 4 to 10 months in the study area is 562.00mm, the precipitation amount of 8 to 10 months accounts for 69.43%, and the precipitation amount of 9 months is the highest and reaches 155.80mm; the average temperature in the growth period is 16.50 ℃, and the average gas temperature in 7 months is the highest and is 31.04 ℃.
Example 1 alfalfa and annual grass intercropping method
1.1 test methods
The experiment sets 4 single cropping modes of alfalfa, sudan grass, sweet sorghum and Hunan millet and 3 intercropping modes of gramineous grass and alfalfa, wherein 7 treatments are repeated for 3 times, 21 cells are formed in total, random block design is adopted for cell distribution, and the cell area is 4mx5m=20m 2 Cell spacing, group spacing 1m. The treatments and their corresponding pasture numbers in this test are shown in table 1.
The row spacing of sweet sorghum, sudan grass, hunan millet and alfalfa in a single-cropping district is respectively 60cm, 40cm and 30cm; the row spacing of sweet sorghum, sudan grass, hunan millet and alfalfa in the intercropping district is respectively 60cm, 40cm and 40cm; sweet sorghum, sudan grass, hunan millet and alfalfa are drill-sown; the sowing amount of the sweet sorghum, the sudan grass, the Hunan millet and the alfalfa is 22.5 kg/hm respectively -2 、60kg·hm -2 、90kg·hm -2 And 15.0kg hm -2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The sowing depth of the sweet sorghum, the sudan grass, the Hunan millet and the alfalfa is 3cm.
140kg of nitrogen, shi Lin kg of nitrogen, urea for nitrogen fertilizer (total N content is 46%) and calcium superphosphate for phosphate fertilizer (P) are applied per hectare of test sample land 2 O 5 ). Weeding is carried out according to the weed growth condition in the pasture growing period, and no irrigation is carried out in the test period.
Table 1 planting pattern and numbering
Note that: "-" indicates that there is no such item. The planting pattern number is used in the single-crop mode to represent the planting grass number.
1.2 test index determination and calculation
(1) Period of fertility
Recording the dates of the branching period, the early flowering period, the seedling emergence period, the jointing period, the flowering period and the maturity period of the grass family forage grass respectively. As a recording standard when 50% of the pastures in a cell exhibit corresponding growth time characteristics.
(2) Rate of dry matter accumulation
2 rows are randomly selected in a single-cropping district, 2 rows are selected in two kinds of pastures in an intercropping district, all plants in a 100cm section are selected in each row, and the stubble height is 3-5cm. Separating the stem and leaf of herba Medicaginis, and separating leaf, leaf sheath and stem of gramineous forage grass. After the separated samples were de-enzymed at 105 ℃ for 30min, they were dried at 80 ℃ to constant weight and the dry mass was weighed.
(3) Land equivalent ratio
Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is commonly used as a measure of intercropping advantage and generally refers to the sum of the ratios of individual crop areas of each grass needed to achieve a yield equivalent to that of each grass in intercropping.
Wherein PLER is of formula a Represents partial LER, PLER of alfalfa under intercropping g Represents the partial LER of gramineous pasture under intercropping; y is Y int-a Annual hay yield Y representing alfalfa under intercropping int-g Annual hay yield representing gramineous forage grass intercropped; y is Y mono-a Corresponding to the yield of alfalfa single-crop hay, Y mono-g The yield of grass single-crop hay corresponds to the gramineous grass single-crop hay; when LER>1, which indicates that the yield of intercropping on the same land area is higher than that of single intercropping, the intercropping advantage is provided, and the larger the LER value is, the more obvious the yield advantage is; while LER<1, the intercropping system reduces the resource utilization efficiency, and has the intercropping disadvantage.
(4) Competitive ratio
The competition ratio (Competitive ratio, CR) is commonly used to assess the magnitude of competition from different species in intercropping. CR can compensate for the lack of consideration of planting ratios in LER, and thus better scales species competitiveness.
Wherein Za represents the planting ratio of alfalfa in intercropping and Zg represents the planting ratio of gramineous grass in intercropping. When CR >1, gramineous grasses are shown to be more competitive than alfalfa, and when CR <1, the opposite is true.
(5) Soil moisture content
Sampling with earth auger (diameter 3.8 cm) in soil layer range of 0-160cm in key growth period and alfalfa mowing period of Gramineae, wherein the interval of 0-20cm is 10cm, the interval of 20-100cm is 20cm, and the interval of 100-160cm is 30cm, and 8 layers are all provided. During sampling, 3 points are randomly selected in each cell, mixed with the same layer, unicast is carried out among lines, and sampling points are set among different pasture lines in intercropping. And (5) measuring the soil mass water content by adopting a drying method.
(6) Water consumption and water utilization efficiency of pasture in growth period
Soil water storage (Soil Water Storage, SWS) was calculated using the following formula:
SWS＝D×H×W×10
wherein D represents the soil volume weight (g.cm) -3 ) H represents soil layer depth (cm), and W represents mass water content (%).
The water consumption (WU) of pasture in the growth period can be obtained according to the farmland water balance principle:
WU＝SWS 1 -SWS 2 +P+CR+I-RO-DP
in the formula, SWS 1 Soil effective water storage capacity (mm), SWS, representing the onset of grass growth 2 Representing the effective water storage capacity (mm) of soil at the end of the pasture growing period; p is the precipitation (mm) in the growth period; CR is capillary ascending water; i is irrigation water quantity (mm) in the growth period; RO is the soil surface runoff (mm); DP is the amount of deep leakage (mm) of soil. No irrigation was tested, so i=0, the tested plot was flat, and the groundwater layer depth exceeded 30m, so I, RO and DP were negligible.
The water utilization efficiency (Wateruse efficiency, WUE) is the forage grass Yield Y (Yield, g/m) 2 ) Ratio to WU (mm):
(7) Moisture equivalent ratio
The Water Equivalent Ratio (WER) is a key index for measuring the water utilization advantage of the intercropping system, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein WERa represents the relative water utilization efficiency of alfalfa in the intercropping system and the relative water utilization efficiency of WERg Gramineae; WUEint-a represents the water utilization efficiency of the intercropped alfalfa, and WUEint-g represents the water utilization efficiency of the gramineous forage grass; WUEmono-a corresponds to the water utilization efficiency of alfalfa alone, and WUEmono-g corresponds to the water utilization efficiency of grass alone; when WER >1, the water utilization efficiency of intercropping on the same land area is higher than that of single intercropping, the intercropping advantage is provided, and the larger the WER value is, the more obvious the water utilization advantage is; when WER <1, it indicates that the intercropping system reduces the resource utilization efficiency, and has the disadvantage of intercropping.
1.3 test results
(1) Rate of dry matter accumulation
As shown in table 2, fig. 1A, fig. 1B, and fig. 1C, the dry matter accumulation amount of 3 gramineous grasses increases with the progress of the growing period, and reaches the highest value in the mature period, and the dry matter amount is higher than that of intercropping under the single cropping treatment of the same kind of crops as a whole. The intercropping of alfalfa/annual gramineous forage grass reduces the dry matter accumulation and the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of the two forage grasses compared with the single grass. IAJ has the highest rate of dry matter accumulation at 3 stubble throughout the year compared to other intercropped alfalfa.
TABLE 2 accumulation Rate of three-stubble dry matter of alfalfa
(2) Yield of products
As shown in FIG. 2, overall, the annual yields of A/J, A/S and A/D were significantly greater than their individual gramineous grasses (P < 0.05) and were 115.33%, 98.97% and 117.52%, respectively. The total yield of A/S is highest among the four intercropping systems, and the total annual yield of IAD is highest among the intercropping alfalfa.
(3) Land utilization advantage of each intercropping system
As shown in FIG. 3, the LER of each intercropping system at maturity is A/J > A/S > A/D >1 from high to low. Therefore, compared with other intercropping combinations in the research, the Hunan millet is more suitable for the popularization of intercropping with alfalfa in terms of yield and land utilization.
(4) Moisture utilization in soybean-grass intercropping
As shown in fig. 4, 5 and 6, the trend of change in soil moisture content was approximately the same for 3 gramineous crops under single crop and intercropping treatment. The water content of the soil treated in each mature period reaches the minimum, and the soil water content of 3 gramineous grasses is as follows: A/J > A/S > A/D. Soil moisture content increases with depth at different times; at the same depth, the water content of the soil decreases with the advancing growth period. The water competition of A/J at 0-40cm (namely the shallow soil layer) is smaller than that of A/S and A/D, which shows that the intercropping of alfalfa and Hunan millet can effectively relieve the water competition of the shallow soil layer. The water content of the soil of the 3 intercropping systems at 130-160cm is higher than that of the alfalfa single cropping, which shows that the 3 intercropping systems can improve the problem of deep soil drought caused by the alfalfa single cropping.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. It is therefore intended that the following claims be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention also include such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A planting method for improving soil drought and intercropping bean grass is characterized in that alfalfa and annual grass are intercropped; wherein the annual grass is Hunan millet, sweet sorghum or sudan grass.
2. The planting method according to claim 1, wherein the alfalfa is sown in an amount of 15.0-20 kg-hm -2 。
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of sowing of said Hunan millet is 90-95 kg-hm -2 。
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sweet sorghum is sown in an amount of 22.5-27.5 kg-hm -2 。
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the amount of Sudan grass is 60-65 kg/hm -2 。
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the alfalfa and the lake south millet, sweet sorghum, or sudan grass are sown to a depth of 3-5cm.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the alfalfa is spaced from the lake millet by a line spacing of 40-45cm.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the alfalfa is spaced from the sweet sorghum by a line spacing of 60-65cm.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the alfalfa is spaced from the sudan grass by a line spacing of 40-45cm.
10. The planting method of claim 1, further comprising field management; the field management is to apply base fertilizer and weed for each hectare of the planting land; the base fertilizer is 140-145kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and 70-75kg of phosphate fertilizer per hectare.
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| 张燕燕: "苜蓿/一年生禾草间作系统生产力与水分利用研究", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 农业科技辑》, no. 1, 15 January 2023 (2023-01-15), pages 047 - 618 * |
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