CN116671382A - Vegetation ecological restoration method for waste residue field in sub-high mountain forest bush area - Google Patents
Vegetation ecological restoration method for waste residue field in sub-high mountain forest bush area Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a forest bush area of a sub-high mountain. The method comprises the following steps: digging transplanting belts at the top, middle and bottom of the waste slag field side slope in the transverse slope direction and along the slope direction respectively; covering the side slope with surface soil; transplanting the homeland shrubs and arbors in the transplanting belt; transplanting a small amount of arbor and homeland shrubs to form a shrub island in a planting area formed by crisscross transplanting belts, and planting herbaceous plants; and (5) performing maintenance management. The method can improve the total coverage of the waste residue field slope by 45% -48%, the shrub coverage by 25% -27%, the herb coverage by 43% -46%, the species number by 270%, the water and soil loss by 43% -57% and the sediment yield by 67% -74% after vegetation is restored for 6 months.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a forest bush area of a sub-high mountain.
Background
In the temporary land used in railway construction projects, the occupied area of the waste slag field is relatively large, the waste slag field is different from tens of hectares to hundreds of hectares, a large amount of tunnel waste slag is accumulated and buried, the primary vegetation is inevitably damaged, and then the water and soil loss of a local area is serious, and even the ecological system is affected to different degrees. The most fundamental measure for solving the problem of water and soil loss of a waste slag field is ecological restoration, namely restoring a damaged ecological system to a state close to that before the damaged ecological system is not damaged by a certain means, namely reconstructing the structure and the function before the system is interfered. Especially for the waste slag field of the sub-high mountain bush area in some areas with complex topography, severe and changeable climate and environmental conditions or rich vegetation types, such as the waste slag field formed along the newly built tendril-leaved railway, the ecological restoration difficulty of the waste slag field is further increased. Therefore, the development of vegetation recovery technology for the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain bush area has important social and ecological significance.
The existing waste residue field vegetation recovery technology mainly has the following problems: first, a large number of foreign species (commercial grass seeds) such as elvan, ryegrass, vetch or clover, etc. which are not matched with the original ecological system are introduced, the ecological service function is low, and the ecological risk is high; secondly, plants have poor adaptability to the slope environment, single community species, simple structural configuration, insufficient resource utilization, low community stability, high maintenance cost, less benefit and frequent annual fading phenomenon.
Therefore, development of a vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a sub-high mountain forest bush area with low ecological risk, high community stability and low maintenance cost is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, one of the purposes of the invention is to provide a vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a sub-high mountain forest bush area, which is to develop arbor and bush transplanting and grass irrigation planting by constructing an equal-altitude transplanting zone, and construct a multi-species community configuration mode by simulating species composition and collocation proportion of a near-natural ecological system, so as to finally achieve the aim of accelerating the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation on the waste residue field slope in the sub-high mountain forest bush area.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention may adopt the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a forest bush area of a sub-high mountain, which comprises the following steps: digging transplanting belts at the top, middle and bottom of the waste slag field side slope in the transverse slope direction and along the slope direction respectively; covering the side slope with surface soil; transplanting the homeland shrubs and arbors in the transplanting belt; transplanting arbor and homeland shrubs in a planting area formed by crisscross transplanting belts to construct a shrub island, and planting herbaceous plants; and (5) performing maintenance management.
The beneficial effects of the invention at least comprise:
(1) Compared with the traditional slope restoration method, the vegetation ecological restoration method for the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area provided by the invention has the advantages that the bush transplanting belt constructed on the slope surface of the residue field slope is formed, a better water and soil conservation belt is formed, and the water and soil loss can be reduced to a greater extent.
(2) Compared with the method for recovering vegetation in the slag field by adopting the foreign species alone, the method provided by the invention adopts the rural plants suitable for local climate and soil environment to construct a multi-species community configuration mode, so that the invasion risk of the foreign species can be prevented, the coverage of the rural plants on the slag field can be improved to more than 70%, and the vegetation is more stable and sustainable.
(3) The main materials used in the vegetation ecological restoration method of the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area mainly come from the natural distribution area of the rural plants, and auxiliary materials, biochemical reagents and the like are not used; the material is convenient to collect, the cost is low, the benefit is good, and the environmental pollution is not caused.
(4) The vegetation ecological restoration method for the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area is simple, convenient to operate and suitable for large-area adoption in vegetation restoration in the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area.
(5) The vegetation ecological restoration method for the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area provided by the invention can improve the total coverage of the waste residue field slope by 45% -48%, the shrub coverage by about 25% -27%, the herb coverage by 43% -46%, the species number by 270%, the water and soil loss by 43% -57% and the sediment yield by 67% -74% after vegetation is restored for 6 months.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a multi-species community configuration vegetation recovery technique for a primary side slope of a waste dump.
Detailed Description
The examples are presented for better illustration of the invention, but the invention is not limited to the examples. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and adaptations of the embodiments described above are possible in light of the above teachings and are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. Unless the context clearly differs, singular forms of expression include plural forms of expression. As used herein, it is understood that terms such as "comprising," "having," "including," and the like are intended to indicate the presence of a feature, number, operation, component, part, element, material, or combination. The terms of the present invention are disclosed in the specification and are not intended to exclude the possibility that one or more other features, numbers, operations, components, elements, materials or combinations thereof may be present or added. As used herein, "/" may be interpreted as "and" or "as appropriate.
The embodiment of the invention provides a vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a forest bush area of a sub-high mountain, which comprises the following steps: digging transplanting belts at the top, middle and bottom of the waste slag field side slope in the transverse slope direction and along the slope direction respectively; covering the side slope with surface soil; transplanting the homeland shrubs and arbors in the transplanting belt; transplanting arbor and a small amount of homeland shrubs in a planting area formed by crisscross transplanting belts to construct a shrub island, and planting herbaceous plants; and (5) performing maintenance management.
The purpose of excavating the transplanting belt in the transverse slope direction of the waste slag field side slope, the middle part and the bottom end and in the downhill direction is to construct a 'contour transplanting belt'. The contour transplanting belt is a low-price, efficient, scientific and environment-friendly vegetation restoration technology, and has important ecological effect and practical value. The canopy, root system and litters of the contour transplanting belt have the functions of intercepting surface runoff, reducing soil erosion and water and fertilizer loss and improving soil properties. Meanwhile, the transplanting belt cuts the slope into a plurality of independent communities, blocks the migration behavior of erosion sediment, promotes the formation of sediment accumulation belts before the transplanting belt, shortens the effective length of slope erosion, and is beneficial to slowing down the slope. And each independent cell forms a local microenvironment, so that the spatial heterogeneity of the slope is improved, more biological input is accommodated, and the biological diversity of a slag field is effectively promoted. In addition, litters and root secretions of the contour transplanting belt are main nutrition sources of soil microorganisms, so that the biomass and activity of the soil microorganisms can be obviously improved, and the soil improvement process of the waste residue side slope is accelerated.
In addition, because the primary vegetation of the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area is the sub-high mountain forest bush, the invention aims to construct a vegetation recovery community mode of 'rare arbor-bush-grass' in the residue field, and therefore, the purpose of transplanting arbor is to provide a basic condition for forming an 'arbor-bush-grass' community structure for the vegetation on the side slope of the residue field.
In addition, the purposes of growing herbs include: firstly, the herbaceous plant seeds do not have dormancy characteristics, and can germinate and grow rapidly in a short growth season in a test area, so that higher vegetation coverage can be obtained rapidly, and the current situation of water and soil loss of bare side slopes of a slag yard can be relieved. Secondly, shallow landslide is the main factor of dregs side slope room temperature, and herbaceous plant root system is closely interweaved, produces soil-root system complex, and the reinforcement effect of plant root system makes the shear strength of complex increase, is favorable to improving the mechanical stability of dregs side slope. Finally, the litters, root secretions and the like generated by the herbaceous plants provide organic matter input sources for soil microorganisms, effectively promote the improvement process of the slag yard soil, and lay a material foundation for the establishment of subsequent rural plant communities and the improvement of the biological diversity of the slag yard.
In some embodiments, the spacing of the graft strips may be (10±0.5) m; and/or the depth of the graft strip may be (30±5) cm; and/or the width may be (2±0.1) m.
It should be noted that, the spacing selection of the transplanting belts is an important factor for controlling soil erosion and water loss of the surface soil of the side slope, and too dense spacing of the transplanting belts increases the vegetation restoration cost; the transplanting bands are too far away from each other, and good water and fertilizer retaining effect cannot be achieved. In some embodiments, the slag yard design slope length ratio is 1:2.75, the slope is about 20 degrees, and the actual slope length is 26 meters; the construction of 3 shrub transplanting belts on a lateral slope takes 6 meters and the remaining distance is 20 meters. Under the background of the established side slope environment condition, the water and soil loss treatment effect of the transplanting belt and the side slope recovery cost of the slag field are comprehensively considered, 3 shrub transplanting belts are established, each transplanting belt is arranged at a distance of 10 meters, a width of 2 meters and a depth of 0.3 meter, and the ecological effect of vegetation restoration is exerted to the greatest extent while the construction cost of the transplanting belt is effectively controlled.
In some embodiments, the surface soil coverage of the planting area of crisscrossed strips is 15cm-20cm thick, such as 16cm, 17cm, 18cm, etc.
It should be noted that the surface soil is a basic resource for restoring and reconstructing the vegetation in the waste residue field, and the number and quality of the surface soil directly determine the survival, growth and development conditions of plants, so that the surface soil covering thickness is one of main influencing factors of the restoration effect of the vegetation on the side slope. Theoretically, the larger the surface soil backfill thickness is, the better the soil fertilizer-retaining and corrosion-resistant effects are, and the high-efficiency recovery of the slag field side slope is facilitated. However, the surface soil resources of the slag yard are very limited, and the purchasing and transporting costs are extremely high, so that the relationship between the surface soil covering effect and the cost must be comprehensively considered in the actual ecological restoration process, and the restoration cost is controlled while the plant restoration effect is ensured. In summary, in the present case, the middle soil layer thickness (15-20 cm) is selected for covering the planting area according to the main distribution depth of the plant root system in the natural environment. In addition, the surface soil covering depth of the transplanting belt is about 30cm-50cm as that of the transplanting belt.
In some embodiments, the arbor plant spacing may preferably be 5m; and/or the row spacing of the homeland shrubs may preferably be 1m-1.5m; and/or the plant spacing of the arbor and the homeland shrub in the planting area may preferably be 5m. It should be noted that the row spacing of the homeland shrubs can be flexibly adjusted according to the actual situation of the size of the transplanted shrubs.
In some embodiments, the native shrubs include one or more of spiraea alpina, salix alpina, blackcurrant, rose, honeysuckle, azalea, jersey, golden plum, nepal yellow flowers, berberis variegata, or prunus maritima; and/or the arbor comprises one or more of spruce or kangding poplar; and/or the herb comprises one or more of Rumex nepalensis, potentilla lancifolia, prunus davidiana, artemisia niruri, or meadowsweet.
In some embodiments, a method of planting a rural shrub and/or arbor comprises: planting native soil-carrying shrubs and/or trees in a planting pit, and covering the planting pit with 20cm of soil; filling a part of soil, compacting by foot, repeating the steps until the surface soil of the tree pit is slightly lower than the ground of the slag field, and watering field planting water.
In some embodiments, the maintenance management includes: after the herbaceous plants are sowed, the light non-woven fabrics which are easy to decompose are covered.
In some embodiments, the vegetation ecological restoration method for the waste residue field in the sub-alpine forest bush area comprises the following steps:
(1) Construction of a contour graft zone according to local conditions: digging shrub transplanting belts at the top, middle and bottom of the side slope of the slag field in the transverse slope direction and along the slope direction respectively according to the condition of recovering the site condition of the slag field, wherein the distance between the transplanting belts is 10m, the transplanting bandwidth is 2m, and the depth is about 0.3m. In the actual vegetation recovery process, the distance between the transplanting belts can be adjusted according to the actual site conditions (the slope length and the slope of the slope) of the slag field, the distance between the transplanting belts is relatively far away on the gentle slope, and the distance between the transplanting belts is relatively near on the steep slope.
(2) Covering surface soil: for convenient transportation, the covering soil is generally taken from the surface soil of the soil field of the waste residue field, and the thicker the covering soil layer is, the more favorable the growth of vegetation root systems is, but the thicker the covering soil layer is, the larger the cost and the greater the management and protection requirements are; therefore, in order to save and reduce the cost of soil materials and meet the vegetation growth requirement, the thickness of the covering soil layer is 15 cm-50cm, wherein the thickness of the transplanting belt covering soil layer is 30-50 cm, and the thickness of the planting area covering soil layer is 15-20 cm. In the actual recovery process, the thickness of the covering soil layer needs to be reasonably determined according to the type of waste slag.
(3) "local materials" are transplanted to the local shrubs and trees: the shrubs transplanted in the transplanting zone are mainly from shrubs species which are easy to survive after peripheral transplanting in a dreg site, such as spiraea leptostachya, salix alpina, blackcurrant, rose, honeysuckle, azalea, honeysuckle, prune, berberis thunbergii and the like. The shrub seedlings which are smaller in tree age and vigorous in growth are selected, the whole shrubs are excavated by an excavator, the original soil is carried as much as possible during excavation, and the loss of root systems is reduced as much as possible. And (5) digging a proper transplanting pit according to the root system size of the shrubs, and covering the transplanting pit with about 20cm of soil. And placing shrub seedlings in the middle of the pit to ensure the trunk to be vertical. Filling a part of soil, compacting by foot, and repeating the steps until the surface soil of the tree pit is slightly lower than the ground of the slag field. The row spacing of the transplanted plants is determined according to the size of shrub seedlings, and is generally about 1m. And simultaneously, the shrubs are randomly transplanted in a planting belt by the same method to construct and form a shrub island, and the plant row spacing is about 5m multiplied by 5m. In addition, part of arbor tree species (spruce, kangding poplar) are purchased from the local seedling raising company and transplanted in the dreg site transplanting area and the planting area. Spruce has a tree age of 5-6 years and a conding Yang Shuling of 2-3 years. Digging a proper transplanting pit according to the root system size of the arbor, covering 20cm of soil in the pit, ensuring that enough nutrients and water can be obtained for root system development, and planting the arbor in the same manner as that of shrubs, wherein the planting distance of the arbor is about 5m. After the transplanting is completed, the arbor and shrub are required to be subjected to moderate chopping pruning, and field planting water is timely poured.
(4) And (5) supplementary sowing: a domesticated commercial grass seed (sweet clover) is selected as pioneer seed and native grass-irrigation seed (such as Nepal yellow flowers and trees, berberis variegata, nepal Rumex, potentilla, mesona praecox, rumex, tarragon, meadow sweet, high-cluster pearl plum, etc.) to be sown in the side slope planting area and the transplanting zone of the dreg site, and then gently raked with a rake plow.
(5) And (3) maintenance management: after sowing, the planting area is covered with a light non-woven fabric which is easy to decompose so as to prevent grass seeds from being blown away by wind. And (3) removing the non-woven fabric at the later stage in good time (before growth is not influenced after emergence of seedlings) according to actual conditions. The indexes to be monitored during vegetation recovery include indexes such as seed germination rate, tillering rate, vegetation coverage, arbor and shrub survival preservation rate and the like. And timely supplementing and planting, improving fertility, and reasonably arranging irrigation according to the local actual rainfall condition.
For a better understanding of the present invention, the content of the present invention is further elucidated below in connection with the specific examples, but the content of the present invention is not limited to the examples below.
In the following examples, a multi-species community configuration is constructed on the primary side slope of an oversized waste residue field at the entrance of a representative sub-mountain forest bush area-kangding city folding multi-pond zhenmaojiakuang No. 2 tunnel, and residue field vegetation recovery is carried out.
Example 1
(1) Slag site conditions: the implementation area is positioned at the entrance of a Kangding city multi-pond Zhenmaojiakuang No. 2 tunnel, the longitude and latitude (E101.8687,N 29.9844) of the sample plot, and the altitude 3255+/-12 m; the average gradient of the slope surface of the first-stage side slope of the waste slag field is about 20 degrees, the slope surface is 33m long, the design slope ratio is 1:2.75, and the vertical height is about 12m.
(2) Construction of a transplanting belt: 3 transplanting belts are respectively excavated at the top, the middle and the bottom of the slag field side slope in the transverse slope direction, the transplanting band width is 2m, the depth is about 0.3m, and the distance between every two transplanting belts in the transverse slope direction is 12m, and the distance between every two transplanting belts in the transverse slope direction is about 12m. 2 shrub transplanting belts are excavated along the slope direction, the transplanting bandwidth is 2m, the depth is about 0.3m, the transplanting belt length is 36m, and the distance between 2 transplanting belts along the slope direction is about 12m.
(3) Covering surface soil: the covering of the surface soil of the side slope of the slag field is completed mechanically and manually, the thickness of the covering soil layer of the transplanting belt is about 45cm, and the covering soil layer of the planting area is 20cm. The surface soil is the original surface soil of the slag field.
(4) Transplanting with shrubs:
(1) species selection: the shrubs transplanted in the transplanting zone comprise spiraea leptosphaefolia, cotoneaster tonkinensis, salix altissima, ribes, rosa, lonicera japonica, rhododendron grandiflorum and Berberis variegata.
(2) Transplanting time: the buds germinate at the beginning of 5 months 2022 and before leaves are spread.
(3) Obtaining shrub seedlings: the shrubs with smaller tree age and vigorous growth, the plant height of which is lower than 2 meters, are selected, the whole shrubs are excavated by an excavator, the original soil is carried as much as possible during excavation, and the loss of root systems is reduced as much as possible.
(4) Transplanting shrubs: digging a proper transplanting pit according to the root system size of shrubs, and covering the transplanting pit with about 20cm of soil; placing shrub seedlings in the middle of the pit to ensure that trunks are vertical; filling a part of soil, compacting by foot, repeating the steps until the surface soil of the tree pit is slightly lower than the ground of the slag field; the row spacing of the transplanted plants is determined according to the sizes of shrub seedlings, the transplanting plants are flexibly adjusted, and the average plant spacing is about 1m. And simultaneously, arbor and homeland shrubs are randomly transplanted in a planting zone by the same method to construct and form a shrub island, wherein the plant row spacing is about 5m multiplied by 5m.
(5) Transplanting arbor: and (3) purchasing Picea and Conding poplar with the tree age of 5-6 years and 2-3 years, digging proper transplanting pits according to the root system size of the arbor, covering 20cm of soil in the pits, and ensuring that the pit specifications of the arbor are about 50cm multiplied by 50cm and the plant row spacing is about 5m multiplied by 5m. Spruce and kangding Yang Xiangjian.
(6) Pruning branches: after transplanting, the arbor and shrub are subjected to moderate short-cut pruning.
(7) Watering and planting water: and after the transplanting is finished, diluting the rooting agent for the big tree by 600 times, and irrigating the rooting agent for a small amount of times at the transplanting pit until the rooting agent is thoroughly irrigated.
(8) Cover of turf: and (3) uniformly covering the periphery of the transplanted arbor and the rural shrub with turf generated by excavating shrub seedlings by using a transplanting belt in the middle of a side slope of a slag yard, wherein the turf covers 2m in width, 12m in length and about 7cm in thickness.
(9) Sowing: sowing the grass-filled seeds in the side slope planting area of the slag yard and the transplanting zone blank area, and slightly raking with a raking plow. The seeding rate of each species is respectively as follows: sweet clover (5 g/m) 2 ) Nepal Huang Huamu (15 g/m) 2 ) Berberis Amurensis (1.5 g/m) 2 ) Rumex nepalensis (2 g/m) 2 ) Potentilla lanuginosus (1.5 g/m) 2 ) Radix Haematococcus (1.5 g/m) 2 ) Artemisia Bulleyana (5 g/m) 2 ) Meadow sweet (1 g/m) 2 ) Pearl plum (1.5 g/m) 2 )。
(10) Non-woven fabric cover: after sowing, the planting area is covered with a light non-woven fabric which is easy to decompose. After 1 month, the nonwoven was removed.
(11) And (3) post-period management and protection: the area has less rainfall in the present year, especially in 7 months, relatively drought and 1 month after seeding, irrigation is completed once, and plants grow under natural climate conditions.
(12) And (3) success evaluation: after transplanting, 3m×3m fixed swaths were placed on each of the transplanting and planting belts for follow-up investigation of the overall coverage and species number dynamics of vegetation. The survival rate of transplanted trees and shrubs and the emergence rate of sowed and irrigated grass are investigated in 7 months and 10 months respectively, and meanwhile, the sample collection work of soil quality investigation and the soil water source conservation capability evaluation are completed. After vegetation is restored for 6 months, the total coverage of the side slope of the slag yard is improved by 48%, the coverage of shrubs is improved by about 27%, the coverage of herbs is improved by 46%, and the number of species is improved by 270%. The water and soil loss is reduced by 43%, and the sediment yield is reduced by 67%.
Example 2
(1) Slag site conditions: the implementation area is positioned at the entrance of a Kangding city multi-pond Zhenmaojiakuang No. 2 tunnel, the longitude and latitude (E101.8687,N 29.9844) of the sample plot, and the altitude 3255+/-12 m; the average gradient of the slope surface of the first-stage side slope of the waste slag field is about 20 degrees, the slope surface is 33m long, the design slope ratio is 1:2.75, and the vertical height is about 12m.
(2) Construction of a transplanting belt: 3 transplanting belts are respectively excavated at the top, the middle and the bottom of the slag field side slope in the transverse slope direction, the transplanting band width is 2m, the depth is about 0.3m, the lengths of each transplanting belt are 10m, and the distances among the 3 transplanting belts in the transverse slope direction are about 10m. 2 shrub transplanting belts are excavated along the slope direction, the transplanting bandwidth is 2m, the depth is about 0.3m, the length of each transplanting belt is 30m, and the distance between 2 transplanting belts along the slope direction is 10m.
(3) Covering surface soil: the covering of the surface soil of the side slope of the slag field is completed mechanically and manually, the thickness of the covering soil layer of the transplanting belt is about 40cm, and the covering soil layer of the planting area is 20cm; the surface soil is the original surface soil of the slag field.
(4) Transplanting with shrubs:
(1) species selection: the shrub transplanted in the transplanting belt comprises spiraea leptostachya, salix albopictus, black currant, azalea, prune and berberis.
(2) Transplanting time: the buds germinate at the beginning of 5 months 2022 and before leaves are spread.
(3) Obtaining shrub seedlings: the shrubs with smaller tree age and vigorous growth, the plant height of which is lower than 2 meters, are selected, the whole shrubs are excavated by an excavator, the original soil is carried as much as possible during excavation, and the loss of root systems is reduced as much as possible.
(4) Transplanting shrubs: digging a proper transplanting pit according to the root system size of shrubs, and covering the transplanting pit with about 20cm of soil; placing shrub seedlings in the middle of the pit to ensure that trunks are vertical; filling a part of soil, compacting by foot, and repeating the steps until the surface soil of the tree pit is slightly lower than the ground of the slag field. The row spacing of the transplanted plants is determined according to the sizes of shrub seedlings, the transplanting plants are flexibly adjusted, and the average plant spacing is about 1m. And simultaneously, the shrubs are randomly transplanted in a planting belt by the same method to construct and form a shrub island, and the plant row spacing is about 5m multiplied by 5m.
(5) Transplanting arbor: purchasing Picea japonica with the tree age of 5-6 years and Conding poplar with the tree age of 2-3 years, digging proper transplanting pits according to the root system size of the arbor, covering 20cm of soil in the pits, and ensuring that the pit specifications of the arbor are about 50cm multiplied by 50cm, and the plant row spacing is about 5m multiplied by 5m; spruce and kangding Yang Xiangjian.
(6) Pruning branches: after transplanting, the arbor and shrub are subjected to moderate short-cut pruning.
(7) Watering and planting water: and after the transplanting is finished, diluting the rooting agent for the big tree by 600 times, and irrigating the rooting agent for a small amount of times at the transplanting pit until the rooting agent is thoroughly irrigated.
(8) Cover of turf: and (3) uniformly covering the periphery of the transplanted arbor and the rural shrub with turf generated by excavating shrub seedlings by using a transplanting belt in the middle of a side slope of a slag yard, wherein the turf covers 2m in width, 10m in length and about 8cm in thickness.
(9) Sowing: sowing the grass-filled seeds in the side slope planting area of the slag yard and the transplanting zone blank area, and slightly raking with a raking plow. The seeding rate of each species is respectively as follows: sweet clover (5 g/m) 2 ) Nepal Huang Huamu (15 g/m) 2 ) Berberis Amurensis (1.5 g/m) 2 ) Rumex nepalensis (2 g/m) 2 ) Potentilla lanuginosus (1.5 g/m) 2 ) Radix Haematococcus (1.5 g/m) 2 ) Artemisia Bulleyana (5 g/m) 2 ) Meadow sweet (1 g/m) 2 ) Pearl plum (1.5 g/m) 2 )。
(10) Non-woven fabric cover: after sowing is completed, covering a planting area with a light non-woven fabric which is easy to decompose; after 1 month, the nonwoven was removed.
(11) And (3) post-period management and protection: this area is less rainfall in the year, especially in 7 months, relatively arid, so that one irrigation is completed 1 month after sowing, after which the plants grow under natural climate conditions.
(12) And (3) success evaluation: after transplanting, arranging 3 fixed sample sides of 3m multiplied by 3m on each transplanting belt and planting belt for tracking and investigating the total coverage and species number dynamics of vegetation; the survival rate of transplanted trees and shrubs and the emergence rate of sowed and irrigated grass are investigated in 7 months and 10 months respectively, and meanwhile, the sample collection work of soil quality investigation and the soil water source conservation capability evaluation are completed; after 6 months of vegetation recovery of the slag yard, the total coverage of the side slope of the slag yard is improved by 45%, the coverage of shrubs is improved by about 25%, the coverage of herbs is improved by 43%, and the species number is improved by 270%; the water and soil loss is reduced by 53%, and the sediment yield is reduced by 74%.
Finally, it is noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention, which is intended to be covered by the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The vegetation ecological restoration method for the waste residue field in the sub-high mountain forest bush area is characterized by comprising the following steps: digging transplanting belts at the top, middle and bottom of the waste slag field side slope in the transverse slope direction and along the slope direction respectively; covering the side slope with surface soil; transplanting the homeland shrubs and arbors in the transplanting belt; transplanting arbor and homeland shrubs to form shrub islands in a planting area formed by crisscross transplanting belts, and planting herbaceous plants; and (5) performing maintenance management.
2. The vegetation ecological restoration method for waste residue areas in a sub-high mountain forest bush area according to claim 1, wherein the distance between the transplanting belts is (10±0.5) m; the depth of the transplanting belt is (30+/-5) cm; and/or a width of (2.+ -. 0.1) m.
3. The vegetation ecological restoration method for waste residue fields in sub-high mountain forest bush areas according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the thickness of the surface soil cover of the planting area formed by criss-cross of the transplanting belt is 15cm-20cm.
4. The vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a sub-high mountain forest bush area according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the arbor plant distance is 5m; and/or the row spacing of the homeland shrubs is 1m.
5. The vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste residue field in a sub-high mountain forest bush area as recited in claim 4, wherein the arbor plant distance is 5m; and/or the row spacing of the homeland shrubs is 1m; and/or the plant spacing between the arbor and the native shrub in the planting area is 5m.
6. The method of recovering vegetation ecology in a waste residue field in a sub-alpine forest bush area according to claim 1, 2 or 5, wherein the native shrubs comprise one or more of spiraea alpina, salix alpina, scirpus, rosa multiflora, lonicera japonica, azalea, prune, nepal yellow flowers, berberis variegata or prunus maritima; and/or the arbor comprises one or more of spruce or kangding poplar; and/or the herb comprises one or more of Rumex nepalensis, potentilla lancifolia, prunus davidiana, artemisia rupestris, meadow sweet, or Prunus davidiana.
7. A method of vegetation ecological restoration in a waste site in a sub-alpine forest bush area according to claim 1, 2 or 5, wherein the method of planting homeland bushes and/or trees comprises: planting native soil-carrying shrubs and/or trees in a planting pit, and covering the planting pit with 20cm of soil; filling a part of soil, compacting by foot, repeating the steps until the surface soil of the tree pit is slightly lower than the ground of the slag field, and watering field planting water.
8. The vegetation ecological restoration method for a waste site in a forest brush area in a sub-alpine mountain as recited in claim 1, 2 or 5, wherein the maintenance management comprises: after the herbaceous plants are sowed, the light non-woven fabrics which are easy to decompose are covered.
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