CN117063655A - Method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in water flooding environment - Google Patents
Method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in water flooding environment Download PDFInfo
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- CN117063655A CN117063655A CN202311028513.9A CN202311028513A CN117063655A CN 117063655 A CN117063655 A CN 117063655A CN 202311028513 A CN202311028513 A CN 202311028513A CN 117063655 A CN117063655 A CN 117063655A
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- rice
- soil
- cadmium
- long
- release inhibitor
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- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 153
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 153
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 title 1
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims abstract description 152
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000004343 Calcium peroxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 235000019402 calcium peroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- LHJQIRIGXXHNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium peroxide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][O-] LHJQIRIGXXHNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003971 tillage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- GSNYMZRKNALSTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dihydroxyethyl-hexadecyl-methylazanium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[NH+](C)CC(O)O GSNYMZRKNALSTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QFIYGEBLOSJFGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dihydroxyethyl-methyl-octadecylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[NH+](C)CC(O)O QFIYGEBLOSJFGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+) Chemical compound [Cd+2] WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- SUZSZZWHCFLFSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-methyl-octadecylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCO)CCO SUZSZZWHCFLFSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hectorite Chemical class [Li+].[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Mg+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O[Si]([O-])(O1)O[Si]1([O-])O2 KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- RHXATNSNLADPMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecyl-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-methylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCO)CCO RHXATNSNLADPMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000008855 peristalsis Effects 0.000 description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000009418 agronomic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012847 fine chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000271 hectorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007954 hypoxia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001437 manganese ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002688 soil aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000528 statistical test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/06—Aluminium; Calcium; Magnesium; Compounds thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P21/00—Plant growth regulators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/02—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
- C09K17/06—Calcium compounds, e.g. lime
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2101/00—Agricultural use
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2109/00—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE pH regulation
Abstract
The invention disclosesThe method for controlling the submerged cultivation and the synergistic cadmium reduction of the paddy field in the water flooding environment comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (1) treating cadmium-polluted paddy field soil by a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then carrying out ploughing or rotary tillage, wherein the ploughing depth is 15-20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 1-2 days; (2) transplanting rice, and water management: transplanting rice after the soil is well balanced, wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the rice growth process. The method slowly releases HO in a flooded state by applying a long-acting slow-release inhibitor taking calcium peroxide as a core ‑ And active oxygen, which can not only reduce the effectiveness of cadmium in soil by increasing the pH of the soil, but also control the secondary submerged cultivation of the soil by releasing oxygen, thereby finally achieving the purposes of controlling the submerged cultivation of the paddy field and reducing cadmium synergistically in a flooded environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil remediation, and particularly relates to a method for controlling submerged cultivation and synergistic cadmium reduction of a paddy field in a flooded environment.
Background
With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, the problem that farmland and agricultural products thereof are polluted by heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) is becoming serious. The national soil environment investigation publication in 2014 shows that the point location superscalar rate of the national soil cadmium is 7.0%. Heavy metal pollutants have small mobility in soil and are not degraded by microorganisms, and excessive cadmium in the soil can not only reduce crop yield and quality, but also migrate through a food chain to cause human lesions and harm human health. Therefore, the method is particularly important for treating heavy metal pollution of farmland soil.
At present, the repair technology of farmland heavy metal cadmium polluted soil is more, and mainly comprises physical, chemical, biological, agronomic repair technology and the like, and the technical measure of flooding in the whole growth period of rice in the farmland heavy metal cadmium polluted soil is the most economical and simple technical measure for realizing standard production and safe utilization of the heavy metal cadmium polluted rice field. However, the paddy field soil is always in a strong reduction state after long-term flooding, and the risk of secondary soil peristalsis is extremely easy to induce. Many researches show that the soil organic matters and total nutrient storage amount of the submerged rice are rich, but the soil mineralization degree is low and the available nutrients are less. Moreover, due to long-term water accumulation, low water and soil temperature, poor biological activity and accumulation of reducing harmful substances, the method is extremely unfavorable for rice growth, and particularly the phenomena of slow turning green and few tillers after transplanting are frequently generated, so that the growth and development of rice are seriously affected. At present, the improvement technology of the submerged rice field mainly focuses on engineering measures such as excavation of drainage ditches or embedding of underground ditches and underground pipes, and the measures have obvious effects on reducing soil submerged rice field, but have the defects of higher cost investment and high maintenance difficulty.
The Chinese patent application No. 201610268272.9 discloses a high-efficiency cadmium-reducing soil restoration agent and application thereof, wherein the soil restoration agent is prepared by mixing 40-610 parts of modified hectorite, 20-30 parts of organic fertilizer, 5-38 parts of humic acid and 1-5 parts of microbial agent in parts by weight, wherein the modified hectorite is obtained by calcining hectorite, adding calcium polysulfide, stirring and reacting, and finally grinding into particles or powder. The soil restoration agent is suitable for restoring cadmium-polluted soil, and then rice is planted on the restored soil, and has the obvious advantages of low cost, short restoration period, good cadmium reduction effect, high rice yield and the like. However, the soil restoration agent in the patent has no inhibition effect on secondary submerged cultivation of the paddy field in a flooded environment, and the improvement of the nutrient utilization rate of the paddy field is affected. The Chinese patent application number 201610901379.2 discloses a composite modifier for the soil for the transformation of the latent fertility, which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 5-10 parts of quicklime; 20-30 parts of fly ash; 50-60 parts of fermented and decomposed cow dung; 10-15 parts of fermented and decomposed rapeseed cake. The invention also provides an application method of the composite modifier in improving the soil for the transformation of the peristalsis. The composite modifier is applied to the submerged rice fields, improves the physicochemical property of soil, increases the porosity of the soil, improves the permeability of the soil, reduces the volume weight of the soil, improves the structure of soil aggregates, reduces the acidification degree of the soil, improves the oxidation-reduction potential of the soil, reduces the total amount of reducing substances of the soil, reduces the toxicity of the soil, increases the available nutrient content of the soil, promotes the yield increase of the rice by more than 10 percent, and has very remarkable improvement effect. However, the composite modifier has limited capacity of adsorbing and passivating cadmium in soil, and needs to be improved continuously.
Based on this, there is a need in the art for a method for reducing the effective cadmium in soil in flooded environments that can both inhibit the risk of paddy fields inducing secondary peristalsis in the soil and passivate the cadmium ions in the soil, thereby ensuring the production of safer rice in cadmium-contaminated paddy fields.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment, which slowly releases HO in a flooded state by applying a long-acting slow-release inhibitor taking calcium peroxide as a core - And active oxygen, which can not only reduce the effectiveness of cadmium in soil by increasing the pH of the soil, but also control the secondary submerged cultivation of the soil by releasing oxygen, thereby finally achieving the purposes of controlling the submerged cultivation of the paddy field and reducing cadmium synergistically in a flooded environment.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then carrying out ploughing or rotary tillage, wherein the ploughing depth is 15-20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 1-2 days;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: transplanting rice after the soil is well balanced, wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the rice growth process.
Preferably, the amount of the long-acting sustained release inhibitor applied in the step (1) is 0.03-0.15kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium content in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.6-1.0mg/kg.
Preferably, the preparation method of the long-acting slow release inhibitor in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide;
s2, adding the attapulgite into deionized water, then adding biomass powder, potassium permanganate and ferric chloride, uniformly stirring, performing hydrothermal carbonization reaction, filtering, washing, drying after the reaction is finished, and calcining under an inert atmosphere to obtain modified attapulgite;
s3, adding bentonite into deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion, adding the bentonite into a modified liquid for soaking, and filtering and drying after the soaking is finished to obtain pretreated bentonite; adding pretreated bentonite into deionized water, adding carboxymethyl chitosan and the modified attapulgite in the step S2, uniformly stirring, heating for reaction, and filtering, washing, drying and grinding after the reaction is finished to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: and (3) adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 55-60 degrees, adjusting the heating device to 45-50 ℃, placing the calcium peroxide particles in the step (S1) in the drum granulator, coating the modified composite material in the step (S3), placing in a vibration feeder, uniformly throwing powder, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, and drying to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
Preferably, the specific method for granulating the calcium peroxide in the step S1 is as follows: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator to 50-65 DEG, and adjusting the heating device to 40-55 ℃; placing calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, regulating the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 20-40r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed.
Preferably, the biomass powder in the step S2 is one or more of corn straw powder, wheat straw powder and rice straw powder; the mass ratio of the attapulgite to the biomass powder to the potassium permanganate to the ferric chloride is 50:50-80:3-5:2-4; the temperature of the hydrothermal carbonization reaction is 220-250 ℃, and the reaction time is 10-14h; the calcination temperature is 400-500 ℃ and the time is 3-5h.
Preferably, in the step S3, the modifying solution is a mixed aqueous solution of octadecyl bishydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride and hexadecyl methyl bishydroxyethyl ammonium bromide, wherein the concentration of the octadecyl bishydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride is 20-30g/L, and the concentration of the hexadecyl methyl bishydroxyethyl ammonium bromide is 20-30g/L; the soaking temperature is 50-60 ℃ and the soaking time is 2-4h.
Preferably, in the step S3, the mass ratio of the pretreated bentonite to the carboxymethyl chitosan to the modified attapulgite is 50:5-10:25-50, the temperature of the heating reaction is 200-240 ℃, and the time is 12-16h.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the calcium peroxide particles to the modified composite material in the step S4 is 100:10-20; the drying temperature is 80-120 ℃.
Preferably, the rice in step (2) is of a low cadmium variety.
Preferably, the long-term flooding management mode in step (2) specifically includes: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) According to the method for preventing and controlling the submerged cultivation of the paddy field and reducing cadmium cooperatively in the submerged environment, provided by the invention, the long-acting slow-release preventing and controlling agent is jointly applied in a full-growth period submerged management mode of the paddy field, so that the secondary submerged cultivation of soil is prevented and controlled, the passivation and fixation of cadmium in the paddy field are cooperated and enhanced, the normal growth and development of the paddy field with cadmium pollution are realized, safer rice can be produced, the grain safety is guaranteed, and the significance is great; the used long-acting slow-release inhibitor has the advantages of less dosage and lower cost, the composition materials have no negative effect on the environment, the normal growth and development of the rice and the increase of the yield of the rice can be promoted, the soil is applied with the long-acting slow-release inhibitor for one time to inhibit the soil submerged cultivation and control and the synergistic cadmium reduction effect at least can maintain the whole growth period of the rice, the growth and development of the rice are normal after the long-acting slow-release inhibitor is applied to the long-term flooded cadmium polluted rice field, the yield of the rice is increased, the total amount of soil reducing substances and the content of active reducing substances are obviously reduced, and the synergistic separation reduction effect is obvious.
(2) The invention provides a method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment, which is used for preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor taking calcium peroxide as a core and a modified composite material as an envelope, wherein the calcium peroxide can continuously release oxygen in a long period of timePromoting metabolism in plant body, enhancing respiration of plant root system, and improving yield and quality of agricultural product; the oxygen can also make the soil in the submerged rice field become fluffy, increase the air permeability of the soil, and have a great relieving effect on the harm of plants caused by root system hypoxia; firstly, modifying attapulgite serving as a coating material and bentonite serving as a raw material, carrying out hydrothermal carbonization on the modified attapulgite, biomass powder, potassium permanganate and ferric chloride, so that biomass carbon is deposited on the surface of the attapulgite, the adsorption performance of the attapulgite is improved, and the introduced manganese ions and iron ions form an iron manganese oxide-biochar composite material with biochar in the hydrothermal carbonization reaction and subsequent calcination processes, thereby being beneficial to improving the absorption of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor to cadmium; pretreating bentonite to increase interlayer spacing between bentonite, changing dispersion state, facilitating subsequent modification of bentonite, and heating pretreated bentonite, carboxymethyl chitosan and modified attapulgite together (hydrothermal carbonization reaction) to carbonize carboxymethyl chitosan on bentonite surface, thereby increasing structural hybridization degree of bentonite surface, and simultaneously enriching-OH, -NH on carboxymethyl chitosan molecular chain 2 And active groups such as-COOH and the like are grafted on the surface of bentonite at the same time, cadmium ions in soil are adsorbed through static electricity or complexation, and finally, the modified composite material is coated on the calcium peroxide, so that the oxygen release time of the calcium peroxide can be prolonged, the oxygen release rate of the calcium peroxide is controlled, and the long-acting slow-release inhibitor plays a role in the whole growth period of rice after being applied to the rice field at one time, thereby effectively reducing the application cost of the oxidant and improving the application efficiency.
(3) According to the method for controlling and synergistically reducing cadmium in the submerged rice field under the water flooding environment, the used long-acting slow-release inhibitor takes attapulgite and bentonite as raw materials, the attapulgite and the bentonite have the characteristic of large specific surface area, biological carbon is deposited on the surface of the attapulgite and bentonite through a hydrothermal carbonization method, the structure of the attapulgite and bentonite can be further complicated, the release rate of oxygen is delayed, biological carbon and ferromanganese oxide generated on the surface can be adsorbed and fixed through mechanisms such as surface precipitation, surface complexation, lattice fixation and matrix interception, even under the condition of long-term water flooding, the exchangeable cadmium content of soil can be reduced, the bioavailability and biotoxicity of the soil can be reduced, meanwhile, the mode of water flooding soil moisture management in the whole growth period is adopted, and the long-acting slow-release inhibitor is matched for submerged rice, so that the purposes of secondary soil control, normal growth and development of rice, absorption of cadmium by rice and synergistic reduction of cadmium accumulation of seeds are achieved, safer rice is produced on the cadmium polluted rice field, and the method has good application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the difference in cadmium content in rice in different treatment modes;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the difference in rice yield in different treatment modes.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The carboxymethyl chitosan is purchased from Hubeixing, new materials technology Co., ltd., CAS:83512-85-0; the calcium peroxide is purchased from Henan Huizhen bioengineering Co., ltd, and comprises 70% of calcium peroxide and 30% of calcium hydroxide; the attapulgite and bentonite are purchased from Shanghai Wanzhen fine chemical industry Co., ltd, the attapulgite is 3000 meshes, and the bentonite is 1250 meshes; the low-cadmium rice variety is Longyangyou Huazhan, is planted in middle-season rice, and has a full growth period of 140.1 days.
The following examples and comparative examples were conducted in a field demonstration test in a heavy metal cadmium contaminated area in northeast China of Hunan province, which was a subtropical humid climate in a subtropical season, a continental climate with abundant rainfall and sufficient photo-thermal, and was a famous high-yield grain area in Hunan province and a national important commercial grain base. The fertilization dosage is N-12 kg/mu, P-3 kg/mu and K-8 kg/mu. The phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are used as base fertilizers for one time, and the nitrogenous fertilizer is prepared by the following steps: tillering fertilizer = 6:4 two applications. The topdressing and plant protection measures are the same as the management mode of the paddy field. The basic physicochemical properties of the soil in the test area are shown in Table 1:
table 1 basic properties of paddy soil in test area
Example 1
A method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then ploughing to a ploughing depth of 20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 1 day;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: and after the soil is well balanced, transplanting low-isolation rice (the variety is Dang Liang you Hua Zhan), wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the growth process of the rice.
Wherein the application amount of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) is 0.09kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium amount in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.91mg/kg.
The preparation method of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator to 50 degrees, and adjusting the heating device to 50 degrees; placing 5kg of calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, regulating the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 28r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed;
s2, adding 500g of attapulgite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 700g of corn stalk powder, 40g of potassium permanganate and 30g of ferric chloride, uniformly stirring, performing hydrothermal carbonization reaction at the temperature of 240 ℃ for 12 hours, filtering, washing and drying after the reaction is finished, and calcining under nitrogen atmosphere at the calcining temperature of 450 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain modified attapulgite;
s3, adding 500g of bentonite into 5L of deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1h, filtering, drying, then adding 5L of modified liquid (the concentration of octadecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride is 25g/L, the concentration of hexadecyl methyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium bromide is 25 g/L), soaking at 55 ℃ for 3h, and filtering and drying after soaking to obtain pretreated bentonite; adding 500g of pretreated bentonite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 80g of carboxymethyl chitosan and 400g of modified attapulgite in the step S2, uniformly stirring, and then carrying out heating reaction at 220 ℃ for 14 hours, and filtering, washing, drying and grinding after the reaction is completed to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 60 degrees, adjusting the temperature of a heating device to 50 ℃, placing 5kg of calcium peroxide particles in the step S1 into the drum granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the drum granulator to 30r/min, taking 0.8kg of the modified composite material in the step S3 as a coating, placing into a vibration feeder, putting powder at a constant speed of 100g/min, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, placing into a 100 ℃ oven for baking to constant weight, taking out and cooling to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
The long-term flooding management mode in the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Example 2
A method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, carrying out rotary tillage, turning over the soil to a depth of 15-20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying chemical fertilizer, raking up the rice field, and balancing for 1-2 days;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: and after the soil is well balanced, transplanting low-isolation rice (the variety is Dang Liang you Hua Zhan), wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the growth process of the rice.
Wherein the application amount of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) is 0.08kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium amount in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.91mg/kg.
The preparation method of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide: the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator is adjusted to 55 degrees, and the heating device is adjusted to 40 degrees; placing 5kg of calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 20r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed;
s2, adding 500g of attapulgite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 500g of wheat straw powder, 30g of potassium permanganate and 20g of ferric chloride, uniformly stirring, performing hydrothermal carbonization reaction at 220 ℃ for 14 hours, filtering, washing and drying after the reaction is finished, and calcining under nitrogen atmosphere at 400 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain modified attapulgite;
s3, adding 500g of bentonite into 5L of deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 0.5h, filtering, drying, then adding 5L of modified liquid (the concentration of octadecyl bishydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride is 20g/L, the concentration of hexadecyl methyl bishydroxyethyl ammonium bromide is 30 g/L), soaking at 50 ℃ for 4h, and filtering and drying after soaking is completed to obtain pretreated bentonite; then adding 500g of pretreated bentonite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 50g of carboxymethyl chitosan and 250g of modified attapulgite in the step S2, uniformly stirring, and then carrying out heating reaction at 200 ℃ for 16 hours, and filtering, washing, drying and grinding after the reaction is completed to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 60 degrees, adjusting the temperature of a heating device to 50 ℃, placing 5kg of calcium peroxide particles in the step S1 into the drum granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the drum granulator to 30r/min, taking 0.8kg of the modified composite material in the step S3 as a coating, placing into a vibration feeder, putting powder at a constant speed of 100g/min, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, placing into an oven at 80 ℃ for baking to constant weight, taking out and cooling to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
The long-term flooding management mode in the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Example 3
A method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then ploughing, wherein the ploughing depth is 15cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 2 days;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: and after the soil is well balanced, transplanting low-isolation rice (the variety is Dang Liang you Hua Zhan), wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the growth process of the rice.
Wherein the application amount of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) is 0.1kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium amount in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.91mg/kg.
The preparation method of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide: the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator is adjusted to 65 degrees, and the heating device is adjusted to 55 degrees; placing 5kg of calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 40r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed;
s2, adding 500g of attapulgite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 800g of rice straw powder, 50g of potassium permanganate and 40g of ferric chloride, uniformly stirring, performing hydrothermal carbonization reaction at the temperature of 250 ℃ for 10 hours, filtering, washing and drying after the reaction is finished, and calcining under nitrogen atmosphere at the calcining temperature of 500 ℃ for 3 hours to obtain modified attapulgite;
s3, adding 500g of bentonite into 5L of deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1h, filtering, drying, then adding 5L of modified liquid (the concentration of octadecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride is 30g/L, the concentration of hexadecyl methyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium bromide is 20 g/L), soaking at 60 ℃ for 2h, and filtering and drying after soaking is completed to obtain pretreated bentonite; adding 500g of pretreated bentonite into 10L of deionized water, adding 100g of carboxymethyl chitosan and 500g of modified attapulgite in the step S2, uniformly stirring, and then carrying out heating reaction at 240 ℃ for 12 hours, and filtering, washing, drying and grinding after the reaction is completed to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 60 degrees, adjusting the temperature of a heating device to 50 ℃, placing 5kg of calcium peroxide particles in the step S1 into the drum granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the drum granulator to 30r/min, taking 0.8kg of the modified composite material in the step S3 as a coating, placing into a vibration feeder, putting powder at a constant speed of 100g/min, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, placing into a 100 ℃ oven for baking to constant weight, taking out and cooling to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
The long-term flooding management mode in the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Comparative example 1
A method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then ploughing to a ploughing depth of 20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 1 day;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: and after the soil is well balanced, transplanting low-isolation rice (the variety is Dang Liang you Hua Zhan), wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the growth process of the rice.
Wherein the application amount of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) is 0.09kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium amount in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.91mg/kg.
The preparation method of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator to 50 degrees, and adjusting the heating device to 50 degrees; placing 5kg of calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, regulating the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 28r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed;
s2, adding 500g of bentonite into 5L of deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1h, filtering, drying, then adding 5L of modified liquid (the concentration of octadecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride is 25g/L, the concentration of hexadecyl methyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium bromide is 25 g/L), soaking at 55 ℃ for 3h, and filtering and drying after soaking to obtain pretreated bentonite; adding 500g of pretreated bentonite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 80g of carboxymethyl chitosan and 400g of attapulgite, uniformly stirring, and then carrying out heating reaction at 220 ℃ for 14 hours, and filtering, washing, drying and grinding after the reaction is completed to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 60 degrees, adjusting the temperature of a heating device to 50 ℃, placing 5kg of calcium peroxide particles in the step S1 into the drum granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the drum granulator to 30r/min, taking 0.8kg of the modified composite material in the step S3 as a coating, placing into a vibration feeder, putting powder at a constant speed of 100g/min, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, placing into a 100 ℃ oven for baking to constant weight, taking out and cooling to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
The long-term flooding management mode in the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Comparative example 2
A method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then ploughing to a ploughing depth of 20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 1 day;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: and after the soil is well balanced, transplanting low-isolation rice (the variety is Dang Liang you Hua Zhan), wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the growth process of the rice.
Wherein the application amount of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) is 0.09kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium amount in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.91mg/kg.
The preparation method of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator to 50 degrees, and adjusting the heating device to 50 degrees; placing 5kg of calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, regulating the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 28r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed;
s2, adding 500g of attapulgite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 700g of corn stalk powder, 40g of potassium permanganate and 30g of ferric chloride, uniformly stirring, performing hydrothermal carbonization reaction at the temperature of 240 ℃ for 12 hours, filtering, washing and drying after the reaction is finished, and calcining under nitrogen atmosphere at the calcining temperature of 450 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain modified attapulgite;
s3, adding 500g of bentonite into 10L of deionized water, then adding 400g of modified attapulgite in the step S2, uniformly stirring, and then filtering, washing, drying and grinding to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 60 degrees, adjusting the temperature of a heating device to 50 ℃, placing 5kg of calcium peroxide particles in the step S1 into the drum granulator, adjusting the rotating speed of the drum granulator to 30r/min, taking 0.8kg of the modified composite material in the step S3 as a coating, placing into a vibration feeder, putting powder at a constant speed of 100g/min, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, placing into a 100 ℃ oven for baking to constant weight, taking out and cooling to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
The long-term flooding management mode in the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Comparative example 3
A method for preventing and controlling rice field submerged cultivation and cooperatively reducing cadmium in a flooded environment comprises the following steps:
(1) Treating cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: ploughing cadmium-polluted paddy field soil, ploughing the soil to a depth of 20cm, applying chemical fertilizer, raking the paddy field, and balancing for 1 day;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: and after the soil is well balanced, transplanting low-isolation rice (the variety is Dang Liang you Hua Zhan), wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the growth process of the rice.
The total cadmium amount in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.91mg/kg.
The long-term flooding management mode in the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
Comparative example 4
This comparative example uses a conventional irrigation mode, i.e., no long term flooding management mode is performed, no long-acting slow release inhibitor is applied, and the other operations are the same as in example 1.
The long-acting slow release inhibitors prepared in examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-2 were subjected to adsorption performance test, and specifically as follows: taking 1L of aqueous solution containing 500mg/L Cd (II), respectively adding 2g of the long-acting slow-release inhibitor prepared in examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-2, placing in a constant temperature shaking table for shaking adsorption at 25 ℃, controlling the rotation speed of a constant temperature shaking table to 120r/min and the shaking time to 4h, filtering the solution by a microporous filter membrane with the thickness of 0.22 mu m, detecting the concentration of cadmium ions in the initial solution and the solution after the adsorption is finished by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, taking an average value 3 times, calculating the adsorption amount, and testing the following table 2:
TABLE 2
| Cadmium adsorption quantity mg/g | |
| Example 1 | 247.1 |
| Example 2 | 242.8 |
| Example 3 | 246.3 |
| Comparative example 1 | 169.4 |
| Comparative example 2 | 177.5 |
As can be seen from the above Table 2, the long-acting slow release inhibition prepared by the invention has a larger adsorption quantity to cadmium, and can obviously reduce the concentration of cadmium ions in aqueous solution.
The cadmium content of rice in example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 4 was measured, 9 were randomly extracted from each test group, and the average value was calculated after the measurement, and the result was shown in FIG. 1.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, the method for controlling and synergistically reducing cadmium in paddy field submerged cultivation in the water flooding environment provided by the invention can remarkably reduce the cadmium content in rice.
The rice yield in example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 4 was measured, and the results are shown in FIG. 2.
As can be seen from fig. 2, the method for controlling and synergistically reducing cadmium in submerged cultivation of paddy fields in a flooded environment provided by the invention has a small difference from the conventional irrigation yield (comparative example 4), but has a significant yield improvement compared with comparative examples 1, 2 and 3.
The rice field soil reducing substance content change in example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 4 was tested, and the results are shown in table 3 below:
TABLE 3 soil reducing substance content at different rice growth periods
Note that: different letters in the table indicate that the statistical test has significant differences, and if the same letter is noted, the differences are not significant.
As can be seen from Table 3, the method for controlling the submerged cultivation of the paddy field and reducing cadmium synergistically in the submerged environment provided by the invention has the advantages that the total amount of the reducing substances and the content of the active reducing substances in different periods of rice fertility are not obviously different from the total amount of the reducing substances and the content of the active reducing substances in the soil in the traditional irrigation mode, so that the method provided by the invention can effectively prevent the secondary submerged cultivation of the paddy field soil in the submerged environment.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. The method for preventing and controlling the submerged cultivation of the paddy field and cooperatively reducing cadmium in the water flooding environment is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) The long-acting slow-release inhibitor is used for treating the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil: uniformly spreading a long-acting slow-release inhibitor on the surface layer of the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, then carrying out ploughing or rotary tillage, wherein the ploughing depth is 15-20cm, fully mixing the long-acting slow-release inhibitor with the rice field soil, then applying a chemical fertilizer, raking the rice field, and balancing for 1-2 days;
(2) Transplanting rice, and managing water: transplanting rice after the soil is well balanced, wherein the soil adopts a long-term flooding management mode in the rice growth process.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the long-acting sustained release inhibitor applied in step (1) is 0.03-0.15kg/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The total cadmium content in the cadmium-polluted paddy field soil is 0.6-1.0mg/kg.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method of preparing the long-acting sustained-release inhibitor in step (1) comprises the steps of:
s1, granulating calcium peroxide;
s2, adding the attapulgite into deionized water, then adding biomass powder, potassium permanganate and ferric chloride, uniformly stirring, performing hydrothermal carbonization reaction, filtering, washing, drying after the reaction is finished, and calcining under an inert atmosphere to obtain modified attapulgite;
s3, adding bentonite into deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion, adding the bentonite into a modified liquid for soaking, and filtering and drying after the soaking is finished to obtain pretreated bentonite; adding pretreated bentonite into deionized water, adding carboxymethyl chitosan and the modified attapulgite in the step S2, uniformly stirring, heating for reaction, and filtering, washing, drying and grinding after the reaction is finished to obtain a modified composite material;
s4, preparing a long-acting slow-release inhibitor: and (3) adjusting the disc inclination angle of the drum granulator to 55-60 degrees, adjusting the heating device to 45-50 ℃, placing the calcium peroxide particles in the step (S1) in the drum granulator, coating the modified composite material in the step (S3), placing in a vibration feeder, uniformly throwing powder, continuously spraying water mist at the rising position of the particles by a water mist spray gun until the coating is finished, and drying to obtain the long-acting slow-release inhibitor.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the specific method of granulating the calcium peroxide in step S1 is: adjusting the disc inclination angle of the disc granulator to 50-65 DEG, and adjusting the heating device to 40-55 ℃; placing calcium peroxide powder into a disc of a disc granulator, regulating the rotating speed of the disc granulator to 20-40r/min, continuously spraying water mist at the ascending position of the powder according to the granulating condition by a water mist spray gun, continuously screening particles with the diameter of 3-5mm and smooth surfaces, and continuously adding the calcium peroxide powder until granulating is completed.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the biomass powder in step S2 is one or more of corn straw powder, wheat straw powder, and rice straw powder; the mass ratio of the attapulgite to the biomass powder to the potassium permanganate to the ferric chloride is 50:50-80:3-5:2-4; the temperature of the hydrothermal carbonization reaction is 220-250 ℃, and the reaction time is 10-14h; the calcination temperature is 400-500 ℃ and the time is 3-5h.
6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the modifying liquid in the step S3 is a mixed aqueous solution of octadecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride and hexadecyl methyldihydroxyethyl ammonium bromide, wherein the concentration of the octadecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride is 20-30g/L, and the concentration of the hexadecyl methyldihydroxyethyl ammonium bromide is 20-30g/L; the soaking temperature is 50-60 ℃ and the soaking time is 2-4h.
7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the mass ratio of the pretreated bentonite, the carboxymethyl chitosan and the modified attapulgite in the step S3 is 50:5-10:25-50, the heating reaction is carried out at 200-240 ℃ for 12-16h.
8. A method according to claim 3, wherein the mass ratio of calcium peroxide particles to modified composite in step S4 is 100:10-20; the drying temperature is 80-120 ℃.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the rice in step (2) is a low cadmium variety.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the long-term flooding management mode of step (2) is specifically: after the rice is transplanted, irrigation is carried out on the cadmium-polluted rice field soil, the flooding depth is controlled to be 3-4cm in the whole growing period of the rice, the field water shortage time limit cannot exceed 1d, 10d of the rice is naturally fallen into water before harvesting, and the topdressing and plant protection measures during the growing period of the rice are the same as the management mode of the rice field.
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