CN117049475A - 制氢方法和设备 - Google Patents

制氢方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN117049475A
CN117049475A CN202310530953.8A CN202310530953A CN117049475A CN 117049475 A CN117049475 A CN 117049475A CN 202310530953 A CN202310530953 A CN 202310530953A CN 117049475 A CN117049475 A CN 117049475A
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synthesis gas
steam reforming
low pressure
hydrogen
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法比奥.鲁杰里
瓦伦蒂娜·德佩特里
丹妮尔·布兰比拉
阿什坎·埃布希米
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Italian Wood Industry Co ltd
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Abstract

用于生产氢气的方法,包括:含烃原料的第一蒸汽重整步骤,以获得第一合成气;对该第一合成气进行的第一合成气变换和冷却步骤;用于将第一合成气分离成高浓度氢气流和尾气流的分离步骤;对尾气进行的第二低压蒸汽重整步骤以获得第二合成气;对第二合成气进行的第二合成气变换和冷却步骤;对从第二合成气变换和冷却步骤中排出的氢气和二氧化碳流进行的CO2脱除步骤,以便从燃料级氢气流中分离出CO2流;将至少一部分燃料级氢气流进料至第一蒸汽重整步骤的步骤。

Description

制氢方法和设备
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2022年5月13日提交的意大利专利申请第102022000009989号的优先权,其全部公开内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于生产氢气的方法(process)并且涉及用于生产氢气的设备(plant)。
特别地,本发明涉及通过低压蒸汽重整(steam reforming)生产氢气的方法和设备,其目的是生产燃料级氢气以供燃烧,从而提供进一步蒸汽重整工艺(steam reformingprocess)的吸热反应(endothermic reaction)所需的负荷(duty),以及通过所述蒸汽重整工艺,特别是通过提高该工艺尾气中包含的甲烷和一氧化碳转化为氢气的转化率(conversion)显著提高可获得的脱碳(decarbonization)。
背景技术
通过水蒸气和烃类之间的蒸汽重整反应(steam reforming reaction)来生产氢气是已知的。
重整反应是高度吸热的,因此高温在热力学上是有利的,并且使用通常为镍基的催化剂进行,该催化剂在置于重整反应器辐射区中的管中特别配制。在冷却到合适的温度后,在变换炉(shift converter)中在重整反应期间形成的一氧化碳与未反应的蒸汽进一步减少,以产生二氧化碳和额外的氢气。
然后,例如通过变压吸附(pressure swing adsorption,PSA)装置冷却和纯化粗制氢气(raw hydrogen)流。
涉及的化学反应如下:
为了处理更多的原料,预重整反应器(pre-reformer)可以任选地安装在重整反应器(reforming reactor)的上游。特别是对于重质原料(heavy feedstocks),预重整反应器的使用使得可以减少重整反应器的加热器负荷(heater duty),并使工艺的热效率更高。
在预重整(pre-reforming)过程中,甲烷被蒸汽重整(steam-reformed),并且较重的烃被转化为甲烷或者被直接蒸汽重整,由此获得仅包含H2、CO、CO2、CH4和H2O的流出物(effluent)。相关的化学反应如下:
如上所述,反应(2)和(4)是放热的,而反应(3)是吸热的,并且反应(1)是高度吸热的。因此,取决于原料的净温度(net temperature as a function of the feedstock)可能会升高或降低。轻质原料产生吸热效应,而重质原料产生放热效应。
图1示意性地示出了用于通过蒸汽重整生产氢气的常规设备。
含烃原料(feedstocks containing hydrocarbons)(例如,天然气、石脑油、液化石油气(LPG)等)与蒸汽和待燃烧的燃料气体一起被进料至蒸汽重整反应器,以便为吸热重整反应(endothermic reforming reactions)提供必要的热量。
为了处理更多的原料,预重整反应器可以任选地安装在重整反应器的上游。特别是对于重质原料,预重整反应器的使用使得有可能降低重整反应器的加热器负荷,并使工艺的热效率更高。
通过蒸汽重整获得的合成气被送到变换炉(shift converter),在那里,在冷却到合适的温度后,重整反应期间形成的一氧化碳与未反应的蒸汽进一步减少,以产生二氧化碳和额外的氢气。然后,粗制氢气流被冷却并通过分离单元,通常是变压吸附(PSA)装置,进行纯化。
由PSA装置产生的氢气流(stream of hydrogen)作为循环氢气被加入到蒸汽重整反应器的进料中。氢气的量(quantity)是为了将进料中所含有机硫化合物氢化为H2S、使存在的任何烯烃饱和并防止下游设备上由重质原料形成焦炭(formation of coke ondownstream equipment with a heavy charge);或者,在有条件的情况下,该氢气流(thisstream)可以从装置边界线导入(imported from the battery limits)。
用于从化石燃料生产氢气的设备和工艺也需要通过CO2捕获来减少碳排放。
在这方面,现有设备的现代化,以期将其转化为低碳设备(用于生产所谓的“蓝色氢(blue hydrogen)”),是特别重要的。
虽然从碳回收的角度来看,确实可获得高效的技术,但它们通常不适合改造现有的设备,因为它们需要对设备进行大量和昂贵的改造。
通常,有两种方案可用于从生产氢气的设备中获得高的碳回收率(carbonrecovery):
(a)燃烧前捕获,其中通过使用胺、热碳酸钾、物理溶剂或膜,在分离冷凝物(condensate)后,将CO2从由变换区排出的合成气流中脱除;
(b)燃烧后捕获,从燃料气体中去除碳;在这种情况下,通常考虑用于CO2捕获的溶剂只是化学类型的。
如果燃料气体在蒸汽重整炉内燃烧,通过燃烧前捕获的方式,CO2的回收率仅限于约60%的值;只有通过燃烧后捕获的方式,才能实现90%的CO2回收率,但是能耗高,投资和脱除成本也高得多。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供用于生产氢气的方法和设备,该方法和设备克服了本文指出的现有技术的缺点。
特别地,本发明的目的是提供尤其是在CO2排放方面特别有效的用于生产氢气的方法和设备。
本发明的一个特别目的是提供用于生产氢气的方法和设备,该方法和设备也适用于改造现有设备,而不需要进行过多的和昂贵的设备改造。
因此,本发明涉及分别如所附权利要求1和权利要求6所限定的用于生产氢气的方法和设备。
从属权利要求中限定了本发明的优选辅助特征。
本发明提供了一种方法和设备,其通过低压蒸汽重整设置(low pressure steamreforming setup),允许从残余流(residual stream)中生产燃料级氢气;然后使用(燃烧)燃料级氢气来提供进一步蒸汽重整工艺(steam reforming process)的吸热反应所需的热负荷(thermal duty)。
本发明的设置(setup)非常适用于改造的情况(revamping opportunities)。在蒸汽重整反应器内产生和燃烧的燃料级氢气的生产使得即使在燃烧前进行碳捕获的情况下也能实现超过95%的脱碳水平。
因此,本发明实现了以下主要优点:
高CO2回收率(超过95%);
高甲烷转化率;
对蒸汽的需求降低;
即使在改造的情况下,设备的生产成本和时间也较低;
升级现有设备的简便性。
附图说明
本发明的进一步特征和优点将从以下参照附图对其非限制性实施例的描述中变得明显,其中:
图1是根据已知技术运行(operating)的用于生产氢气的设备的框图;
图2是根据本发明的用于生产氢气的设备的框图,该设备在运行中实施本发明的方法。
具体实施方式
在图2中,附图标记1表示实施本发明方法的用于生产氢气的设备。
类似于图1所示类型的常规设备设置,设备1包括预热和预处理段(preheatingand pretreatment section)2,其接收含烃原料;蒸汽重整段(steam reforming section)3,其中与原料一起进料的烃发生蒸汽重整反应以形成合成气(synthesis gas,syngas);合成气变换和冷却段(synthesis gas shift and cooling section)4,其中存在于合成气中的一氧化碳和水反应产生氢气和二氧化碳;任选地,CO2吸收段(CO2 absorption section)5,其中从合成气中脱除二氧化碳;分离段(separation section)6,例如变压吸附(PSA)段,以获得高浓度氢气的气流。
预处理和预热段(pretreatment and preheating section)2、蒸汽重整段3、合成气变换和冷却段4、CO2吸收段5和分离段6通过各自的管线7a-7d串联连接。分离段6具有供应高浓度氢气的H2出口管线8。
设备1进一步包括蒸汽段(steam section)11和任选的冷凝物回收段(condensaterecovery section)12。
蒸汽段11通过水/蒸汽供应管线(water/steam supply line)13连接到蒸汽重整段3,以便向蒸汽重整段3供应蒸汽,并通过水/蒸汽返回管线(water/steam return line)14从蒸汽重整段3返回蒸汽。蒸汽段11也通过蒸汽回收管线(steam recovery line)15连接到合成气变换和冷却段4,以便从合成气变换和冷却段4回收蒸汽。蒸汽段11进一步具有为其他目的供应蒸汽的蒸汽出口管线(steam outlet line)16。
冷凝物回收段12(任选的,因此用虚线表示)通过冷凝物管线(condensate line)17以及供水管线(water supply line)18连接到合成气变换和冷却段4,冷凝物回收段12通过冷凝物管线17接收来自合成气变换和冷却段4的工艺冷凝物,通过供水管线18,部分来自外部来源(即来自装置边界线,B.L.)作为软化水(demineralized water)且部分从冷凝物回收段12中的工艺冷凝物回收的给水(BFW)被送到合成气变换和冷却段4。然而,冷凝物回收段12的存在完全是任选的。
根据本发明,设备1包括第二蒸汽重整段(second steam reforming section)20,特别是低压蒸汽重整段(low pressure steam reforming section)。
与蒸汽重整段3相比,低压蒸汽重整段20在较低压力下运行。特别地,低压蒸汽重整段20在这样的压力下运行,使得由低压蒸汽重整段20产生的氢气的压力为约1.5巴(barg)至约5巴,而由蒸汽重整段3产生的氢气的压力为约15-40巴。
任选地,低压蒸汽重整段20可以包括预重整反应器和/或气体加热重整反应器(gas-heated reformer,GHR)。
低压蒸汽重整段20通过气体管线21连接到分离段6的出口,从该出口接收分离段6中产生的尾气,该尾气通过压缩机(compressor)22进行适当压缩。
除了来自分离段6的尾气之外,低压蒸汽重整段20通过气体进料管线23进料有天然气流(stream of natural gas),该气体进料管线23也接收来自气体管线21的尾气,并进行适当压缩。
在低压蒸汽重整段20中,存在于天然气和来自分离段6的尾气中的烃发生蒸汽重整反应,并形成合成气(syngas)。
低压蒸汽重整段20中产生的合成气被送到第二合成气变换和冷却段24,其通过管线25a连接到低压蒸汽重整段20,并且存在于合成气中的一氧化碳和水在那里反应产生氢气和二氧化碳;然后到达通过管线25b连接到合成气变换和冷却段24的CO2脱除段(CO2removal section)26,在此将二氧化碳从合成气中脱除,由此获得燃料级氢气流。任选地,从CO2脱除段26获得的燃料级氢气经由H2再循环管线(H2 recirculating line)27a被进料到蒸汽重整段3,该管线27a将CO2脱除段26的出口与蒸汽重整段3的燃料入口连接。
在此处和下文中,如行业中常见的,燃料级氢气被理解为滴度(titre)大于或等于90%(且小于99.9%)的氢气。
一部分产生的燃料级氢气通过额外的H2再循环管线27b再循环到低压蒸汽重整段20,该管线27b起始于(departs from)再循环管线27a并连接到低压蒸汽重整段20的入口。
设备1包括额外的蒸汽段28和可选的额外的冷凝物回收段(condensate recoverysection)29(如图2中的虚线所示)。
蒸汽段28通过蒸汽进料管线(steam feeding line)30连接到低压蒸汽重整段20,以提供重整反应所需的蒸汽,并通过蒸汽回流管线(steam return line)31连接到低压蒸汽重整段20,用于从低压蒸汽重整段20回收蒸汽。
蒸汽段28也通过蒸汽回收管线32连接到合成气变换和冷却段24,以便从合成气变换和冷却段24回收蒸汽。
冷凝物回收段29通过冷凝物管线33连接到合成气变换和冷却段24,冷凝物回收段29经由冷凝物管线33接收来自合成气变换和冷却段24的工艺冷凝物;以及通过水供应管线34连接到合成气变换和冷却段24,通过该水供应管线34,将部分由外部来源作为软化水提供的和部分从冷凝物回收段29的工艺冷凝物中回收的给水(BFW)送到合成气变换和冷却段24。与冷凝物回收段12一样,冷凝物回收段29的存在也完全是任选的。
低压蒸汽重整段20、合成气变换和冷却段24和CO2脱除段26通过各自的管线25a、25b串联连接。
CO2脱除段26通过蒸汽管线35连接到蒸汽段28,蒸汽管线35将蒸汽进料到CO2脱除段26,以便从合成气中脱除CO2。或者,冷凝合成气流的直接整合(direct integrations ofa stream of condensing syngas)也可用于脱除CO2
低压蒸汽重整段20和CO2脱除段26不需要的任何过量蒸汽可以通过蒸汽出口管线36供应用于其他目的。
实施本发明制氢方法的设备1的运行如下。
烃原料的气态流,任选由多种不同的原料(例如天然气、石脑油、LPG等)组成,在预处理和预热段2中任选地进行预处理后,被进料到蒸汽重整段3,在那里蒸汽重整过程随着合成气的形成而发生。
蒸汽重整段3排出的合成气被送到合成气变换和冷却段4,在那里合成气中存在的一氧化碳和水反应产生氢气和二氧化碳;然后送到CO2吸收段5(在对现有设备进行改造的情况下可能添加到设备1中),在CO2吸收段5中二氧化碳被从合成气中脱除;并且最后到达分离段6,以获得高浓度氢气的气流,该气流通过H2出口管线8排出。
分离段6将高浓度氢气流与尾气流(包含CO2、残余甲烷等)分离,尾气流在气体管线21中被带走(taken away)。
从分离段6被带走(taken from the separation section 6)的尾气,不是像在常规设置中那样再循环到蒸汽重整段3,而是如果必要的话,在通过压缩机22压缩之后,被送到低压蒸汽重整段20以依次进行转化。
特别地,尾气在低压蒸汽重整段20中进行处理,在那里进行蒸汽重整工艺,形成合成气,该合成气在合成气变换和冷却段24中进行转化,在合成气变换和冷却段24中合成气中存在的一氧化碳和水反应产生氢气和二氧化碳;然后在CO2脱除段26中脱除CO2,在CO2脱除段26中二氧化碳被从合成气中脱除。
获得的燃料级氢气流被再循环到蒸汽重整段3,以便燃烧并为重整反应提供热量。从CO2脱除段26排出的一部分燃料级氢气被再循环到低压蒸汽重整段20的入口,同样是为了燃烧和提供热量。
因此,根据本发明,不需要将燃料气体进料到蒸汽重整段3:而在图1所示的常规设置中,为了提供重整反应所需的热量,需要与从分离单元(separation unit)回收的尾气结合而燃烧燃料气体,根据本发明,蒸汽重整段3中重整反应所需的热负荷是通过燃烧通过第二低压蒸汽重整段20和合成气变换和冷却段24产生的,并在CO2脱除段26中经纯化去除CO2的燃料级氢气来提供的。
最后,应当理解,在不脱离所附权利要求的范围的情况下,本文描述和说明的方法和设备可以进行进一步的修改和变化。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于生产氢气的方法,其包括:含烃原料的第一蒸汽重整步骤,以获得第一合成气;第一合成气变换和冷却步骤,其中存在于所述第一合成气中的一氧化碳和水反应产生氢气和二氧化碳;分离步骤,用于将所述第一合成气分离成高浓度氢气流和尾气流;所述方法的特征在于将在所述分离步骤中分离得到的所述尾气进料至第二蒸汽重整步骤,所述第二蒸汽重整步骤在低压下,即在低于所述第一蒸汽重整步骤的压力下进行以获得第二合成气;包括之后对所述第二合成气进行第二合成气变换和冷却步骤,以将存在于所述第二合成气中的一氧化碳和水转化成氢气和二氧化碳;对从所述第二合成气变换和冷却步骤中排出的氢气和二氧化碳流进行CO2脱除步骤,以从燃料级氢气流中分离出CO2流;将至少一部分所述燃料级氢气流进料至所述第一蒸汽重整步骤的步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将从所述CO2脱除步骤中排出的一部分所述燃料级氢气流进料至所述第二低压蒸汽重整步骤。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在所述分离步骤中分离得到的所述尾气全部被送到所述第二低压蒸汽重整步骤。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在所述第一蒸汽重整步骤中的重整反应所需的热负荷由在所述第二低压蒸汽重整步骤和所述第二合成气变换和冷却步骤中产生并在所述CO2脱除步骤中纯化得到的燃料级氢气的燃烧提供,并且不添加任何其他燃料气体。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其包括对从所述第一合成气变换和冷却步骤中排出的所述第一合成气进行CO2吸收步骤,以从所述第一合成气中脱除二氧化碳。
6.一种用于生产氢气的设备(1),其包括:第一蒸汽重整段(3),用于由含烃原料生产第一合成气;第一合成气变换和冷却段(4),所述第一合成气变换和冷却段(4)连接到所述第一蒸汽重整段(3)以处理来自其的所述第一合成气;分离段(6),其连接到所述第一合成气变换和冷却段(4)以将所述第一合成气分离成高浓度氢气流和尾气流;所述设备(1)的特征在于包括第二低压蒸汽重整段(20),所述第二低压蒸汽重整段(20)在低压下运行,即在低于所述第一蒸汽重整段(3)的压力下运行,并通过气体管线(21)连接到所述分离段(6)的出口,以将所述分离段(6)中产生的尾气输送到所述第二低压蒸汽重整段(20);第二合成气变换和冷却段(24),其连接到所述第二低压蒸汽重整段(20)以接收来自所述第二低压蒸汽重整段(20)的第二合成气;CO2脱除段(26),其连接到所述第二合成气变换和冷却段(24)以从所述第二合成气中脱除二氧化碳,获得燃料级氢气流;以及连接所述CO2脱除段(26)与所述第一蒸汽重整段(3)的燃料入口的第一H2再循环管线(27a)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的设备,其包括第二H2再循环管线(27b),所述第二H2再循环管线(27b)起始于所述第一H2再循环管线(27a)并连接到所述第二低压蒸汽重整段(20)的入口。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的设备,其中所述分离段(6)仅具有一个用于所述尾气的出口和一个用于所述高浓度氢气流的出口,使得所述尾气被完全送到所述第二低压蒸汽重整段(20)。
9.根据权利要求6或7中任一项所述的设备,其中所述第一蒸汽重整段(3)仅具有一个连接到所述第一H2再循环管线(27a)的燃料入口,并且没有用于在所述第一蒸汽重整段(3)中燃烧的其他燃料气体的其他入口,使得所述第一蒸汽重整段(3)中重整反应所需的热负荷仅由来自所述第一H2再循环管线(27a)的所述燃料级氢气的燃烧提供。
10.根据权利要求6或7中任一项所述的设备,其包括CO2吸收段(5),所述CO2吸收段(5)布置在所述第一合成气变换和冷却段(4)和所述分离段(6)之间,并且连接到所述第一合成气变换和冷却段(4)以从所述第一合成气中脱除二氧化碳。
CN202310530953.8A 2022-05-13 2023-05-12 制氢方法和设备 Pending CN117049475A (zh)

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