CN116927746B - Sand fracturing simulation experiment method and experimental device - Google Patents
Sand fracturing simulation experiment method and experimental device Download PDFInfo
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- CN116927746B CN116927746B CN202310934105.3A CN202310934105A CN116927746B CN 116927746 B CN116927746 B CN 116927746B CN 202310934105 A CN202310934105 A CN 202310934105A CN 116927746 B CN116927746 B CN 116927746B
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- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000006353 environmental stress Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a sand fracturing simulation experiment method and device, relates to the technical field of coal mining, and is used for solving the problems of insufficient simulation precision and reliability of simulation results of indoor fracturing physical simulation experiments in related technologies. The experimental method comprises the following steps: acquiring a rock sample, and installing a shaft at a wellhead of the rock sample; applying three-way stress to the rock sample to simulate the environmental stress of the shaft in the stratum rock mass, wherein the three-way stress comprises stress in three mutually orthogonal directions; injecting a fracturing fluid into the wellbore to clean the wellbore; detecting a first pressure value of a well bore, and injecting a first sand mixing fluid into the well bore when the first pressure value is determined to be equal to a first pressure threshold value, so as to simulate injection of a first propping agent, wherein the first pressure threshold value corresponds to the fracture pressure of a rock sample; the first sand mixing liquid comprises a first sand body and a fracturing fluid. The matching degree, simulation precision and simulation result reliability of the sand fracturing simulation experiment and the actual construction site fracturing conditions are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of coal mining, in particular to a sand fracturing simulation experiment method and an experiment device.
Background
The hydraulic fracturing technique plays an important role in the efficient development of a reservoir, and aims to form effective cracks in the reservoir, then expand the cracks and enable the cracks to have sufficient diversion capacity by injecting proppants into the cracks so as to ensure that reservoir fluid can flow into a shaft communicated with the reservoir, and further the reservoir fluid is extracted through the shaft.
In the related technology, an indoor fracturing physical simulation experiment is adopted to simulate the change of the fracture morphology of the reservoir after hydraulic fracturing under different geological and engineering parameter conditions, so that the dynamic rule of the initiation and the expansion of the hydraulic fracture is known.
However, the fracturing fluid parameters in the indoor fracturing physical simulation experiment of the related technology lack of proppant related parameters, the matching degree with the fracturing conditions of the actual construction site is low, and the simulation precision and the simulation result reliability are insufficient.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a sand fracturing simulation experiment method and device, which are used for improving the matching degree, simulation precision and simulation result reliability of a sand fracturing simulation experiment and actual construction site fracturing conditions.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
in a first aspect, the invention provides a sand fracturing simulation experiment method, which comprises the following steps:
acquiring a rock sample, and installing a shaft at a wellhead of the rock sample;
applying a three-way stress to the rock sample to simulate the environmental stress of the wellbore in a formation rock mass, the three-way stress comprising stresses in three directions that are mutually orthogonal;
injecting a fracturing fluid into the wellbore to clean the wellbore;
detecting a first pressure value of the well bore, and injecting a first sand mixing fluid into the well bore to simulate injection of a first proppant when the first pressure value is determined to be equal to a first pressure threshold, wherein the first pressure threshold corresponds to a fracture pressure of the rock sample; the first sand mixing liquid comprises a first sand body and the fracturing liquid.
The invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
the proppant and the fracturing fluid are quantitatively mixed through the experimental device for carrying sand, the uniformly mixed sand-mixing fluid is injected into the rock sample through the fluid injection pipeline to generate hydraulic support cracks, the relative parameter change of the proppant is controlled, the fracturing physical simulation experiments under different sand adding strengths and sand adding types are realized, the migration laying gauge rate of the propping agents with different types, particle sizes and concentrations in the hydraulic cracks is researched, the influence of the properties of the propping agents on the form of the hydraulic cracks and the diversion capacity of the support cracks is realized, the simulation of the distribution situation of the propping agents in the mining construction site in the hydraulic cracks is realized, the indoor fracturing object model experiment is closer to the site fracturing construction, and the simulation accuracy of the hydraulic fracturing construction in the mining construction site is comprehensively improved. In one possible implementation, the first pressure threshold is a pressure value corresponding to when the first pressure value decreases by a preset value with increasing injection amount of the fracturing fluid.
In one possible implementation, the injecting the first sand mixing fluid into the wellbore specifically includes:
stopping the injection of the first sand mixing liquid and injecting a second sand mixing liquid into the shaft to simulate the injection of a second propping agent when the variation of the first pressure value along with the injection of the sand mixing liquid in a preset time period is smaller than or equal to the preset variation, wherein the range of the first preset time period is 20-60 seconds, and the range of the preset variation is 0.5-2Mpa; the second sand mixing liquid comprises a second sand body and the fracturing liquid.
In one possible implementation, the detecting the first pressure value of the wellbore specifically includes: collecting the first pressure value at preset time intervals;
the method further comprises the steps of: and stopping conveying the fracturing fluid into the shaft when the difference value of the first pressure value corresponding to the first pressure value is larger than 2Mpa compared with the first pressure value corresponding to the previous preset time interval.
In one possible implementation, the three-dimensional stresses are a vertical stress, a maximum horizontal principal stress and a minimum horizontal principal stress applied to the rock sample surface, respectively, the vertical stress, the maximum horizontal principal stress and the minimum horizontal principal stress being mutually orthogonal in pairs.
In one possible implementation, the applying three-dimensional stress to the rock sample specifically includes: and controlling a hydraulic loading system to sequentially apply the minimum horizontal main stress, the maximum horizontal main stress and the vertical stress to the rock sample or sequentially apply the vertical stress, the minimum horizontal main stress and the maximum horizontal main stress.
In a second aspect, the invention provides an experimental device for implementing the sand fracturing simulation experimental method provided by any one of the first aspects, which comprises a containing chamber, a hydraulic loading system, a pressure sensor, a sand carrying device, a first container, a driving pump and a controller;
the holding chamber is provided with a holding cavity for holding the rock sample, and the hydraulic loading system is connected with the holding chamber in a transmission way and is configured to load three-dimensional stress to the rock sample; the sand carrying device is communicated with the shaft and is configured to mix the sand body with the fracturing fluid to form the sand mixing fluid and convey the sand mixing fluid to the shaft, and the first container is communicated with the sand carrying device and is used for storing the fracturing fluid;
the pressure sensor is in signal connection with the well bore and is used for detecting a first pressure value of the well bore;
the driving pump and the pressure sensor are electrically connected with the controller, and the controller is configured to control the driving pump to work so that the driving pump conveys the fracturing fluid in the container to the sand carrying device.
In one possible implementation, the sand carrying device includes a support base;
the sand mixing tank is arranged on the supporting seat, and sand adding ports for adding the sand bodies and sand outlet ports for guiding out the sand mixing liquid are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the sand mixing tank;
and a stirring pump arranged in the sand mixing tank, wherein the stirring pump is used for mixing and stirring the sand body and the fracturing fluid;
the sand outlet is connected with a control valve, the control valve is provided with a first interface, a second interface and a third interface, the first interface is communicated with the sand outlet, the second interface is communicated with the container, and the third interface is communicated with the shaft.
In one possible implementation, the number of the sand mixing tanks is at least two, and the sand mixing tanks comprise a first sand mixing tank for containing the first sand mixing liquid and a second sand mixing tank for containing the second sand mixing liquid.
In one possible implementation, the method further comprises a pressure bearing plate abutting between the inner side wall of the accommodating chamber and the side surface of the rock sample.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a sand fracturing simulation experiment method provided by an embodiment of the invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic flow chart of specific steps included in step S140 in the sand fracturing simulation experiment method according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow chart of a sand fracturing simulation experiment method according to another embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an experimental apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Reference numerals illustrate:
100-accommodating chambers;
110-a receiving cavity; 120-bearing plate; 130-a wellbore; 140-rock sample;
200-sand carrying device;
210-a supporting seat; 220-a first sand mixing tank; 230-a first stirring pump;
221-a first sand adding port; 222-a first sand mixing port; 223-a first liquid inlet; 224-a first sand outlet;
240-a second sand mixing tank; 250-a second stirring pump;
241-a second sand inlet; 242-a second sand mixing port; 243-a second liquid inlet; 244-a second sand outlet;
300-hydraulic loading system;
310-oil pressure pump group; 320-hydraulic cylinder;
400-a pressure sensor;
500-a first container;
600-driving a pump;
700-control valve;
710—a first six-way valve;
711-a first liquid inlet; 712-a first outlet; 713-a second outlet;
720-a second six-way valve; 730-wellhead valve;
721-a second liquid inlet; 722-a third liquid outlet; 723-fourth outlet;
800-pipeline assembly;
810-a first pipeline; 820-a second line; 830-third pipeline; 840-fourth pipeline; 850-fifth line; 860-sixth line;
900-pulley.
Detailed Description
As described in the background art, the hydraulic fracturing technology plays an important role in underground oil and gas exploitation, and the related technology adopts an indoor fracturing physical simulation experiment to simulate the physical form change of a reservoir fracture generated by hydraulic fracturing, wherein the indoor fracturing physical simulation experiment mainly researches the influence of different geology and engineering parameters on the fracture form in the process of injecting fracturing fluid, and the geology and engineering parameters comprise the physical properties, the structural characteristics, the viscosity, the displacement and the fracturing process of rock of the fracturing fluid so as to infer the fracture mechanism of the reservoir rock and understand the dynamic rule of the hydraulic fracture initiation and expansion. However, in actual engineering, after hydraulic fracturing is performed on an underground reservoir, propping agents are generally required to be injected into cracks to ensure the derivation of reservoir fluids from the reservoir, and the simulation in the related technology lacks the influence on the hydraulic cracks under the condition of the propping agents related parameters, so that the problems of low matching degree with the fracturing conditions of the actual construction site and insufficient simulation precision and reliability of the simulation result exist.
The inventor researches find that the cause of the problem is mainly that: the fracturing simulation experiment in the related art only adopts fracturing fluid without propping agent to carry out fracturing, so that the distribution rule of propping agents with different types, particle sizes and concentrations in the fracture cannot be studied, however, in the actual on-site fracturing construction process, the migration distribution condition of propping agents in the reservoir fracture after hydraulic fracturing is an important factor for measuring the hydraulic fracturing effect, and the lack of relevant parameters of propping agents in the related art simulation method makes the method not better correspond to on-site fracturing construction conditions, the reliability of experimental results is poor, the migration laying rule of propping agents in the hydraulic fracture cannot be studied, and the effect of simulation experiment is poor.
Aiming at the technical problems, the embodiment of the invention provides a sand-adding fracturing simulation experiment method and an experimental device, which are used for quantitatively mixing propping agents and fracturing fluid through the experimental device for carrying sand, injecting the uniformly mixed sand-mixing fluid into a rock sample through a fluid injection pipeline to generate hydraulic support cracks, controlling the relative parameter change of the propping agents, realizing the fracturing physical simulation experiment under different sand-adding intensities and sand-adding types, researching the migration laying gauge rate of propping agents with different types, particle sizes and concentrations in the hydraulic cracks, and researching the influence of the properties of the propping agents on the form of the hydraulic cracks and the diversion capability of the propping cracks, realizing the simulation of the distribution situation of propping agents in the mining construction site in the hydraulic cracks, leading the indoor fracturing object model experiment to be closer to site construction, and comprehensively improving the simulation accuracy of the hydraulic fracturing construction in the mining construction site.
In order to make the above objects, features and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are only some, but not all, embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
In a first aspect, referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a sand fracturing simulation experiment method, including the following steps:
s110, acquiring a rock sample 140, and installing a shaft 130 at a wellhead of the rock sample 140, wherein a simulated borehole is arranged in the rock sample 140 and used for simulating fracturing cracks of a vertical well and a horizontal well, and the shaft 130 refers to a cylindrical four-wall or space from the wellhead to the bottom of the well, such as the horizontal well or the vertical well.
S120, applying a three-way stress to the rock sample 140 to simulate the environmental stress of the wellbore 130 in the stratum rock mass, wherein the three-way stress includes stresses in three directions orthogonal to each other, specifically, in connection with fig. 4, the rock sample 140 is connected to the hydraulic loading system 300 through a pipeline, and the hydraulic loading system 300 may be used to output stress load to the rock sample 140.
S130, injecting fracturing fluid into the well bore 130 to clean the well bore 130, and generating enough front pressure in the well bore 130 at the same time, so that the follow-up simulation process is facilitated.
Illustratively, referring to fig. 4, after the prepared fracturing fluid is poured into the first container 500 and the pipeline is connected, the driving pump 600 is turned on to inject the fracturing fluid into the well bore 130 at a certain displacement or constant wellhead pressure, the pressure sensor 400 at the wellhead monitors the wellhead pressure in real time, and the next experimental operation is performed according to the wellhead pressure change.
The fracturing fluid comprises slickwater or jelly.
S140, detecting a first pressure value of the well bore 130, and injecting first sand mixing liquid into the well bore 130 to simulate injection of a first propping agent when the first pressure value is determined to be equal to a first pressure threshold value, wherein the first pressure threshold value corresponds to the fracture pressure of the rock sample 140; the first sand mixing liquid comprises a first sand body and a fracturing liquid, the propping agent comprises quartz sand, ceramsite and/or resin-coated ceramsite, and the sand mixing liquid with different sand ratios can be formed by adjusting and controlling the addition amount of the propping agent.
The particle size of the proppants is 20/40 mesh, 30/50 mesh, 40/70 mesh, 70/140 mesh or 140/200 mesh, and the first proppants are exemplified by 40/70 mesh quartz sand, the mass is 10g, and the sand ratio of the sand mixing liquid formed by mixing with the fracturing fluid is 6; the propping agent can also be 30/50-mesh quartz sand, the mass is 20g, and the ratio of the formed sand mixture liquid sand is 12.
That is, in connection with fig. 4, during the process of delivering the fracturing fluid to the well bore 130, the pressure sensor 400 near the wellhead detects the pressure applied to the well bore 130 in real time, and when the pressure of the well bore 130 is less than the first pressure threshold value, the delivering of the fracturing fluid to the well bore 130 is continued; when the pressure of the wellbore 130 rises to the first pressure threshold, the first sand outlet 224 valve of the first sand mixing tank 220 is opened. It can be appreciated that during the experiment, the wellhead pressure curve, in which the pressure value output by the pressure sensor 400 is further fitted, may be observed, and the pressure value corresponding to the wellhead pressure value on the wellhead pressure curve is the first pressure threshold value when the wellhead pressure value is unchanged or suddenly drops along with the injection of the fracturing fluid.
It should be noted that, in this step, after the pressure of the shaft 130 rises to the first threshold, the first sand outlet 224 of the first sand mixing tank 220 is opened to simulate the process of injecting the pre-fluid in the pumping procedure of the construction site, so that the pre-fracturing fluid fills the shaft 130 and the cracks, providing a foundation for injecting the post-fracturing fluid, and also being capable of cleaning the shaft 130, thereby being beneficial to improving the transfer efficiency of the fluid and reducing the possibility of blocking and pollution.
It will be appreciated that the manner in which the first pressure threshold, i.e. the reservoir fracture pressure, is determined further comprises estimating the reservoir fracture pressure from rock mechanical properties, wherein the rock mechanical properties comprise at least one of the following rock mechanical properties: rock tensile strength, rock friction coefficient, rock shear strength, and reservoir pressure. The rock tensile strength is used for indicating the average tensile stress on a section perpendicular to the tensile force when the rock test piece is damaged under the action of the tensile stress, so that the sand outlet timing of the first sand outlet 224 of the first sand mixing tank 220 is accurately controlled by estimating the reservoir fracture pressure according to the rock mechanical property and further determining the first pressure threshold value by utilizing the reservoir fracture pressure.
It can be appreciated that the initiation and propagation stages of the fracture of the rock sample 140 can also be determined by the change of the first pressure value after reaching the first pressure threshold, and a foundation is laid for further study of the fracture mechanism of the rock sample 140.
In some embodiments, the fracturing fluid may be pre-dyed to a different color than the rock sample 140, facilitating determination of the location of the fracture extension after fracturing of the rock sample 140.
As an example, the first pressure threshold is a pressure value corresponding to a case where the first pressure value decreases by a preset value with an increase in the injection amount of the fracturing fluid, so as to better determine the fracture stress of the reservoir of the rock sample 140.
In a possible embodiment, in combination with fig. 2, S140 includes a substep S141 of injecting a first sand mixture into the wellbore 130, specifically including:
stopping the injection of the first sand mixing liquid and injecting the second sand mixing liquid into the shaft 130 to simulate the injection of the second propping agent when the variation of the first pressure value along with the injection of the sand mixing liquid in the preset time period is smaller than or equal to the preset variation, wherein the range of the first preset time period is 20-60 seconds, and the range of the preset variation is 0.5-2Mpa; the second sand mixing liquid comprises a second sand body and a fracturing fluid.
That is, the wellhead pressure sensor 400 is used to monitor the wellhead pressure change, if the obtained first pressure value change is smaller, the pressure born by the wellhead is stable, the crack is not extended any more, and the accumulation form of the first propping agent in the crack tends to be stable. At this time, by closing the valve of the first sand outlet 224 of the first sand mixing tank 220 and opening the valve of the second sand outlet 244 of the second sand mixing tank 240, the conveyance and switching of the proppants with different types or different particle sizes into the well bore 130 are completed, so that the combined sand paving process of the construction site is well simulated.
Illustratively, in combination with fig. 4, by opening the valve of the sand outlet of the first sand mixing tank 220 in the sand carrying device 200, the first sand body, i.e. the first propping agent, is mixed with the fracturing fluid and then enters the fracturing pipeline, the crack of the rock sample 140 is continuously injected with the sand mixing fluid after being broken, after adding sand for 1min, the valve of the first sand outlet 224 of the first sand mixing tank 220 is closed, and the valve of the second sand outlet 244 of the second sand mixing tank 240 is opened, so that the second sand body, i.e. the second propping agent, is mixed with the fracturing fluid and then enters the fracturing pipeline, and the pumping switching of propping agents with different types or different particle sizes is completed.
As a possible embodiment, in conjunction with fig. 2, S140 further includes a substep S142 of detecting a first pressure value of the wellbore 130, specifically including: the first pressure value is collected at preset time intervals so as to monitor the pressure accumulation condition of the wellhead in real time and provide an effective criterion for the operation of sand blocking and pump stopping.
In more embodiments, referring to fig. 3, the sand fracturing simulation experiment method further includes step S150, when the difference between the first pressure value and the first pressure value corresponding to the previous preset time interval is greater than 2Mpa, stopping delivering the fracturing fluid into the wellbore 130, that is, stopping pumping after the pressure displayed by the pressure sensor 400 increases sharply, so as to simulate sand plugging.
It should be noted that, in step S141, as the second sand mixing liquid containing the second proppant is continuously moved into the fracture of the rock sample 140 in the wellbore 130, when the proppant in the fracture is filled, the proppant cannot enter the interior of the fracture through the slot, and is accumulated at the bottom of the wellbore 130, so that the pumping pressure at the wellhead valve 730 is continuously increased, which may be regarded as sand blocking, and the driving system is immediately turned off to end the experiment, for example, the driving system includes driving the pump 600.
In a possible implementation manner, the three-dimensional stress is vertical stress, maximum horizontal main stress and minimum horizontal main stress applied to the surface of the rock sample 140, the vertical stress, the maximum horizontal main stress and the minimum horizontal main stress are mutually orthogonal in pairs, the pipeline comprises an X-axis hydraulic pipeline, a Y-axis hydraulic pipeline and a Z-axis hydraulic pipeline, the three are provided with valves, the three-dimensional stress is firstly increased to the horizontal minimum main stress, and the valve of the Z-axis hydraulic pipeline is closed; then continuously increasing the stress to the horizontal maximum main stress, and closing the valve of the Y-axis hydraulic pipeline; and finally, increasing the stress to vertical stress, and closing the X-axis hydraulic pipeline valve.
In another example, applying a three-dimensional stress to the rock sample 140 specifically includes: the hydraulic loading system 300 is controlled to sequentially apply a minimum horizontal principal stress, a maximum horizontal principal stress, and a vertical stress to the rock sample 140, which may simulate a formation condition where the vertical stress is maximum, the horizontal stress is minimum, and the principal stress is minimum, or sequentially apply a vertical stress, a minimum horizontal principal stress, and a maximum horizontal principal stress, which may simulate a condition where the vertical stress is small due to a shallower formation.
For example, when the vertical stress is 10MPa, the maximum horizontal main stress is 20MPa, and the minimum horizontal main stress is 15MPa, the vertical stress should be applied first, then the minimum horizontal main stress should be applied, and finally the maximum horizontal main stress should be applied.
It can be understood that the magnitude and loading sequence of the three-dimensional stress can be adjusted according to the stress condition of the actual stratum, so that the stress condition of the rock sample 140 is closer to the actual stratum, and therefore, the adaptability of the simulation method of the embodiment of the invention to the actual stratum depth stress condition change is improved.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides an experimental apparatus for implementing the method for fracturing simulation experiment with sand provided in any embodiment of the first aspect, which includes a housing room 100, a hydraulic loading system 300, a pressure sensor 400, a sand carrying device 200, a first container 500, a driving pump 600, a controller, and a pipeline assembly 800 for a transmission medium, wherein the housing room 100, i.e. a core room, is configured as a reaction site for the fracturing simulation experiment; the pipeline assembly 800 includes a first pipeline 810, a second pipeline 820, a third pipeline 830, a fourth pipeline 840, a fifth pipeline 850, and a sixth pipeline 860.
As shown in fig. 4, the hydraulic loading system 300 is configured to apply vertical stress, maximum horizontal principal stress, and minimum horizontal principal stress to the rock sample 140 from three directions of two orthogonal X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis, respectively, simulating three-phase stress conditions of the formation; the pressure sensor 400 is used for monitoring the wellhead pressure of the rock sample 140 in real time during the fracturing process, that is, the pressure sensor 400 can synchronously collect the pressure change during the fracturing process, and after the wellbore 130 and the sixth pipeline 860 connected to the wellbore 130 are filled with the fracturing fluid, the wellhead pressure starts to rise, and the first container 500 may also be referred to as an intermediate container.
The containment chamber 100 has a containment cavity 110 for receiving the rock sample 140, and the hydraulic loading system 300 is drivingly connected to the containment chamber 100 and configured to load the rock sample 140 with three-way stress; the sand carrying device 200 is communicated with the shaft 130, and is configured to mix sand with fracturing fluid to form sand mixing fluid, and convey the sand mixing fluid to the shaft 130, and the first container 500 is communicated with the sand carrying device 200 and is used for storing pre-configured fracturing fluid; the pressure sensor 400 is in signal communication with the wellbore 130 and is configured to detect a first pressure value of the wellbore 130; the driving pump 600 and the pressure sensor 400 are electrically connected to a controller, and the controller is configured to control the driving pump 600 to operate so that the driving pump 600 delivers the fracturing fluid in the container to the sand carrier 200.
As an example, the driving pump 600 is a dual-cylinder constant-speed constant-pressure pump, i.e. it has two modes of constant speed and constant pressure, and can inject the sand mixing fluid into the well bore 130 of the rock sample 140 in a constant speed and/or constant pressure mode, so as to facilitate variable regulation and control of the simulated sand mixing fluid injection process.
As yet another example, the hydraulic loading system 300 is a hydraulic servo system such that it is advantageous to maintain the loading stability of the stress conditions of the rock sample 140, i.e., to maintain the magnitude of the three-dimensional stress, during the fracturing experiment.
As one possible embodiment, the sand carrying device 200 includes a support base 210; a sand mixing tank mounted on the support base 210, wherein two opposite sides of the sand mixing tank are respectively provided with a sand adding port for adding sand bodies and a sand outlet port for guiding out sand mixing liquid; the stirring pump is arranged in the sand mixing tank and is used for mixing and stirring the sand body and the fracturing fluid; wherein, the sand outlet is connected with the control valve, and it has first interface, second interface and third interface, and first interface communicates in the sand outlet, and the second interface communicates in the container, and the third interface communicates in pit shaft 130.
The sand body, i.e., the proppant, was formed by mixing the sand-mixed fluid, which was mixed with the fracturing fluid flowing out of the first container 500 through the sand outlet, and then injected into the rock sample 140 through the pipeline.
It will be appreciated that the support base 210 is used to support and fix the sand mixing tank and the stirring pump, and in other embodiments, the rolling pulley 900 is installed at the bottom of the support base 210, so as to facilitate the movement of the sand carrying device 200.
As an example, the control valve 700 includes a three-way valve, the three-way valve includes an upper valve, a side valve and a lower valve, the lower valve is connected to the first container 500, an inflow channel is provided for the fracturing fluid in the first container 500, the upper valve is used for controlling outflow of the sand mixing fluid in the sand mixing tank, the side valve is used for controlling injection of the sand mixing fluid into the well bore 130 through a pipeline, and the interior of the three-way valve is in a communicating structure.
In yet another example, the first container 500, the first sand mixing tank 220 and the second sand mixing tank 240 are communicated with the shaft 130 through the control valve 700, namely, the wellhead of the rock sample 140, the control valve 700 further comprises a first six-way valve 710 and a second six-way valve 720, the sand outlets of the sand mixing tanks are all provided with three-way valves, the lower ends of the three-way valves are communicated with the first six-way valve 710, the upper ends of the three-way valves are communicated with the sand mixing tanks, and the side ends of the three-way valves are communicated with the second six-way valve 720.
When in use, under the drive of the drive pump 600, the fracturing fluid in the first container 500 enters the first fluid inlet 711 through the pipeline, flows out through the first fluid outlet 712 and the second fluid outlet 713, enters the first sand mixing tank 220 and the second sand mixing tank 240 through the pipeline, is injected into the second six-way valve 720 through the three-way valve arranged at the sand outlet of the sand mixing tank, and is finally conveyed into the shaft 130 of the rock sample 140.
In a possible embodiment, with reference to fig. 4, the number of the sand mixing tanks is at least two, and the sand mixing tanks comprise a first sand mixing tank 220 for containing a first sand mixing liquid and a second sand mixing tank 240 for containing a second sand mixing liquid, so that the sand mixing tank groups formed by the plurality of sand mixing tanks can realize addition of proppants with different types and different particle sizes, and the combined sand adding process simulation is completed.
Illustratively, the volume of the sand mixing tank is 1000mL, and the regulation of the sand ratio parameter in the sand mixing liquid after being mixed with the fracturing liquid can be realized by controlling the mass of the propping agent added into the sand mixing tank.
In this embodiment, the first sand mixing tank 220 has a first sand adding port 221, a first sand mixing port 222, a first liquid inlet 223 and a first sand outlet 224, a first stirring pump 230 is disposed in the first sand mixing tank 220, the second sand mixing tank 240 has a second sand adding port 241, a second sand mixing port 242, a second liquid inlet 243 and a second sand outlet 244, a second stirring pump 250 is disposed in the second sand mixing tank 240, the first six-way valve 710 has a first liquid inlet 711, a first liquid outlet 712 and a second liquid outlet 713, and the second six-way valve 720 has a second liquid inlet 721, a third liquid outlet 722 and a fourth liquid outlet 723.
Further, the working principle of the experimental device in this embodiment for realizing the sand fracturing simulation experimental method is described by combining the above structure: after the three-dimensional stress of the rock sample 140 is loaded through the load pipeline by utilizing the matching of the oil pressure pump group 310 and the hydraulic cylinder 320 in the hydraulic loading system 300, namely, after the steps S110 and S120 are completed, the double-cylinder constant-speed constant-pressure pump is started, the fracturing fluid in the first container 500 is injected into the first fluid inlet 711 of the first six-way valve 710 through the first pipeline 810, and in the process, the first fluid outlet 712, the first fluid inlet 223, the first sand outlet 224, the second fluid inlet 721 and the fourth fluid outlet 723 are kept open, and the valves of the other openings of the valve body are kept closed so as to facilitate the injection process of the fracturing fluid in the step S130.
Further, for step S140, after the first pressure value at the wellhead increases to the first pressure threshold value, the first sand mixing port 222 of the first sand mixing tank 220 is opened, the sand mixing fluid in the first sand mixing tank 220 and the fracturing fluid are further mixed to form a first sand mixing fluid, and the first sand mixing fluid is injected into the crack of the rock sample 140 in the wellbore 130 through the fourth line 840 and the sixth line 860 to complete the injection process of the first sand mixing fluid of step S140.
Further, referring to fig. 2 and 4, after the wellhead pressure is stable, the first six-way valve 710 and the second six-way valve 720 are closed, the first six-way valve 710, the second six-way valve 720 and the second sand mixing port 242, the second liquid inlet 243 and the second sand outlet 244 of the second sand mixing tank 240 are opened, so that the sand mixing liquid and the fracturing liquid in the second sand mixing tank 240 are mixed to form a second sand mixing liquid, and the second sand mixing liquid is injected into the crack of the rock sample 140 in the wellbore 130 through the third pipeline 830, the fifth pipeline 850 and the sixth pipeline 860, so that the injection process of the second sand mixing liquid in step S141 is completed, and the switching transportation of different types or different particle sizes of proppants is simulated.
As an example, the hydraulic loading system 300 further comprises a bearing plate 120 abutted between the inner side wall of the accommodating chamber 100 and the side surface of the rock sample 140, wherein the bearing plate 120 is arranged between the accommodating chamber 100 and the rock sample 140, so that direct contact between the rock sample 140 and the core chamber is avoided, and the uniformity of the application of the hydraulic loading system 300 to the surface pressure of the rock sample 140 is improved.
On the basis of the above embodiment, it may be improved that the bearing plate 120 is provided with a groove, in which a plurality of acoustic emission probes are installed, and the acoustic emission probes are configured to collect acoustic emission signals generated in the fracturing process of the rock sample 140, so as to facilitate multi-dimensional monitoring of the fracturing conditions in the rock sample 140, including crack initiation, crack propagation and destabilization fracture.
In other possible embodiments, the experimental device further comprises a display terminal, in which the controller, i.e. the control unit, is arranged.
In another example, the experimental set-up includes a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing simulation system.
It will be appreciated that the experimental apparatus provided in the second aspect, when implementing the experimental method of the first aspect, comprises the following operations: the rock sample 140 is placed in the accommodating chamber 100, six faces of the rock sample 140 are enclosed by the pressure bearing plate 120, oil flow is pumped out by the oil pressure pump set 310 in the hydraulic loading system 300 through the hydraulic loading system 300, three-way stress is applied to the surface of the rock sample 140 through the hydraulic cylinders 320 and the pressure bearing plate 120 in three directions, and the wellhead pressure sensor 400 can determine whether the rock sample 140 is cracked or not by monitoring the pressure change of the wellhead of the rock sample 140 in real time, so that a foundation is provided for sand adding fracturing time.
The first container 500 is filled with a pre-configured fracturing fluid, and the type of the fracturing fluid is different according to different experimental scheme requirements, and the fracturing fluid can be clear water, slick water, active water, scraping glue or linear glue by way of example; when the drive pump 600 is a two-cylinder constant speed constant pressure pump, it may inject the fracturing fluid in the first reservoir 500 into the wellbore 130 at a constant displacement or constant pressure.
In other embodiments, the support base 210 is a four-leg support to prevent the shake of the sand mixing tank during the experiment, and the rolling pulley 900 is installed at the lower portion of each support leg, so as to facilitate the movement of the sand carrying device 200 along any direction on the ground.
The embodiment of the invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
the propping agent and the fracturing fluid are quantitatively mixed through the sand carrying device, and the uniformly mixed sand mixing fluid is injected into the rock sample through the pipeline to generate hydraulic supporting cracks, so that the migration rules of propping agents of different types, particle sizes and concentrations and the influence of the properties of the propping agent on the form of the hydraulic cracks and the diversion capacity of the supporting cracks can be researched under the indoor fracturing physical simulation condition, the on-site fracturing construction pumping program and the distribution situation of the propping agent in the hydraulic cracks can be more accurately simulated, the technical guidance is provided for actual fracturing construction, the benign transformation of each fracturing section of a horizontal well is facilitated, the formation of high-diversion artificial cracks or fracture networks is facilitated, and the technical expansion is realized for unconventional oil and gas reservoir development.
Moreover, the experimental device provided by the embodiment of the invention has the advantages that the structure is simple, the processing is convenient, the sand carrying device can be repeatedly utilized, the cost is saved, the operation flow of the sand fracturing simulation experiment is simplified, the efficiency of the sand fracturing simulation experiment is improved, and the obtained experimental result can provide technical basis for the construction design of sand fracturing in a mining field.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "plurality" means at least two, for example, two, three, etc., unless specifically defined otherwise.
In the present invention, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; either directly or indirectly, through intermediaries, or both, may be in communication with each other or in interaction with each other, unless expressly defined otherwise. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
In the present invention, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, a first feature "up" or "down" a second feature may be the first and second features in direct contact, or the first and second features in indirect contact via an intervening medium. Moreover, a first feature being "above," "over" and "on" a second feature may be a first feature being directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is level higher than the second feature. The first feature being "under", "below" and "beneath" the second feature may be the first feature being directly under or obliquely below the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is less level than the second feature.
In this specification, each embodiment or implementation is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment focuses on a difference from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
It should be noted that references in the specification to "one embodiment," "an example embodiment," "some embodiments," etc., indicate that the embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some or all of the technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. The sand fracturing simulation experiment method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
acquiring a rock sample, and installing a shaft at a wellhead of the rock sample;
applying a three-way stress to the rock sample to simulate the environmental stress of the wellbore in a formation rock mass, the three-way stress comprising stresses in three directions that are mutually orthogonal;
injecting fracturing fluid into the well bore at a constant speed to clean the well bore;
detecting a first pressure value of the well bore, and injecting a first sand mixing fluid into the well bore at a constant speed or at a constant pressure when the first pressure value is determined to be equal to a first pressure threshold value, so as to simulate the injection of a first propping agent, wherein the first pressure threshold value corresponds to the fracture pressure of the rock sample; the first sand mixing liquid comprises a first sand body and the fracturing liquid;
the method for injecting the first sand mixing liquid into the shaft at a constant speed or constant pressure specifically comprises the following steps:
stopping the injection of the first sand mixing liquid when the variation of the first pressure value along with the injection of the sand mixing liquid in a preset time period is smaller than or equal to the preset variation, and injecting a second sand mixing liquid into the shaft at a constant speed or at a constant pressure so as to simulate the injection of a second propping agent, wherein the types and/or the particle sizes of the first propping agent and the second propping agent are different, the preset time period is 20-60 seconds, and the preset variation is 0.5-2Mpa; the second sand mixing liquid comprises a second sand body and the fracturing liquid;
wherein, the sand ratio parameter of the first sand mixing liquid is regulated and controlled by controlling the quality of the first sand body;
and regulating and controlling the sand ratio parameter of the second sand mixing liquid by controlling the quality of the second sand body.
2. The simulation experiment method according to claim 1, wherein the first pressure threshold is a pressure value corresponding to when the first pressure value decreases by a preset value with an increase in the injection amount of the fracturing fluid.
3. A simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the detecting the first pressure value of the wellbore comprises: collecting the first pressure value at preset time intervals;
the method further comprises the steps of: and stopping conveying the fracturing fluid into the shaft when the difference value of the first pressure value corresponding to the first pressure value is larger than 2Mpa compared with the first pressure value corresponding to the previous preset time interval.
4. A simulation experiment method according to claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional stress is a vertical stress, a maximum horizontal principal stress and a minimum horizontal principal stress applied to the rock sample surface, respectively, the vertical stress, the maximum horizontal principal stress and the minimum horizontal principal stress being orthogonal to each other.
5. A simulation method according to claim 4, wherein said applying three-dimensional stress to said rock sample comprises: and controlling a hydraulic loading system to sequentially apply the minimum horizontal main stress, the maximum horizontal main stress and the vertical stress to the rock sample or sequentially apply the vertical stress, the minimum horizontal main stress and the maximum horizontal main stress.
6. An experimental device for implementing the sand fracturing simulation experiment method according to any one of claims 1-5, comprising a holding chamber, a hydraulic loading system, a pressure sensor, a sand carrying device, a first container, a drive pump and a controller;
the accommodating chamber is provided with an accommodating cavity for accommodating a rock sample, and the hydraulic loading system is connected with the accommodating chamber in a transmission way and is configured to load three-dimensional stress to the rock sample; the sand carrying device is communicated with a shaft and is configured to mix the sand body with the fracturing fluid to form the sand mixing fluid and convey the sand mixing fluid to the shaft, and the first container is communicated with the sand carrying device and is used for storing the fracturing fluid;
the pressure sensor is in signal connection with the well bore and is used for detecting a first pressure value of the well bore;
the driving pump and the pressure sensor are electrically connected with the controller, and the controller is configured to control the driving pump to work so that the driving pump can convey the fracturing fluid in the container to the sand carrying device at a constant speed and inject the sand mixing fluid into the shaft at a constant speed or a constant pressure;
the sand carrying device comprises a supporting seat;
the sand mixing tanks are arranged on the supporting seat, the number of the sand mixing tanks is at least two, and each sand mixing tank comprises a first sand mixing tank for containing first sand mixing liquid and a second sand mixing tank for containing second sand mixing liquid;
wherein,
the quality of the first sand body is used for regulating and controlling the sand ratio parameter of the first sand mixing liquid;
the quality of the second sand body is used for regulating and controlling the sand ratio parameter of the second sand mixing liquid.
7. The experimental set-up of claim 6, wherein the sand carrying device comprises a support base;
the sand mixing tank is arranged on the supporting seat, and sand adding ports for adding the sand bodies and sand outlet ports for guiding out the sand mixing liquid are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the sand mixing tank;
and a stirring pump arranged in the sand mixing tank, wherein the stirring pump is used for mixing and stirring the sand body and the fracturing fluid;
the sand outlet is connected with a control valve, the control valve is provided with a first interface, a second interface and a third interface, the first interface is communicated with the sand outlet, the second interface is communicated with the container, and the third interface is communicated with the shaft.
8. The laboratory device according to any one of claims 6 to 7, further comprising a pressure bearing plate abutting between said containment chamber inner side wall and a side surface of said rock sample.
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