CN116903832A - 可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物及其制备和应用 - Google Patents
可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物及其制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物及其制备和应用。本发明的主链无规醌式聚合物聚合物的结构如附图所示,其制备方法是以1,4‑二乙酰基‑2,5‑哌嗪二酮、5‑溴噻吩‑2‑甲醛5‑溴‑2,2'‑联噻吩‑5'‑甲醛、三乙胺、烷基溴或烷基碘为原料制备单体,然后以该单体以及其他共聚物为原料进行Stille偶联或Suzuki聚合后制得。本发明的主链无规醌式聚合物具有溶解度高,结晶度好,作为半导体使用时载流子传输效率高的特点;此外,本发明的主链无规醌式聚合物在应用时更加绿色环保,其制备方法简单,易于工业化实施。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种聚合物半导体及其制备和应用,特别是一种可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式结构聚合物及其制备和应用。
背景技术
有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)由于制作工艺简单、成本低廉和可大面积制备等优点而备受关注,但其性能在很大程度上取决于用作有机半导体层的共轭聚合物。因此,开发高性能共轭聚合物一直是OFETs的长期目标。
具有醌式结构单元的共轭有机半导体聚合物材料,由于醌式特性可以有效地减小聚合物的带隙,并且赋予聚合物主链高共面性和刚性以增强π-轨道重叠,这有利于提高电荷载流子的传输,在有机光电器件应用中展现了不错的前景。
但是,共轭聚合物在有机溶剂中是否具有良好的溶解性,是实现高性能OFET器件的先决条件。此外,目前所开发设计的大部分高性能OFET器件的共轭聚合物材料,因其主链共轭平面的刚性结构特点导致溶解度不高,在器件制备过程中只能使用氯仿和氯苯等卤代溶剂进行加工处理。但是,使用这些有毒溶剂加工会对人类健康以及生态环境造成严重且不可逆的危害。因此,提升共轭聚合物的溶解度以实现高效载流子传输和绿色溶剂加工尤其重要。
而影响共轭聚合物溶解度的主要因素有主链结构、侧链以及分子量,常规的调节溶解度的化学方法主要有:
1)侧链工程:改变共轭骨架上烷基侧链的长度、体积或数量,从而改变聚合物的溶解度;
2)分子量控制:调节共轭聚合物的分子量或聚合度,通常是减小分子量或聚合度,从而提高溶解度。
然而,侧链工程有可能对共轭聚合物的链间相互作用、结晶度、自组装以及电荷载流子传输产生不利影响,并且会增加合成的复杂性。而精确控制共轭聚合物的分子量或聚合度则较难实现。
因此,传统的提升聚合物溶解度的方法在制备高溶解度的共轭聚合物半导体中并不是十分的适用。此外,现有的具有醌式结构单元的共轭有机半导体聚合物的主链为有规连接,结构排列紧密,聚集过强,在溶解度差的同时,结晶度也较低,从而进一步降低了聚合物的载流子传输效率。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种主链无规醌式聚合物及其制备和应用。本发明的主链无规醌式聚合物具有溶解度高,结晶度好,载流子传输效率高的特点;此外,本发明的主链无规醌式聚合物在应用时更加绿色环保,其制备方法简单,易于工业化实施。
本发明的技术方案:一种可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物,其化学结构通式如下:
其中,所述Ar1:Ar2为下列两种结构式中的一种:
且所述Ar1:Ar2的两种结构式均在聚合物中存在;
所述Ar3为下列结构式中的任意一种:
所述R为C-1~C-60的烷基。
一种制备前述的可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)单体合成:
a.将1,4-二乙酰基-2,5-哌嗪二酮、5-溴噻吩-2-甲醛和碳酸铯混合,加入干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,室温下反应6-10小时,然后降温静置至黄色沉淀不再产生,将黄色沉淀滤出后用乙醇冲洗除去多余的水,干燥得到淡黄色固体产物;
b.将淡黄色固体产物、5-溴-2,2'-联噻吩-5'-甲醛、干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺以及三乙胺混合,加热到110-130℃,反应8-10小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤后使用乙酸乙酯冲洗,得到橙色固体化合物;
c.将橙色固体化合物、碳酸钾、烷基溴或烷基碘以及干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺加入到反应瓶中,加热到90-110℃,反应3-5小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤并取滤液,并将滤液蒸发浓缩,将浓缩物过硅胶柱层析,并用无水乙醇重结晶,得到单体;
(2)主链无规醌式聚合物的合成:
以单体为原料,与化合物A进行Stille偶联或Suzuki聚合反应,即可制备出所述主链无规醌式聚合物,其中化合物A为如下结构式中的任意一种:
其中R为C-1~C-60的烷基。
可选的,前述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,所述淡黄色固体产物的制备方法具体如下:将1,4-二乙酰基-2,5-哌嗪二酮2mmol,1eq、5-溴噻吩-2-甲醛2.1mmol,1.05eq和碳酸铯2.1mmol,1.05eq混合,加入干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺40mL,室温下反应8小时,然后降温至0℃静置至黄色沉淀不再产生,将黄色沉淀滤出后用乙醇冲洗除去多余的水,干燥得到淡黄色固体产物。
可选的,前述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,所述橙色固体化合物的制备方法具体如下:将淡黄色固体产物6.0mmol,1eq、5-溴-2,2'-联噻吩-5'-甲醛7.2mmol,1.2eq、干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺30mL以及三乙胺25mmol混合,加热到120℃,反应9小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤后使用乙酸乙酯冲洗,得到橙色固体化合物;
可选的,前述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,所述单体的制备方法具体如下:将橙色固体化合物1mmol,1eq、碳酸钾4mmol,4eq、烷基溴或烷基碘3.5mmol,3.5eq以及干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺30mL加入到反应瓶中,加热到100℃,反应4小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤并取滤液,并将滤液蒸发浓缩,将浓缩物过硅胶柱层析,并用无水乙醇重结晶,得到单体。
可选的,前述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,所述单体的制备过程均在惰性气体环境中进行。
前述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,所述单体的结构式如下:
一种前述的可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物作为半导体的应用。
一种前述的可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物在有机场效应晶体管中的应用。
本发明的有益效果
1、本发明的聚合物的结构为主链无规的结构,区别于传统的侧链工程和分子量控制的方法,通过主链无规的结构来降低聚合物的聚集强度,从而提高其溶解度,使其具有溶解度高的优点。
2、本发明的聚合物相较于主链有规聚合物,其聚集强度适中,排列紧密度适中,在提高溶解性的同时,结晶度更好,在作为半导体使用时,具有载流子传输效率更高的优点。
3、本发明的聚合物在提高溶解度的基础上,相较于传统的共轭聚合物,其作为半导体应用时,应用过程可用环境友好型溶剂进行加工处理,应用更加绿色环保。
4、本发明的聚合物的制备方法简单,易于工业化实施。
附图说明
附图1为本发明实施例2制得的聚合物PA4T-Ra的化学结构式;
附图2为现有含醌式聚合物PA4T的化学结构式;
附图3是将附图2的聚合物的分子量减少后的聚合物PA4T-L的化学结构式;
附图4是在附图2的聚合物的基础上引入更多侧链的聚合物PA4T-C12-1的化学结构式;
附图5为聚合物PA4T和PA4T-Ra的红外光谱测试结构;
从图5中可以看出PA4T-Ra在大多数光谱中与主链规则的PA4T有许多相似的特征峰,因为它们具有相同的化学成分和主链结构单元比例。但是在对应两个相邻芳香族单元之间的C-C骨架振动的1051cm–1区域出现了明显不同,PA4T-Ra显示出多重无特征的峰,表明所得主链中存在各种芳香单元序列,这说明PA4T-Ra为主链无规聚合物;
附图6为本发明聚合物PA4T-Ra与现有聚合物PA4T的主链排列模式图;从图6可以看出,本发明的聚合物PA4T-Ra的主链呈无序状态,而聚合物PA4T的主链则为有序连接;
附图7为聚合物PA4T-Ra、PA4T、PA4T-L和PA4T-C12-1的聚集颗粒大小测试结果;
附图8为聚合物PA4T-Ra、PA4T、PA4T-L和PA4T-C12-1在制备薄膜时的结晶度测试结果;图8中,CCL越大,代表结晶度越高,而g factor越小,代表结晶有序度越高;
附图9为本发明聚合物单体的氢谱图;
附图10为本发明聚合物单体的碳谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但并不作为对本发明限制的依据。
本发明的实施例
实施例1:
单体合成
按上述合成路径
1)在惰性气体下,将1,4-二乙酰基-2,5-哌嗪二酮1(2mmol,1eq)、5-溴噻吩-2-甲醛(2.1mmol,1.05eq)和碳酸铯(2.1mmol,1.05eq)加入到反应瓶中,加入干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(40mL),室温下反应8小时,之后加入碎冰静置半小时,有黄色沉淀生成,抽滤,用乙醇冲洗多次以除去多余的水,真空干燥得到淡黄色固体产物2;
2)在惰性气体下,将所得化合物2(6.0mmol,1eq)、5-溴-2,2'-联噻吩-5'-甲醛(7.2mmol,1.2eq)、干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(30mL)以及三乙胺(25mmol)加入到反应瓶中,加热到120℃,反应9小时。停止加热之后冷却至室温,抽滤,使用乙酸乙酯冲洗,得到橙色固体化合物3;
3)在惰性气体下,将所得化合物3(1mmol,1eq)、碳酸钾(4mmol,4eq)、烷基溴或烷基碘(3.5mmol,3.5eq)以及干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(30mL)加入到反应瓶中,加热到100℃,反应4小时,冷却至室温,抽滤之后取滤液,并将滤液蒸发浓缩,过硅胶柱层析,用无水乙醇重结晶的到红色固体化合物4,即单体。
实施例2
主链无规醌式聚合物的合成
按上述合成路径,在惰性气体条件下,将化合物4(0.25mmol,1eq)、2,5-二(三甲基锡基)噻吩(0.25mmol,1eq)和催化剂四(三苯基膦)钯[Pd(PPh3)4](5mg)溶于无水甲苯中,通气30分钟后,溶液加热至100℃,反应搅拌24小时,依次注入2-三甲基锡噻吩(0.1mL)和2-溴噻吩(0.2mL)作为封端剂,每次注射后将反应混合物搅拌3小时,冷却后,将混合物沉聚到甲醇中,将从过滤收集的沉淀物依次用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和氯苯溶剂进行索氏提取,再次将索氏提取获得的聚合物旋蒸浓缩,并沉淀到甲醇中,过滤收集聚合物并且干燥,得可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物(产率82%)。
本实施例获得的无规聚合物命名为PA4T-Ra,结构式如合成路径所示。与另外三种分别为主链规整的聚合物PA4T、降低分子量的聚合物PA4T-L与引入烷基侧链的聚合物PA4T-C12-1(如图2-4所示)相比,聚合物PA4T-Ra可以有效提升溶解度的同时还提升了结晶度,具有适中的分子聚集强度、最大的结晶相干长度和最小的结晶无序度。基于PA4T-Ra的OFET器件的可信空穴迁移率高达3.11cm2V–1s–1,此数值是PA4T-L和PA4T-C12-1迁移率的50倍,是PA4T的30倍。进一步,基于绿色溶剂四氢呋喃加工的OFET器件的可信空穴迁移率超过0.83cm2V–1s–1。
以上所述,仅为本发明创造较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明创造的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明创造揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明创造的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明创造的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物,其特征在于:其化学结构通式如下:
其中,所述Ar1:Ar2为下列两种结构式中的一种:
且所述Ar1:Ar2的两种结构式均在聚合物中存在;
所述Ar3为下列结构式中的任意一种:
所述R为C-1~C-60的烷基。
2.一种制备权利要求1所述的可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)单体合成:
a.将1,4-二乙酰基-2,5-哌嗪二酮、5-溴噻吩-2-甲醛和碳酸铯混合,加入干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,室温下反应6-10小时,然后降温静置至黄色沉淀不再产生,将黄色沉淀滤出后用乙醇冲洗除去多余的水,干燥得到淡黄色固体产物;
b.将淡黄色固体产物、5-溴-2,2'-联噻吩-5'-甲醛、干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺以及三乙胺混合,加热到110-130℃,反应8-10小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤后使用乙酸乙酯冲洗,得到橙色固体化合物;
c.将橙色固体化合物、碳酸钾、烷基溴或烷基碘以及干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺加入到反应瓶中,加热到90-110℃,反应3-5小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤并取滤液,并将滤液蒸发浓缩,将浓缩物过硅胶柱层析,并用无水乙醇重结晶,得到单体;
(2)主链无规醌式聚合物的合成:
以单体为原料,与化合物A进行Stille偶联或Suzuki聚合反应,即可制备出所述主链无规醌式聚合物,其中化合物A为如下结构式中的任意一种:
其中R为C-1~C-60的烷基。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,其特征在于,所述淡黄色固体产物的制备方法具体如下:将1,4-二乙酰基-2,5-哌嗪二酮2mmol,1eq、5-溴噻吩-2-甲醛2.1mmol,1.05eq和碳酸铯2.1mmol,1.05eq混合,加入干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺40mL,室温下反应8小时,然后降温至0℃静置至黄色沉淀不再产生,将黄色沉淀滤出后用乙醇冲洗除去多余的水,干燥得到淡黄色固体产物。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,其特征在于,所述橙色固体化合物的制备方法具体如下:将淡黄色固体产物6.0mmol,1eq、5-溴-2,2'-联噻吩-5'-甲醛7.2mmol,1.2eq、干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺30mL以及三乙胺25mmol混合,加热到120℃,反应9小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤后使用乙酸乙酯冲洗,得到橙色固体化合物。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,其特征在于,所述单体的制备方法具体如下:将橙色固体化合物1mmol,1eq、碳酸钾4mmol,4eq、烷基溴或烷基碘3.5mmol,3.5eq以及干燥的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺30mL加入到反应瓶中,加热到100℃,反应4小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤并取滤液,并将滤液蒸发浓缩,将浓缩物过硅胶柱层析,并用无水乙醇重结晶,得到单体。
6.根据权利要求2-5任一项所述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,其特征在于:所述单体的制备过程均在惰性气体环境中进行。
7.根据权利要求2-5任一项所述的制备可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物的方法,其特征在于,所述单体的结构式如下:
8.一种根据权利要求1所述的可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物作为半导体的应用。
9.一种根据权利要求1所述的可绿色溶剂加工的主链无规醌式聚合物在有机场效应晶体管中的应用。
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